The Industrial Revolution
Thomas Newcomen (1664-1729)
A British engineer in England and inventor of the atmospheric steam engine, a precursor of James Watt's engine. 1712, Thomas Newcomen has a water problem because of water flooding in the mines so he comes up with a steam pumper that can get water out of the bottom of the mines. The steam pump was superior to the crude pump of Thomas Savery. In Newcomen's engine the intensity of pressure was not limited by the pressure of the steam. This lead Watt to create his ore efficient steam engine; this meant that steam engines could now be used to power spinning and weaving machines of Britain's growing textile industry.
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
Austrian neurologist, founder of psychoanalysis. Freud may justly be called the most influential intellectual legislator of his age. He emphasized the importance of the unconscious mind, and a primary assumption of Freudian theory is that the unconscious mind governs behavior to a greater degree than people suspect. Indeed, the goal of psychoanalysis (1890s) is to make the unconscious conscious. Freud's most obvious impact was to change the way society thought about and dealt with mental illness. Before psychoanalysis, mental illness was almost universally considered 'organic'; that is, it was thought to come from some kind of deterioration or disease of the brain.
Social Darwinism
In England, Social Darwinism, term coined in the late 19th century by Herbert Spencer a British philosopher who applied Darwin's theory of natural selection and "survival of the fittest" to human society -- the poor are poor because they are not as fit to survive. Used as an argument against social reforms to help the poor. The social order is accounted as the product of natural selection of those persons best suited to existing living conditions and in accord with which a position of laissez-faire is advocated. Hurts people who don't have privilege and favors who do.
Discuss the creation and impact of city planning on European life after the industrial Revolution?
In both Europe and the United States, the surge of industry during the mid- and late 19th century was accompanied by rapid population growth, unfettered business enterprise, great speculative profits, and public failures in managing the unwanted physical consequences of development. Giant sprawling cities developed during this era, exhibiting the luxuries of wealth and the meanness of poverty in sharp juxtaposition. Eventually the corruption and exploitation of the era gave rise to the Progressive movement, of which city planning formed a part. The slums, congestion, disorder, ugliness, and threat of disease provoked a reaction in which sanitation improvement was the first demand. Significant betterment of public health resulted from engineering improvements in water supply and sewerage, which were essential to the further growth of urban populations. Later in the century the first housing reform measures were enacted.
Middle-class Feminism
Industrialization cut into women's traditional work and protest roles but it tended to expand educational opportunities. Some new work roles and protest outlets, including feminism developed. Changes occurred in the home as well. New ideas and standards at once elevated women's position and set up more demanding tasks. Relations among women were also affected by the growing use of domestic servants (the most common urban job for working-class women) and new attitudes by middle- and lower-class women alike.
Sweated Industries
Industries that flourished after 1850 resembled the old putting-out and cottage industries of earlier times, women worked at home and paid by the piece not hour, lacked job security and poor wages, most made clothing, and an army of poor women working at home accounted for the inexpensive ready made clothes displayed on department store racks and in tiny shops. In London, England. Criticism of garment sweatshops became a major force behind workplace safety regulation and labor laws.
The Rocket
Invented by George Stephenson a a Brit who built the first successful steam locomotive. By 1829 his Rocket traveled on the world's first railroad line from Manchester to Liverpool at average speed of 16mph. Though Rocket was not the first steam locomotive, it was the first to bring together several innovations such in technology and was the most advanced locomotive of its day. Impacted communication (mail), transportation cost went down, and more access to wool and import was made easier.
Discuss the impact of at least 2 innovations of the Agricultural Revolution on the succeeding Industrial Revolution?
