The Endocrine System
cortisol
(C21H30O5);often called the "stress hormone" because of its connection to the stress response.... it is a steroid hormone, in the glucocorticoid class of hormones.... helps to maintain blood pressure, immune function and the body's anti-inflammatory processes...work in tandem with the hormone insulin to maintain constant blood sugar levels
The pineal gland (reddish-gray body about the size of a pea )
(also called the pineal body or epiphysis) is a small endocrine gland in the brain. It is located near the center of the brain, between the two hemispheres, tucked in a groove where the two rounded thalamic bodies join. It consists of two types of cells 1. parenchymal cells 2. neuroglial cells.
permissive hormones
A certain relationship between hormones and the target cell when the presence of one hormone, at a certain concentration, is required in order to allow a second hormone to fully affect the target cell.
Adrenocorticotropic hormones (ACTH) target organs are the _______.
Adrenal Cortex
Hormones may be classified in three groups based upon their chemical structure. These groups are _______, _______, and ________.
Amines, Proteins, and Steroids .....amines, these are simple molecules. proteins and peptides which are made from chains of amino acids. steroids which are derived from cholesterol.
Functions of the Growth Hormone (GH):Increases the transport of ___ into cells and the synthesis of ____. Increases the rate of ____, which results in more cells in growing organs. Increases the use of _____ for energy, by increasing its removal from adipose tissue.
Amino Acids, Proteins, Mitosis, Fats
The two parts of the pituitary gland are the _____ and the ______.
Anterior Pituitary, Posterior Pituitary
Calcitonins target organs are the ______.
Bones
The stimulus for secretion of ACTH is ______ from the hypothalamus.
CRH (Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is a 41-amino acid peptide derived from a 196-amino acid preprohormone)
Calcitonin decreases the reabsorption of ______ and ______ from bones.
Calcium and Phosphate
Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) increase the rate of cell respiration of _____, _____, and ________ to produce ATP (energy) and heat.
Carbohydrates, Fats, and Excess Amino Acids
Luteinizing hormone (LH) causes the ruptured follicle to become the _____ and to secrete the hormone________ as well as estrogen in women.
Corpus luteum, Progesterone
ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete _______.
Cortisol
As a result of Calcitonins function, the blood levels of calcium and phosphorus are ______.
Decreased
The stimulus for secretion of ADH is _______ (increased or decreased) water within the body.
Decreased
common symptoms of very low cortisol:
Dizziness Fatigue Unexplained weight loss Dark rings under the eyes Palpitations Cravings for salty food It can also be as a result of an auto-immune condition known as Addison's disease, in which antibodies attack the adrenal cortex
The pancreas is located in the upper abdominal cavity between the ________ and the ________.
Duodenum, Spleen
An example of permissive hormones
EX.-thyroid hormones increase the number of receptors available for epinephrine at the latter's target cell, thereby increasing epinephrine's effect at that cell. Without the thyroid hormones, epinephrine would have only a weak effect. Another example is cortisol, which exerts a permissive effect on growth hormones.
Function in Women: (FSH) initiates the development of _____ in ovarian follicles and increases the secretion of the hormone_____ by the follicle cells.
Egg Cells, Estrogen
The secretion of GH is inhibited by _____ from the hypothalamus.
GHIH
The stimulus for secretion of GH is _____ from the hypothalamus.
GHRH
The stimulus for secretion of FSH is _______ from the hypothalamus.
GnRH
The stimulus for secretion of LH is ______ from the hypothalamus.
GnRH ( Gonadotropin-releasing hormone)
Both FSH and LH have their effects on the ovaries or testes and may therefore be called _____ hormones.
Gonadotropic
Sex organs
Gonads are the testes in the male, and the ovaries in the female.
antagonistic hormones
Hormones that act to return body conditions to within acceptable limits from opposite extremes
The secretions of endocrine glands are called ______, which enter and circulate in the ______.
Hormones, Blood
The stimulus for secretion of calcitonin is ______.
Hypercalcemia
The posterior pituitary gland stores two hormones that are actually produced by the _______.
Hypothalamus
The secretion of prolactin is regulated by PRF and PRIF from the _________.
Hypothalamus
The stimulus for secretion of Oxytocin is nerve impulses from the _______ during labor or when nursing a baby.
Hypothalamus
The function of ADH is to ______ reabsorbtion of ______ by the kidneys.
