The Cold War (chapters 28-29)
What was the Cold War?
- The Cold War was the tense relationship between the United States (and its allies) and the Soviet Union (the USSR and its allies) between the end of World War II and the demise of the Soviet Union, this war was unlike other wars in that the two sides never clashed directly in battle
What was Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, KS?
A US Supreme Court case that declared segregation in public schools unconstitutional
What was Eisenhower's "termination" policy?
A policy created to as rapidly as possible make Indians within the territorial limits of the United States subject to the same laws and entitled to the same privileges and responsibilities that are applicable to other citizens of the United States.
Why did the Soviets and North Koreans believe that they could invade South Korea without the U.S. not getting involved?
Acheson made gesture over a map on TV when explaining who the US was going to protect under Truman Doctrine (?) and he didn't sweep over South Korea so everyone thought maybe US was not going to aid them
How was Israel created as a nation?
After WWI, the Ottoman Empire's lands had been separated into mandated and governed by the UN. After a rise in Zionist activism, and pushing from Zionist leader David Ben-Gurion, the UN separated the mandate of Palestine into the countries of Palestine and Israel.
What was the Truman Doctrine?
Announced by President Harry Truman in 1947, a U.S. policy of giving economic and military aid to free nations threatened by internal or external opponents.
Who are the Baby boomers?
Babies born from 1946-1963. 1946 had over 6 millions babies.
Why and how did Truman win the 1948 election?
He convinced the middle class that he was for them, the Democrats (conveniently) split, and Truman stated, "Do nothing good for nothing" congress.
Why do many consider civil rights Eisenhower's greatest failing as President?
He didn't take a firm stand on it; supported desegregation of military but was wishy-washy in answering questions for his reasoning
Why did Truman believe that he had no choice in firing MacArthur?
He had delivered North Korea an ultimatum without the consent of Truman's administration, and Truman would've been blamed for the ultimatum had he not fired General MacArthur.
What was Indochina? What was the Geneva Accords?
Indochina - Southeast Asia; war fought between French forces and Viet Minh; most of fighting took place in Vietnam Geneva Accords - 1954; arranged a settlement which brought about an end to the First Indochina War; agreement was reached at the end of the Geneva Conference; ceasefire was signed and France agreed to withdraw its troops from the region
What did the Republicans use as issues in the 1952 election?
Isolationists vs. Internationalists
Who were the Rosenbergs?
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, they were charged with passing secrets about the American nuclear bomb on to the USA. During their trial, they denied all charges against them but they were found guilty and sentenced to death
What took place at Little Rock, ARK.? What took place at Montgomery?
Little Rock - Central High School accepted 9 African American students to attend their school; Ernest Green was senior; Governor stirred the pot and had armed guards who wouldn't let them in; called the "Little Rock Nine"; Eisenhower sent military down to break it up finally Montgomery - Montgomery Boycott; lasts for 381 days; Rosa Parks was being forced out of her seat by the bus driver (the white college student said he didn't want her seat anyway)
Why did Truman have to fire General MacArthur?
MacArthur refused to pull his forces out of the Korean War after China threatened war and Truman ordered a retreat. MacArthur also gave North Korea an ultimatum, which Truman strongly disliked.
What are NATO, SEATO, and the Warsaw Pact?
North Atlantic Treaty Organization, which is a military alliance between several North American and European countries. The Warsaw Pact was the Soviet equivalent to NATO. The Southeast Asia Treaty Organization was an alliance formed to combat the spread of Communism by the United States, France, Great Britain, New Zealand, Australia, the Philippines, Thailand, and Pakistan.
What foreign policy crises impacted the Eisenhower administration?
Nuclear Diplomacy, Soviet relations, CIA ops, Middle East rivalry (and Suez Canal), intervention in Indochina
Why did Americans move to the 'burbs in the 1950's?
People moved to the suburbs in the 1950s because they thought it would be a safer place to raise families, because the G.I. Bill granted them money to use for a home mortgage and because more people were hoping to have the ideal family after two world wars. The suburbs were created for young families to get their lives started and were intended to help people build up their credit after the war.
