the global environment
60) Provide one example of an open system and a closed system.
An open system is one where a quantity or set of quantities can enter or leave the system in substantial amounts (e.g., a hot cup of coffee). A closed system is one where quantities cannot enter or leave the system in any considerable amounts (e.g., a vacuum thermos of hot coffee).
An angular distance measured north or south of the equator from the center of Earthis termed A) Greenwich distance. B) latitude. C) longitude. D) zenith.
B
At which of the following locations does subduction occur? A) at sea floor spreading zones B) along collision zones between continental and oceanic plates C) above mantle hot spots D) along collision zones between two continents
B
High mountains consisting of tightly folded and overthrust sedimentary rock layers, as well as metamorphic rocks, are formed A)along midocean ridges during seafloor spreading activity and are subsequentlyuplifted above sea level in response to isostatic processes. B)during plate collisions. C) in continental rift zones. D) during volcanic eruptions. E)exclusively by magma intrusions.
B
Which of the following are the principal active agents involved inchemical weathering? A) nitrogen, oxygen, argon B) oxygen, silicon, aluminum C) magnesium, water, limestone ' D) water, oxygen, carbon dioxide
D
Which of the following is true of the length (as measured in kilometers) of a degree of latitude? A) It is longer near the equator than near the poles. B)It is shorter near the equator than near the poles. C) It is shorter near the prime meridian than near the international dateline. D) It is constant at all latitudes.
D
List three types of evidence for plate tectonics.
There is variety of evidence that supports the claims that plate tectonics accounts for (1) the distribution of fossils on different continents, (2) the occurrence of earthquakes, and (3) continental and ocean floor features including mountains, volcanoes, faults, and trenches.
Describe the eolian processes of deflation and abrasion.
Wind erodes the Earth's surface by deflation, the removal of loose, fine-grained particles by the turbulent eddy action of the wind, and by abrasion, the wearing down of surfaces by the grinding action and sand blasting of windborne particles.
orogenesis refers to
a general term for a mountain- building episodes that thickens continental crust
the grinding and shaping of rock surfaces by the sand blasting action of particles captured in the air is termed
abrasion
maximum velocity in a straight channel is found
at the center and near the surface, corresponding with the deepest parts of the stream channel.
particles of sand, gravels, and shells that move along the shore through a process involving waves and gravity are called
beach drift
when coral expel their own nutrient-supplying algae, a phenomena called ____ often follows
bleaching
when the height of a wave exceeds its vertical stability the wave is called a
breaker
when rainwater attacks formations of limestone, the minerals dissolve and wash away with the mildly acid rainwater. this is an example of
carbonation
which of the following is not a location in which volcanos typically occur
cratons
a mass of falling and tumbling rock, debris, and soil traveling at a high velocity owing to the presence of ice or water is a
debris avalanche
the removal and lifting of individual small loose particles leaving the larger particles behind by the wind is termed ______
deflation
when a river reaches a base level its forward velocity rapidly decelerates as it enter a larger body of standing water and a ______ is formed
delta
the uplift of mountains is caused by
endogenic processes
the term eolian refers to
erosion, transportation, and deposition by the wind
terranes refer to
fragmented crustal material from one plate and accreted to another plate.
the loess deposits in Europe and North America are thought to be derived mainly from
glacial and periglacial sources
chemical weathering is greatest under conditions of
higher rainfalls and temperatures
which of the following is true regarding wave movement in deep, open water?
individual water molecules don't advance; rather, potential energy moves through the fluid medium of water
an eathquake that occurs in association with anthropogenic activity, such as waste water injection wells, is known as
induced seismicity
the ability of the wind to move materials
is small compared to other transporting agents such as water and ice
the principles of buoyancy and balance, when applied to earths crust, helps us to explain fluctuations in earths outer crust, a property known as
isostasy
relative to dune movement and from, a dunes slipcase forms on which side?
