The French Revolution and Napoleon

"Liberty, Equality, Fraternity"

•equal rights for any man to hold public office •called for freedom of religion •called for taxes to be levied

Legislative Assembly

•had the power to make laws, declare war, and make decisions on issues of war and peace

Napoleonic Code

•long lasting reform •embodied enlightenment ideas such as equality of all citizens before the law •religious toleration •abolition of feudalism •undid some reforms such as women losing their newly gained rights

National Convention

•radicals called for the election of a new legislative body called the National Convention •extended voting rights to all male citizens, not just land owners •voted to abolish the monarchy and establish the French Republic •Deputies drew up a new constitution for France •Jacobins controlled the Convention •Jacobins set out to erase all traces of the old order, such as seizing lands of nobles and abolishing their titles

The Constitution of 1795

•set up a five-man directory and a two house legislature elected by male citizens of property •the middle class and professional people of the bourgeosie were the dominant force during this stage of the revolution •the directory held power from 1795-1799

Constitution of 1791

•set up a limited monarchy in place of absolute

Civil Constitution and the Clergy

•stated that bishops and priests became elected •salaried officials

Jacobins

•supported the Sans-culottes •a revolutionary political club •mostly middle class lawyers or intellectuals •used pamphleteers and sympathetic newspaper editors to advance the republican cause

Nationalism

•the war and revolution gave the people of France and strong sense of this •a strong feeling of pride and devotion to one's country

King Louis XVIII

•took the throne after Napoleon was abdicated •brother of Louis XVI •king of France •accepted Napoleonic Code •Napoleon escaped his exile island and returned to France, resulting in Louis XVIII fleeing

Louis XVI

•well meaning but weak and indecisive •chose Jacques Necker as an advisor(good decison) •Necker urged the king to reduce court spendings, reform govt, and abolish burdensome tariffs on international trade •Necker was dismissed when he wanted to start taxing the first and second estates •Estates-General wanted to bring King Louis XVI under control of the nobles and guarantee their priveleges

Sans-culottes

•working class men and women •in Paris and other cities •pushed revolution into more radical action •"without breaches" is the meaning •wore long trousers instead of traditional knee breeches that upper-class men wore •by 1791, they demanded a republic •found support among the Radicals in the Legislative Assembly

Stages of Government Throughout The Revolution

1. Absolute Monarchy 2. Constitutional Monarchy 3. National Convention/Committee of Public Safety 4. 5-Man Directory 5. Consulate 6.(Napoleon as emperor) 7. Constitutional Monarchy

INEQUALITY IN THE 3 ESTATES

1st estate:clergy enjoyed wealth and paid no taxes 2nd estate: nobles held top govt jobs and didnt pay taxes 3rd estate: taxes fell on the peasants on everything from salt to soap

Estates-General

A French King had not summoned the Estates-General in 175 years due to the fear of losing absolute rule

Bastille

A grim and medieval fortress used as a prison for political and other prisoners

Napoleon Bonaparte

A popular military hero who had won a series of brilliant victories against the Australians in Italy

Declaration of the Rights of Man

All male citizens were equal before the law

Declaration of the Rights of Man

All men were born and remain free and equal in all rights

Napoleon Bonaparte

Another constitution was drawn up, but Napoleon soon took the title 'First Consul' and by 1802, he named himself Consul for life

Napoleon Bonaparte

By 1799, he helped overthrow the weak directory and set up a three-man governing board known as the Consulate

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Freedom of religion

Method of Execution in the Reign of Terror

GUILLOTINE

National Assemly

Got rid of "Special Privileges" and adopted the equality of all male citizens before the law

Republic

Government ruled by elected representatives

Constitution of 1791

Had the power to make laws

Estates-General

Hoped to make positive changes and hoped to bring the king under the control of the nobles and guarantee their privileges

Olympe De Gouges

Journalist who demanded equal rights among women and the female citizens

Marquis De Lafayette

Led the national guard, a largely middle-class militia

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Liberty

Slogan of the revolution

Liberté, Égalité

What event ended the Reign of Terror?

Members of the convention turned on the Committee of Public Safety, getting Robespierre executed and killed...this dramatically slowed executions by the guillotine

Was anyone safe from the Guillotine

NOPE

Marquis De Lafayette

National Guard was first group to adopt the "Tri-Color"

Why did the French Nobility resist Jacques Necker's financial reforms?

