The Enlightment

Shamela

Written by Fielding. It was a parody of Pamela. Shamela was tart and tried to entrap her master. There was no happy ending but it was entertaining.

Essay concerning Human Understanding (1690)

Written by John Locke. "Evil wasn't inate in human beings but a product of bad education, rotten institution, inherited prejudices."

Democracy

the people are soverignt

determinist

theory that all events are determined by mecanistic events. Which opposes Newton's Clockmaker theory.

-Inate / *tabula rasa

*everyone was born w/ a blank mind -people are molded by experiences

Secret Societies

-free masons -organized in lodges w/ no single governing body -advocated seperation of chuch and state -promoted idea of liberty, equality, freternity, and religious toleration -used masonic bible (King James Version) -there purpose was to to do good works.

Mary Astell (1666-1731)

An advicate on equal education for women. Seen as one of Europe's first advicate. "If all men are born free, how is it that all women are born slaves."

Wolfgand Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791)

Austrian composer. Known for his concert music, piano pieces, opera, and choral music. *Strum and Drang- storm and stress. Dramatic piece. *Magic Flute- opera that supported Enlightened absolutism. *Marriage of Figaro- Opera and was meant to be funny. Had a big impact.

Jean Jacques Rosseau (1712-1778)

Father of Romantisicm. His works granted him as one of the most intellectual figures of the Enlightenment.

Samuel Richardson (1689-1761)

First novelist. wrote fiction. It delt w/ the character of human and social situation of the day.

Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794)

Formed a society known as Academy of Fists. They wages wages war w/ the written word. Talked about economic disorder, terrine, and unfair religious practices. He was appalled by unjust law and brutal punishment.

Mary Wollstone Craft (1759-1797)

Founder of Modern Feminism. She was forced to work. A translater and work in Literacy. Wrote for magezines of Radical Movements.

John Locke (1632-1704)

He impacted the political theory which stemmed from Two Treatises of Human Gov't. Believed the gov't was there to protect people's right, if it failed then the people had the right to revolt. He impacted Enlightenment away from the political theory.

Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755)

French eterny. "There is not a perfect political system." Inherited his uncle's title. Said all forms of gov't can be positive, but corruption can occur. Felt gov't should be seperated into three groups. Discusses opposition to slavery "Liberty is the right of doingwhatever the law permits"

Balthasar Neumann (1687-1753)

German Architect. known for buildings in Rococo style. designed churches, palaces. One of the most famous- Residence in Wurtzburg which took 20 years to complete. Consisted of modern day innovation: hydrolic systems. Neumann tuaght architect in Wurtzburg University.

Immanual Kant (1724-1804)

German Philosopher Encouraged people to use oyur own intelligence. 'Dare to know.' Believed that monarchs who used Enlightenment thought would have biggest impact on society.

Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750)

German composer. known for his ability to play the organ. He produced religious music as a way to worship God. He was also known for his cantatas.

Baron d' Holbach (1723-1789)

German philosopher. Inherited his uncle's title, so became a noble. He was an aetheist, determinist, and materialist. Opponent of absolutism.

Voltaire (1694-1778)

Had the 'power of the pen.' He attacked the gov't and the Catholic Chuch. He served as a French Ambassador in Holland. Spent several years in exile and sometimes in jail.

Medicine

New methods emphasizing clinical experience gradually introduced. Physicians and surgeons were now licensed. It replaced midwives. Physicians and surgeons would charge outrageous fees. -Hospitals were unsanitary and dangerous.

Bernard de Fontenelle (1657-1757)

Secretary of French Royal Academy. Wrote "Plurality of Worlds."- able to make achievements of scientific revolution. Critizied absolutism and organized religion. "A great obstacle to happiness is to expect too much happiness."

"The Tattler"

Talked about gossip.

Spirit of Law (1748)

Written by Montesquieu. explained human laws and social institutions. It outlines his seperation of powers, and talks about three different types of gov't. -democracy -aristocracy -monarchy

Social Contract

Written by Rosseau. Belief that people were good but corrupted by society. One of the bgeest reason was because the unequal distribution of property and wealth. "Man is born free, but everywhere he is in chains." Discusses his belief on the general will.

Emile

Written by Rosseau. Outlines his view of education. Views on best way to educate humans. Goal: produce on education that maximises human potentialrather than restict it. His views had a major impact and influence the public, such as the American school System.

Discource on the Origins of the Inequality of Mankind

Written by Rosseau. discusses his idea on the inequality of mass society. The inequality exists because of special priviledges: private property isn't equally distributed, and humans were good but corrupted by conflicts of the day.