Why were the Presidential Retirement funds established in 1957?
President Eisenhower was close friends with former President Herbert Hoover, who was in dire financial straights after leaving the presidency. Eisenhower established the Presidential Retirement fund to prevent his friend from going bankrupt.
What was Sputnik? What was the U.S. response?
Sputnik was the first Soviet Union space vehicle launch. 2 months later the U.S. launched their own spacecraft.
Why did Taiwan get China's Security Council seat until 1971?
Taiwan had usurped control of the Chinese government after the chaos of the Chinese Civil War.
What were Amendments 22 and 25?
The 22nd Amendment to the United States Constitution sets term limits for the elected President of the United States. Passed by the United States Congress on March 21, 1947, the 22nd Amendment was later ratified by the requisite number of states on the 27th of February in 1951. The Twenty-fifth Amendment (Amendment XXV) to the United States Constitution deals with succession to the Presidency and establishes procedures both for filling a vacancy in the office of the Vice President as well as responding to Presidential disabilities.
What nations were divided as a result of WWII?
The Allied Powers and the Soviet Union and their alliances.
What was the Dumbarton Oakes Conference?
The Dumbarton Oaks Conference was an international conference at which the United Nations was formulated and negotiated among international leaders.
What programs did the U.S. create to aid returning WWII servicemen?
The G.I. Bill was created to help veterans of World War II. It established hospitals, made low-interest mortgages available and granted stipends covering tuition and expenses for veterans attending college or trade schools.
Where is the International Court of Justice?
The Hague, The Netherlands.
How did Eisenhower win the 1952 election?
The Republicans were divided.
Why was 1989 important to Eastern Europe?
The Soviet Union collapsed. It was the year the Berlin Wall fell and signified the end of Communism in Eastern Europe.
Where is the UN headquartered? Why can't the U.S. ever have a secretary-general?
The UN's headquarters is in New York City. Permanent members of the UN Security Council can not have a citizen serve as Secretary-General.
What was the Eisenhower Doctrine?
The US would defend the Middle East from communism.
Why did Truman desegregate the military in 1948?
The organization Truman had created in 1946 to combat racial divides, the Committee on Civil Rights, had urged him to issue a proclamation ended segregation. African American leader A. Philip Randolph also threatened to launch a civil disobedience campaign.
What was the "Checkers" speech?
The speech was given by Nixon denying accusations that wealthy Californians had created a private fund for his family.
How long do members of the Security Council serve?
There are five permanent members (US, China, Russia, France, Great Britain). Additionally, there are ten rotating members, whom each serve a single two-year term.
Why did Soviets try to seize West Berlin in 1948? How did the U.S. respond?
They had been given eastern Germany to govern at the Potsdam conference. France, Great Britain, and the US had been given western Germany to govern and planned to combine their zones into a singular West Germany government. The US organized the Berlin Airlift. The Soviet Union had cut off all supply roads to West Berlin, so the US flew supplies and food into West Berlin to compensate.
Why was the Security Council established at the UN?
To serve as a worldwide policing organization and military deliberator between warring countries.
How did President Truman respond to the Railroad Strike of 1946?
Truman threatened to draft rail workers into the military.
Why was MacArthur opposed to Truman's policies?
Truman wanted to pull out of Korea and was nervous about China's threats, wheras MacArthur wanted to crush Korea and didn't care about China.
Why was the Soviet-American Summit Conference canceled in 1960?
U-2 shot down over SU; American pilot Powers admits he was spying, so Khrushchev refuses to meet with Truman unless he apologizes and promises never to do it again; Truman will do neither so they never meet
Why did the U.S. economy take off from 1946-1956?
Wartime producers shifted to producing goods, and citizens began spending money they had saved during the war, increasing both production and purchasing.
How did Eisenhower change how the Executive Branch of government functioned?
created Chief of Staff, made it like a military set up: the general gets only the big important stuff
What was the Fair Deal?
extends Social Security, passes housing laws, etc.; doesn't extend healthcare however
What were CIA operations undertaken by the Eisenhower administration?
overthrowing Mossadeq in Iran; booted out Arbenz in Guatemala