Increase, Water
The mineral necessary for the synthesis of thyroxine and T3 is _______.
Iodine
The adrenal glands are located on the top of the ________.
Kidneys
The thyroid gland is on the anterior side of the trachea just below the ________.
Larynx
Prolactins target organs are the _______.
Mammary Glands
Prolactin causes production of _____ by the mammary glands.
Milk
With respect to the mammary glands, Oxytocin causes the release of _______.
Milk
The function of the Parathyroid gland
One of the parathyroid glands most important functions is to regulate the body's calcium and phosphorus levels. Another function of the parathyroid glands is to secrete parathyroid hormone, which causes the release of the calcium present in bone to extracellular fluid. PTH does this by depressing the production of osteoblasts, special cells of the body involved in the production of bone and activating osteoclasts, other specialized cells involved in the removal of bone.
Follicle-stimulating hormones (FSH) target organs in women are the ______ and in men are the ______.
Ovaries, Testes
Luteinizing hormones (LH) target organs in women are the _____ and in men are the _____.
Ovaries, Testes
Luteinizing hormone (LH) causes _______, which is the release of a mature egg from an ovarian follicle in women.
Ovulation
The functions of Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) are essential for _____ growth and _______ growth.
Physical, Mental
3 major symptoms of diabetes are:
Polyuria - the need to urinate frequently. Polydipsia - increased thirst & fluid intake. Polyphagia - increased appetite.
Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) increase the synthesis of _____ within cells.
Proteins
These cells respond to particular hormones because of the presence of _____ for these hormones, often on the cell membrane.
Receptors
The anterior pituitary gland secretes its hormones in response to _____ hormones (factors) from the ______.
Releasing, Hypothalamus
The testes are located outside the abdominal cavity in the ______.
Scrotum
With respect to the uterus, Oxytocin causes contractions of the ______ for delivery of the _____ and the _______.
Smooth Muscle (Myometrium), Baby, Placenta
GHIH (growth hormone-inhibiting hormone)
Somatostatin (also known as growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH) or somatotropin release-inhibiting factor (SRIF)) is a peptide hormone that regulates the endocrine system and affects neurotransmission and cell proliferation via interaction with G-protein-coupled somatostatin receptors and inhibition of the release of numerous secondary hormones.....inhibits a variety of physiological functions in the gastrointestinal tract, such as gastrointestinal motility, gastric acid production, pancreatic enzyme secretion, bile secretion and colonic fluid secretion. It also inhibits the secretion of pancreatic and intestinal hormones such as insulin, glucagon, secretin and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP).
Function in Men: (FSH) initiates the production of _____ in the testes.
Sperm
The pituitary gland is enclosed and protected by the _______ bone.
Sphenoid
The stimulus for secretion of TSH is _____ from the hypothalamus.
TRH
The stimulus for secretion of thyroxine and T3 is ______ from the ________.
TSH, Anterior Pituitary
The cells (organ) on which a hormone exerts its specific effects are called its ____ cells (organ).
Target
Luteinizing hormone (LH) causes the testes to secrete the hormone _______ in men.
Testosterone
The main hormones from the reproductive organs are:
Testosterone is more prominent in males ( It belongs to the family of androgens, which are steroid hormones producing masculine effects) and Estrogen in females, this hormone stimulates the development of the uterus and vagina.
An example of antagonistic hormones
The regulation of blood glucose concentration (through negative feedback ) illustrates how the endocrine system maintains homeostasis by the action of antagonistic hormones. Bundles of cells in the pancreas, called the islets of Langerhans, contain two kinds of cells: alpha cells and beta cells. These cells control blood glucose concentration by producing the antagonistic hormones insulin and glucagon.
The parathyroid glands are located on the posterior sides of the lobes of the _______.
Thyroid Gland
Thyroid-stimulating hormones (TSH) target organ is the ____.
Thyroid Gland
Thyroid-stimulating hormone stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete _____ and ______.
Thyroxine and T3
The ovaries are located on the top of the _______.
Uterus
Oxytocins target organs are the _____ and the _____.
Uterus and Mammary Glands
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) may also be called ________, and its target organs are the _________.