Henry Fielding (1707-1754)

a lawyer who became an author. Wrote: Shamela, Tome Jones, and Amilia.

Peter Bayle (1647-1706)

a protestant who became a leading crique of religion. Target: superstition, dogmitism (church beliefs), and religious intolerance. Believed people's conscience should determine their action. "The people should be open to textual criticism." Wrote 'Historical and Critical Dictionairy' where he wrote his beliefs.

Franz Joseph Hadyn (1732-1809)

a.k.a 'Papa Haydn' and the 'Father of the Symphony and String Quartet.'Became known for his public concerts. He also taught Beethoven.

materialist

believes that everything in the universe is made of one substance: material, physical, or imperial.

Denis Diderot (1713-1784)

co-authored the Encyclopedia w/ Jean LeRond D' Alembert. 28 volumes. Purpose of it was to change the general way of thinking.

Salons

elegant, large drawing rooms in wealthy partons. Meeting w/ philisophes and discuss events. It was the popular thing to do. They had conversation of new ideas. It was a mingling of aristocracy and upper-middle class.

Rococo Art

emphasized grace. Wasn;t as bold and geometrical as Baroque period. Rococo's design relflected the Romantic time.

Amilia

last novel written by Fielding and very sentimental to him. Follows life of a young woman as she marries. She discovers that life isn't as it seemed. She deals w/ being a servant to her husband and not being treated fairly.

Maria Therese deGeoffrin (1699-1777)

leading hostess of salons. Widow of a wealthy merchant. she welcomes philosphes such as: deAlabera, and Edward Gibbons. She was recieved at court by members of nobility such as Maria Theresa. She also funded philosophes.

Edward Gibbons -Decline and Fall of Roman Empire

member of Parliament. Wrote Decline and Fall of Roman Empire. -6 volumes. It was banned un many countries. It blamed Christianity for the fall. It also attacked the church for their lack of religios tolerance.

Monarchy

one person governs the rest

Aristocracy

part of the people govern the rest of the people

Social Centers

salons, coffee houses, cafes, and reading club

Chapbooks

short brochures that were printed on cheap paper. It was sold to the lower classes and it gave them the option of having printing material like the other classes.

novels

they were now used for entertainment purposes. They focused more on the character than the plot. It was a more urban movement. They were cheaper and more were made.

Cantatas

vocal composition w/ instrumental accompaniment, it involves a choir.

A serious Proposal to the Ladies

written by Astell. women are just as capable as men. Argues the inequality for sexes and in marriage. Encourages women to think clearly and logically. Don't let your emotions get the better of you.

Crime and Punishment

written by Beccaria. "Punishment should serve as a deterrent......" Opposed capital punishment. His work influenced the legal system. Criminals were placed in decent cells and subjected to discipline and regular routine. The goal was to rehabilitate them. Result: Corporal and capital punishment declined.

Tom Jones

written by Fielding. It was about a young scoundrel and becomes successful. Henry presents different levels of society and more diversity.

System of Nature

written by Holbach. outlines his beliefs. Denies existance of God and free will is an allusion.

"The Spectator"

written by Joseph Addison and Richard Steele. It was a newspaper/magazine. It discussed political events.

Vindication of the Rights of Women

written by Mary Wollstone Craft. Male dominace over women os a form of absolutism. felt Locke was correct w/ inate theory. Women had the ability to reason. Education was key to achieve a sense of self respect.

Pamela

written by Richardson. it was about a young servant girl who rejects her master's advancement. The noble was infactuated by her. She realizes that he is in love w/ her. She pushes him away because of their different social class. It was a happy ending by finding a way to marry her. It became a best-seller.

Philisophical Letters on the English

written by Voltaire. He compared the gov'ts of France and Britain. Stated that Britain had a more advanced system of gov't, more fair, and practices religious tolerance. "I do not agree w/ a word you say but will defend to death your right to say it."

Elements of the Philosophy of Newton

written by Voltaire. He discussed his opinions of Newton'sclockmaker theory. Him and Madame du Chatlet wrote it.

Treatise on Toleration

written by Voltaire. Outlines his beleifs in human rights and nature. Rejected the fundamental aspects of Christianity.

Candide

written by Voltaire. a short story that attacked superstition, religion, and war. Inept look at human nature. It was a story of a young and innocent hero who suffers a series of misfortunes.

Persian Letters (1721)

writtern by Montesquieu. It was about two fictional Persian noblemen and their travel through Europe. It talked about different styles of gov't , religioun, and civilization.