leeward side
alluvial fans are formed as flowing water_____ as it leaves a constricted channel
loses velocity
regions of oceans with heavy freshwater runoff and low evaporation will tend to have ____
lower than average salinity
the ________ scale would use Roman numerals to qualitatively describe an earthquake based actual effects experienced at the exact time and location of the quake
modified mercalli intensity
the andes of South America formed as a result of the nazca plate subducting beneath the South American plate. this is an example of _____ collision
oceanic plate- continental plate
drainage basins are
open systems
exfoliation occurs because
overlying rock or soil is removed, thereby allowing the underlying rock ,ass to expand ad fracture
List three types of chemical weathering.
oxidation, hydrolysis, and carbonation
in vegetated dune landscapes, ____ dunes can form with their tips pointing upwind
parabolic
stony coral is a type of____ that secretes ____ to form an organic rock home
polyp; calcium carbonate
the transport of small particles along the ground in a bouncing and skipping action is known as
saltation
List four ways in which streams can transport material.
saltation (bouncing), traction (rolling and dragging) and suspension (carrying in water).
an instrument used to record vibrations in the crust is the
seismograph
a gently sloping mountain landform built from effusive eruption is known as a
shield volcano
desert pavements refers to
surfaces of concentrated pebbles and gravels
the sediment load consisting of one-grained clastic particles held aloft in the system is the
suspended load
which of the following statements best describes seawater
sweater is a solution
the chemical composition of seawater may be affected by
the atmosphere, marine organisms, minerals, and ocean sediments
fault types are differentiated by
the tilt and orientation of the fault plane
which of the following is not correct regarding tides
they are produced solely by the gravitational pull of the sun
which of the following is not correct regarding terranes
they are very similar in composition to the continents to which they attach
an earthquake, a submarine landslide or an eruption of an undersea volcano is capable of producing a
tsunami
as the discharge of a stream increases, which of the following also happens
width, depth, and or velocity increase
Provide two differences in the chemical composition of the magma for effusive and explosive eruptions.
If lava is flowing out of the volcano, we would call this an effusive eruption. On the other hand, when gas and broken fragments are shot up into the atmosphere, the magma has literally exploded before falling back to Earth. If the magma has been blown to pieces, we would call this an explosive eruption.
Stream width, depth, and velocity can all change in response to changes indischarge rates.
T
The Earthʹs interior has been mapped using seismic waves.
T
The lithosphere lies above the aesthenosphere.
T
The storm hydrograph for an urban area resembles that of a desert.
T
The wind has relatively minor effects on weathering and erosion.
T
Chemical weathering is greatest under conditions of A) higher mean annual rainfall and temperatures. B) temperatures below freezing. C) rainfall of less than 25 cm (10 in.) per year. D) lower mean annual rainfall and temperatures.
A
If material is to move downslope, it must overcome the force of A) friction. B) the cohesion of particles to each other. C) inertial resistance of the material. D) All of these are correct.
A
Orogenesis refers to A) a general term for a mountain-building episode that thickens continental crust. B) a general thinning of the crust. C) the formation of mountains without faulting, folding, or the capture of migrating terranes. D) the beginning of extensive faulting.
A
Which of the following is incorrectly matched? A) radioactive decay heat - exogenic energy source B)exogenic - external processes C) endogenic - internal processes
A
Which of the following statements about Earthʹs core is not true? A) The inner core is believed to be liquid and the outer core solid. B)Temperatures and pressures are higher in the inner core than in the outercore. C) It is composed primarily of iron. D) Temperatures in the core reach several thousand degrees.
A
The Precambrian Eon encompasses what percentage of Earthʹs total history? A) 12.4 percent B) 87.6 percent C) 5 percent D) 0.04 percent
B
The effect of urbanization on a typical stream hydrograph is to A)increase lag time between storm peak and peak streamdischarge. B) decrease lag time between storm peak and peak stream discharge. C) decrease runoff. D) create a base flow.