Necker wanted to start taxing the First and Second Estates, so the Nobles forced the king to dismiss him

Second Estate

Nobility, held top govt jobs (govt, army, church, courts)

Émigré

Nobles, clergy, and others who had fled France and its Revolutionary forces

Bastille

Parisians assembled outside of the Bastille and demanded weapons and gunpowder believed to be stored there

Plebiscite

Popular vote by ballot

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Property

What did the National Assembly do to lose support of the rural peasantry?

Put the French Catholic Church under state control

Tricolor

Red/White/Blue

Émigré

Reported attacks on their privileges, property, and religion

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Resistance to oppression

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Security

Constitution of 1791

Set up new legislative assembly

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Taxes were levied according to people's ability to pay

Old Order

The Church and the govt

Marquis De Lafayette

The aristocratic "hero of two worlds" who fought alongside George Washington in The American Revolution

Bastille

The crowd killed the commander of the Bastille and 5 guards, and released a handful of prisoners

Tennis Court Oath

The delegates swore to never separate and to meet wherever the circumstances might require until we have established a just and sound constitution

Estates-General

The legislative body consisting of the three estates

How did the French and revolutionary government of the National Convention respond to both the internal and external threats of the revolution?

They turned to The Committee of Public Safety

Émigré

Told stories of the "French Plague"

Bastille

represented the abuse of the monarchy

Napoleon Bonaparte

valued order and authority over individual rights

Guillotine

•"The Engine of Terror" •Fast, falling blade •ends life instantly

Robespierre

•"The Incorruptible" •lawyer and politician •leader of the Committee of Public Safety •dedicated •was referred to as a 'Tyrant' by his enemies •promoted religious toleration and wanted to abolish slavery •"believed France could achieve a "republic of virtue" but only through terror

Committee of Public Safety

•12 members •almost absolute power •battled to save the revolution •issued a levy that forced all citizens to help out on the war effort •12 members were in charge of trials and executions

Estates-General

•As the crisis deepened, the wealthy and powerful forced the King to summon the Estates-General

Marie Antoinette

•Austrian born

Battle of Trafalgar

•Britain had a small army so they relied on their Navy •Admiral Horatio Nelson and the British Fleet smashed France in a Naval Battle •fought off the southwest coast of Spain

Congress of Vienna

•Heads-of-States with with goal of restoring stability and order in Europe after years of war •met for 10 months •work fell to: •Prince Clemens Von Metternich of Austria, •Tsar Alexander I of Russia, •Lord Robert Castlereagh of Britain, •and Prince Charles Maurice De Talleyrand of France •Main Goal: make a lasting peace by establishing a balance of power and protecting the system of monarchy •Monarchies were put back into place across Europe

Marie Antoinette

•Lived a life of great pleasure and extravagance

Continental System and The Blockade of Britain

•Napoleon targeted Britain's commerce •closed European Ports to British goods •Britain responded with it's own blockade of European ports •blockade- the shutdown of ports to keep people and supplies from moving in our out

The Russian Winter

•Napoleon's last battle •exiled to Elba, a small island

Areas that Napoleon conquered

•Netherlands •Belgium •Parts of Italy and Germany •abolished the 'Holy Roman Empire' and created a 38 member Confederation of the Rhine under French Protection •cut Prussian territory in half

Bourgeosie

•Top of middle class •Third Estate •bankers, merchants, manufacturers,lawyers,doctors, journalists, profesors

Third Estate

•Vast Majority of the Population •BOURGEOSIE or middle class (Bankers, merchants, lawyers) •Rural Peasants, land owners, tenant farmers, urban workers (apprentices, journeymen, printing, cloth industry)

Marie Antoinette

•against reforms and was bored with the French Court

Tricolor

•colors of the French flag first adopted by the National Guard

Marie Antoinette

•compassionate to the poor

Marie Antoinette

•daughter of Maria Antoinette and sister of Joseph II

Reign of Terror

•death to traitors and anyone who opposes the republic •death by the guillotine •lasted September 1793-July 1794 •Within a year, Robespierre was also executed by the guillotine

Émigré

Even enlightened rulers turned on France

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Every free man had an equal right to hold public office

First Estate

Clergy;enjoyed wealth(owned 10% of land, collected tithes, paid no direct taxes)

Constitution of 1791

Collect taxes

Napoleon Bonaparte

Crowned himself Emperor

Constitution of 1791

Decide on issues of war and peace

Legislative Assembly

Declared war on Austria, Britain, Prussia, and other states