Iron Plow: Greater access and widespread manufacturing of the iron plow gives it more accessibility to the point its cheaper potential gives families the tech to make their own. Unlike other plows (wooden plow), this one is more durable and the plow in doing more of the work. Allows more land to be tilled for planting ever in human history Seed Drill: Allows seeds to be filled one after another at the perfect 6 inches dept for germination. Solved the problem of germination and makes it faster. Immediate impact= more crops, more food, gives people a healthy diet, people live longer The Agricultural Revolution brought a change in farming practices and techniques and new technology that led to increased food production leading to a reduced number of workers needed in agriculture. The Agricultural Revolution also led to the enclosure system where the wealthy gobbled the land up, forcing the poorer farmers out of the countryside to the cities in search of work. The changes in agriculture brought on a surge of demand for products for consumers to purchase because food prices had dropped leaving the average person with more money to spend. These things kicked the Industrial Revolution into high gear. Industries now had the workers to run the factories and the consumers to purchase the goods.
James Watt
James Watt was an 18th-century inventor and instrument maker in England. Although Watt invented and improved a number of industrial technologies, he is best remembered for his improvements to the steam engine. (1776) Watt's steam engine was more efficient than other steam engines. This new engine could turn a shaft and thus drive machinery. This meant that steam engines could now be used to power spinning and weaving machines of Britain's growing textile industry.
Crystal Place
Joseph Paxton and Owen Jones were the Architects and built it in London, for the Great Exhibition of 1851. Made of iron and glass, like a gigantic greenhouse, it was a symbol of the industrial age. The building itself was influential in architecture, as there were several things about it which were unheard of at the time. It was the first large building to be made entirely of huge sheets of glass, which meant that light shone right through it and it didn't even need any interior lighting. The British also felt that it was important to show their achievements and raised nationalism
Mines Act
The Commission was headed by Lord Anthony Ashley in England; in this Mines Act of 1842, Ashley excluded all women and girls and all boys under the age of 10 from underground coal mine employment. While serving as a member of the short-lived General Board of Health. It contained provisions for measures relating to the health, safety and welfare of workers in the coal, metalliferous and oil mines. The Act prescribes the duties of the owner to manage mines and mining operation and the health and safety in mines b/c at the beginning of the 19th century methods of coal extraction were primitive and the workforce, men, women and children, labored in dangerous conditions. In 1841 about 216,000 people were employed in the mines. Women and children worked underground for 11 or 12 hours a day for smaller wages than men.
Factory Act
The Factory Acts is an extensive and lengthy act that covers an endless number of concerns for labors working in factories. The first major legislation created to place limits on child labor were a series of Factory Acts passed by the British parliament throughout the 1800s. These acts limited the number of hours that children could work and placed regulations on workplaces in terms of safety and cleanliness. For example, by 1819, the Factory Acts limited the workday for British children at 12 hours. By 1833, child labor was further regulated when it became illegal for children under 9 years old to work, and children over 13 were not allowed to work more than 9 hours a day. There were several more Factory Acts that occurred throughout the rest of the 1800s, but they all generally focused on reducing the working hours of children and improving the conditions of industrial workers (Factory Act of 1833)
Andrew Ure (1778-1857)
The Philosophy of Manufactures; or, an Exposition of the Scientific, Moral, and Commercial Economy of the Factory System of Great Britain, published in 1835 written in Scotland by Ure that made one of the most passionate and persuasive arguments for the factory system in England in the first half of the 19th century. Andrew Ure wrote in a conclusion that he never saw children being abused. He argued that workers did not have to do much because the steam engine most of the work. He calculated that an average worker was idle for about 45 seconds each minute. Ure also pointed out that factory workers had easier jobs than skilled workers, who had to go through apprenticeships and use their muscles continuously. He thought that the factory system benefited workers and improved their lives.
James Hargreaves
Was an English weaver who invented the spinning jenny a machine that played an important role in the mechanization of textile production. Unlike the spinning wheel, it can spin more than one yarn at a time. This was the idea for multiple-yarn spinning was conceived around 1764 in Lancashire, England. This moved the textile industry from homes to factories. The Spinning Jenny was simple enough for anyone to operate. Led to the creation of factory life/towns/cities that led to sweat shops and industrialization and several work acts. Switch from people making there own cloths to buying them.
