The Human Body 2nd Edition Module #11
Antigen:
A protein or carbohydrate that, when introduced in the body, triggers the production of an antibody.
What is a thrombus?
A thrombus is the plug formed in platelet plug formation.
Chemotaxis:
Attraction of cells to chemical stimuli
Platelets:
Cell fragments in blood that help prevent blood loss.
List the function of each leukocyte.
Neutrophils fight infections by phagocytosis. Basophils release histamine and heparin. Eosinophils are anti-inflammatory. Lymphocytes produce antibodies. Monocytes fight infections by phagocytosis.
Do the presence of blood coagulation factors imply that blood coagulation is occurring? What about the presence of activated blood coagulation factors?
No, blood coagulation factors can be present when coagulation is not occurring. However, if the coagulation factors are active, then coagulation is occurring.
Cardiac cycle:
One complete round of systole and diastole.
Arterioles:
The smallest arteries that still have three tunics.
Blood is about 50% what?
Water.
A person's blood pressure is 120 over 80. Which is systolic pressure and which is the diastolic pressure?
120 is systolic and 80 is diastolic.
A father has type A blood and a mother has type B blood. What types are possible for these parents' children?
A, B, AB, or O.
Where the formed elements in blood formed? From what type of cell are they formed?
Blood cells are formed in bone marrow from stem cells.
What are the two main components of blood? Roughly what percent of each is in blood?
Blood is composed of 55% plasma and 45% formed elements.
Veins:
Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart.
Arteries:
Blood vessels that carry the blood away from the heart.
Pulmonary circulation:
Circulation of the blood over the air sacs of the lungs.
Systemic circulation:
Circulation of the blood through the tissues of teh body, except for the pulmonary circulation.
Explain the flow of blood. Start with blood going into the heart from the superior and inferior vena cava. Explain what parts of the heart it passes through, what kinds of blood vessels it passes through, and what happens to the oxygenation in the blood. In the description, name the major veins or arteries that feed directly into the heart or lead directly from the heart.
Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium from the superior and inferior vena cava and the coronary sinus. It then goes to the right ventricle and leaves the heart through the pulmonary trunk to the lungs. The blood is supplied with oxygen, "turning the color red." The blood then exits the lungs and enters the venules, veins, after which it goes back to the heart through the pulmonary veins. Then it enters the left atrium, travels through the left ventricle, and then leaves the heart through the aorta. The newly oxygenated blood travels through the arteries, arterioles, and finally the capillaries. The blood then gives oxygen to the tissues, deoxygenating the blood. The blood completes the cycle by traveling back to the heart through the venules, veins, and finally the superior and inferior vena cava and coronary sinus.
What makes up the majority of blood plasma? What other things are in blood plasma?
For the most part, plasma is water, but it also contains proteins, ions, nutrients, gases, regulatory chemicals, and waste.
What does hemoglobin do in the blood?
Hemoglobin carries oxygen in the blood.
What are the three stages of hemostasis, in the order in which they happen?
Hemostasis involves vasoconstriction, platelet plug formation, and blood coagulation.
A father and mother are both Rh positive. They have a child who is Rh negative. How is this possible.
If they both have an Rh negative allele, then there is a 25% chance of the child being Rh negative.
In which types of blood vessels is the blood pressure lowest?
In the veins.
What metal must be in hemoglobin in order for it to work properly?
Iron.
If you fill a balloon full of blood and throw it into the water, will the balloon sink or float?
It would sink.
Diapedesis:
Passage of white blood cells through pores in blood vessel to get into the tissue spaces.
Coagulation factors:
Proteins in blood plasma that help initiate the blood coagulation process.
What is made in each of the three stages of blood coagulation?
Prothrombinase is made in the first stage. Thrombin is made the second. And fibrin is made in the third.
Erythrocytes:
Red blood cells that carry the O₂ in blood.
Venules:
Small veins that do not have three tunics but instead have only an endothelium, a basement membrane, and a few smooth muscle cells.
In which stage of blood coagulation do coagulation factors play a critical role?
The first stage.
Plasma:
The fluid portion of the blood, which is mostly water, about 55% by volume.
What are the five types of leukocytes? Which are granulocytes? Which are agranulocytes?
The granulocytes are neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophil. The agranulocytes are lymphocytes and monocytes.
Suppose you could watch a drop of blood as it leaves the lungs and heads back to the heart. Take the structures in the figure above and list them in the order through which the drop would pass until it once again reaches the lungs. If the drop will not pass through the structure, just leave it out.
The left atrium. Then the left atrioventricular canal and valve. The left ventricle. The aortic semilunar valve and aorta. The superior or inferior vena cava. The right atrium, the right atrioventricular canal, and valve. The right ventricle, the pulmonary semilunar valve and finally the pulmonary trunk.
What makes up the majority of the formed elements of blood? What other things are in the formed elements?
The majority of the formed elements of blood are erythrocytes (RBCs), but there are also leukocytes (WBCs) and thrombocytes (blood platelets).
Systolic phase:
The phase of the cardiac cycle in which the ventricles contract.
Diastolic phase:
The phase of the cardiac cycle in which the ventricles relax.
Hemostasis:
The process by which the body stops blood loss
Hematopoiesis:
The process by which the formed elements of blood are made in the body.
What is the pH range of blood? Why is it so critical?
The range is 7.35 - 7.45. This is critical as many of the chemical reactions that take place in your body only work within this pH range.
Formed elements of blood:
The red blood cells, white blood cells, and cell fragments called platelets, about 45% by volume.
Viscosity:
The resistance to flow and alteration of shape due to cohesion.
What is the sinoatrial node? What is the atrioventricular node? Which is called the pacemaker?
The sinoatrial node is a small knot of special cardiac tissue that generates action potentials that signal atrial contraction. The atrioventricular node is a knot of special cardiac tissue that generates action potentials that cause ventricular contraction. The sinoatrial node is the pacemaker.
We often say that a lot of exercise in the morning "gets the blood pumping." For which kinds of blood vessels is this particularly true?
The veins.
Why do RBCs have a short lifespan?
They have no nucleus and cannot repair themselves.
Capillaries:
Tiny, thin-walled blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart.
What is special about type AB⁺ blood?
Type AB⁺s are universal recipients.
What is special about type O⁻ blood?
Type O⁻s are universal donors.
Leukocytes:
White blood cells that perform defensive functions in blood.
Identify the structures in the following anterior view of the inside of the heart.
a. superior vena cava b. pulmonary semilunar valve c. right atrium d. right atrioventricular canal e. right atrioventricular valve or tricuspid valve. f. chordae tendineae g. right ventricle h. papillary muscles i. aorta j. pulmonary trunk. k. left atrium l. left atrioventricular canal m. left atrioventricular valve or bicuspid valve n. aortic semilunar valve o. left ventricle p. interventricular septum
Identify the structures in the following (pp.380):
a. superior vena cava b. right pulmonary arteries (blue) c. right pulmonary veins (red) d. pulmonary trunk e. right auricle f. right atrium g. right ventricle h. inferior vena cava i. aorta j. left pulmonary arteries k. left pulmonary veins l. left ventricle m. right atrium n. left atrium