Vasopressin, Kidneys
An example of synergistic hormone
When two or more hormones combine to produce effects greater than the sum of their individual effects......EX- testosterone and follicle - stimulating hormones are required for normal sperm production.
synergistic hormones
When two or more hormones work together to produce a particular result. May be complimentary or additive. ex. additive: epinephrine and norepinephrine seperately produces an increase in heart rate, when acting together in same concentrations stimulates an even greater cardiac rate. ex. complimentary: estrogen, cortisol, prolactin and oxytocin work together to enable the mammary gland to secrete milk.
oxytocin-females
acts on mammary glands and uterus
Parathyroid gland (PTH)
are butterfly-shaped and located inside the neck, more specifically on both sides of the windpipe.
The pancreas is very important organ in the digestion system and the circulatory system
because it helps to maintain our blood sugar levels.
Insulin and glucagon produced
by Islets of Langerhans of pancreas
Ghrelin
central to appetite and the release of growth hormone, is produced in the stomach and small intestine, with a little bit of the hormone released in the pancreas and brain. It has been called the "hunger hormone" because of its role in controlling appetite, but that is just one of its functions. Also plays a significant role in regulating the distribution and rate of use of energy.
Cushing's syndrome
characterized by high levels of the hormone cortisol. Another name for Cushing's syndrome is hypercortisolism.
Iodine:
chemical in the body; Thyroid hormone can not be produced with out it
Insulin is a hormone that acts
directly or indirectly on most tissues of the body, with the exception of the brain.
The pancreas is both an
exocrine and an endocrine organ.
Prader-Willi syndrome
ghrelin levels in the blood are high. This is believed to be the reason why these patients struggle with severe obesity and extreme hunger.
Insulin promotes
glycogenesis or glycogen synthesis, in which glucose molecules are added to chains of glycogen. Excess glucose is also stored as fat in adipose tissue cells in response to insulin.
Adrenal insufficiency or Addison disease
happens when the adrenal glands don't make enough cortisol....an autoimmune disease that causes damage to the adrenal glands
oxytocin is secreted in both males and females
in both males and females
GnRH ( Gonadotropin-releasing hormone)
is a releasing hormone responsible for the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary.
pituitary gland (hypophysis)
is attached to the bottom of the hypothalamus by a slender stalk called the infundibulum.
The two glands that are the most responsible for homeostasis
is the thyroid and the parathyroid.
oxytocin -males
it facilitates release of sperm in to urethra by causing contraction of vas deferens.
Glucagon is a hormone that has the following major effects:
it increases hepatic synthesis of glucose from pyruvate, lactate, glycerol, and amino acids (a process called gluconeogenesis, which also raises the plasma glucose level); and it increases the breakdown of adipose tissue triglyceride, thereby raising the plasma levels of fatty acids and glycerol.
Type 2 diabetes
maturity onset diabetes, the pancreas does produce enough insulin, but the target cells do not respond to it.
Insulin and glucagon act in an
opposite but balanced fashion to keep blood sugar levels stable.
too much cortisol
over a prolonged period of time can lead to a condition called Cushing's syndrome. This can be caused by a wide range of factors, such as a tumour that produces adrenocorticotropic hormone (and therefore increases cortisol secretion), or taking certain types of drugs.
Diabetes insipidus is characterized by
polyuria (excess urine production), hypernatremia (increased blood sodium content) and polydipsia (thirst). Also polyphagia (increased appetite)
Where is cortisol produced?
produced in the cortex of the adrenal glands and is transported around your body via the bloodstream.
Decreased ADH release or decreased renal sensitivity to ADH
produces a condition known as diabetes insipidus
Pineal Gland
releases Melatonin and targets the brain...Controls circadian and circannual rhythms, possibly involved in maturation of sexual organs
Alpha cells
secrete glucagon.
Beta cells
secrete of Islets of Langerhans secretion insulin. When the concentration of blood glucose raises such in after eating, beta cells secret insulin into the blood.
When the thyroid is low on iodine
the body will try harder to produce T3 and T4 which will often result in a swelling of the thyroid gland, resulting in a goiter.
Insulin deficiency leads to
the development of diabetes mellitus
Insulin stimulates
the liver cells and most other body cells to absorb glucose
Type 1 diabetes mellitus
the pancreas does not produce sufficient insulin, it is treated by insulin injections.
The pancreas is connected to the first part of
the small intestine, the duodenum, and lies behind the stomach.
Insulin acts
to lower blood sugar levels by allowing the sugar to flow into cells.
Glucagon acts
to raise blood sugar levels by causing glucose to be released into the circulation from its storage sites.