B
Uplift of the landscape creates_______ energy which is converted to______ energy when materials begin to move downslope. A) kinetic; chemical C) kinetic; potential B) potential; kinetic D) potential; chemica
B
Which of the following gives the correct sequence of layers in the Earth, from the surface to the center? A) crust, lower mantle, aesthenosphere, core B) crust, aesthenosphere, lower mantle, core C) aesthenosphere, lower mantle, crust, core D) crust, core, lower mantle, aesthenosphere
B
Which side of a dune typically has a slope angle equal to that of the angle of reposefor sand? A) top B) leeward C) stoss side D) windward
B
Earthʹs magnetic field A) is constant in its intensity. B) remains a mystery as to its cause. C) is variable, and it has phased to zero some nine times during the past 4 million years. D) is principally generated in the inner core.
C
Exfoliation occurs because A) water freezes in joints and expands. B) water combines with minerals and increases their size, thereby causing surrounding minerals to pop out of the rock matrix. C) overlying rock is removed, thereby allowing the underlying rock mass to expand and fracture. D) All of the above are possible causes of exfoliation.
C
If a system responds to a change in input by moving further away from its equilibrium condition, what type of feedback has occurred? A) neutral B)Not enough information is given to indicate what type of feedback has occurred. C) positive D) negative
C
Stream transport involves all of the following except A) solution. B) traction. C) sheet flow. D) saltation
C
The motion of seismic waves is initiated in a subsurface area along the fault plane called the A) break zone. B) epicenter. C) focus, or hypocenter. D) fault area.
C
The nucleus of old crystalline rock in each of the principal continental masses is called a A) mountain mass. B) basalt mass. C) continental shield, or craton. D) composite zone.
C
The sandblasting action of wind-blown particles is called A)grinding. B) deflation. C) abrasion. D) saltation.
C
What type of rock forms from the solidification of molten material? A)Metamorphic B) sedimentary C) igneous
C
When rock is broken and disintegrated without dissolving, the process in operation is A) carbonation. B) chemical weathering. C) physical weathering. D) hydrolysis.
C
Systems encountered in nature at Earthʹs surface, such as the soil in a floodplain, are A) open systems in terms of energy. B)closed systems in terms of energy. C) open systems in terms of matter. D) both A and C E)both B and C
D
How have we gained knowledge of Earthʹs internal structure? A) studying shock waves from underground nuclear tests B)direct observation of Earthʹs inner layers C) analysis of seismic waves passing through Earthʹs layers D) all of the above E)A and C
E
Plate boundaries are associated with A) earthquakes .B) volcanoes. C) rifting. D) subduction. E) all of the above
E
Transform faults along plate boundaries are typically found A) sea-floor spreading centers. B) collision zones between plates. C) lateral motions of plates. D) all plate boundaries. E) only A and C
E
Which of the following is true of joints? A)Joints are small, localized fault planes along which movementoccurs. B) Joints enhance the rate of weathering. C) Joints enable more water to move through the ground. D) All of the above are true. E) Only B and C are true.
E
A landslide designation is used when substantial amounts of water are saturated in the mass of materials.
F
A tall, conically-shaped volcanic peak is generally the result of effusive eruptions.
F
If two cities are located at the same latitude of 20° north, the shortest path between them is along the 20° parallel.
F
Karst topography involves the chemical weathering of granite landscapes.
F
Most of Earthʹs desert lands are covered by the familiar sand seas.
F
Ocean floor is continuously destroyed in rift zones.
F
Shortening or folding of the crust is produced by strain caused by tension.
F
The dust in a dust storm consists primarily of wind-blown sand.
F
The major erosional processes in the desert are eolian.
F
The suspended load of a stream is the coarser materials that are dragged along thestream bed.
F
List three classes of mass movement.
Slumping, landslides and rockfalls
A model is essentially a simplification of natural systems.
T
An earthquake with a high rating on the moment magnitude scale can receive a low rating on the Mercalli scale.
T
California has overridden part of a seafloor spreading zone.
T
Carbonation describes those chemical weathering processes that transform mineralscontaining calcium, magnesium, and others into carbonates.
T
Drainage divides can be defined by using a digital elevation map.
T
Felsic magma produces more violent eruptions that mafic magma.
T
Photosynthesis in a plant leaf is an example of an open-system operation.
T
