The Integumentary System

A child who has been playing in the dirt will often accumulate dirt in the lunule of the nail. T/F

False

A cyanotic appearance in Caucasians is a symptom of liver disease. T/F

False

Because of the great thickness of the epidermis, it is very vascular. T/F

False

Ceruminous glands are modified merocrine glands. True/False

False

Dermal blood vessels hold only 1% of the body's blood, and therefore the skin does not contribute significantly as a blood reservoir. T/F

False

Follicles that give rise to eyebrows remain active longer than follicles of the scalp. T/F

False

For humans, food is the only source of vitamin D. T/F

False

Keratin protects the skin from the damaging effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. T/F

False

Malignant melanoma is the most common form of skin cancer. True/False

False

Melanocytes are the most abundant cells in the epidermis. T/F

False

People of African descent have a much higher density of epidermal melanocytes than do people of northern European descent. True/False

False

Skin surface markings that reflect points of tight dermal attachment to underlying tissues are called epidermal ridges. True/False

False

Sweat is produced as a holocrine secretion, in which the cells themselves break up to form the product. T/F

False

The body produces carotene when exposed to sunlight. T/F

False

The dermis is composed mainly of keratin. True/False

False

The hypodermis is also known as the subcutaneous layer as well as the deep fascia. T/F

False

The main function of hair over most of the surface of the human body is to prevent heat loss. T/F

False

The protein found in large amounts in the outermost layer of epidermal cells is collagen. True/False

False

The reason that the nail bed appears pink is the presence of a large number of melanocytes in the underlying dermis. True/False

False

The skin is not able to receive stimuli because the cells of the epidermis are not living and therefore there are no sensory receptors in the skin. True/False

False

The three layers of the skin are the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. True/False

False

Thick skin is composed of four layers of cells. T/F

False

Vitamin D is synthesized by certain cutaneous glands. True/False

False

When a patient is said to have "third-degree burns," this indicates that the patient has burns that cover approximately one-third or more of the body. True/False

False

When an individual is exposed to extremely low air temperatures, the dermal blood vessels will dilate so that blood and heat will be dissipated. True/False

False

A surgical incision performed on the forearm will heal more readily if the incision is made along a longitudinal plane rather than along a transverse plane. T/F

True

Apocrine sweat glands are activated at the same time in life as the pubic and axillary hair begin to grow. True/False

True

Arrector pili muscles cause "goosebumps." T/F

True

Blood vessels in the dermis constrict when the external environment is cold, minimizing heat loss from the skin. T/F

True

Cells of the stratum granulosum cannot undergo mitosis. True/False

True

Dander consists of dead keratinocytes. True/False

True

Dermal papillae are better developed in skin that is subject to a lot of mechanical stress than in skin that is subject to less stress. True/False

True

Keratin is found in hair and nails. T/F

True

Melanin functions as an effective "sunscreen." T/F

True

New skin lotions have been developed that can "fix" damaged DNA before the cells develop into cancer cells. T/F

True

Regardless of race, all human beings have about the same number of melanocytes. True/False

True

The dense fibrous connective tissue portion of the skin is located in the reticular region of the dermis. True/False

True

The dermis contains two layers which abut one another along an indistinct boundary. T/F

True

The dermis functions in helping to control body temperature. T/F

True

The most dangerous skin cancer is cancer of the melanocytes. True/False

True

The sebaceous and sweat glands, located in the dermis, are derived from the epidermis. T/F

True

The skin functions in synthesizing vitamin D. T/F

True

The superficial region of the skin is called the epidermis. T/F

True

The term integument means only the skin, but integumentary system refers also to the hair, nails, and cutaneous glands. True/False

True

Wounded skin releases large quantities of protective peptides that help prevent some infections. T/F

True

What type of mole or pigmented spot on the skin would be the most concerning? a. A spot with varying colors and irregular borders. b. A uniformly colored mole that has been on the skin for 10 years and is now shrinking in size. c. A uniformly tan mole that is 2 mm in diameter. d. A small, perfectly round, uniformly red freckle.

a. A spot with varying colors and irregular borders.

Squamous cell carcinoma (description) a. Arises from the keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum with lesions appearing as scaly, irregular, reddened small, rounded elevations that tend to grow rapidly and metastasize if not removed b. Least malignant form of skin cancer in which the stratum basale cells proliferate and invade the dermis and hypodermis, causing tissue destruction c. The "most dangerous form" of skin cancer because it is highly metastatic; can originate wherever there is pigment, but often arises from existing moles, metastasizing rapidly into surrounding circulatory vessels

a. Arises from the keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum with lesions appearing as scaly, irregular, reddened small, rounded elevations that tend to grow rapidly and metastasize if not removed

Which of the following types of sweat gland secretion is thought to deter insects? a. Ceruminous b Eccrine c. Apocrine d. Mammary

a. Ceruminous

Impetigo best described as a. Fluid-filled, raised lesions, common around the mouth and nose, that develop a yellow crust and eventually rupture; contagious. b. Skin rashes resulting from allergic reactions. c. A rare condition where hair follicles are attacked by the immune system, causing the hair to fall out in patches. d. Autoimmune condition, resulting in an over proliferation of the epidermis, characterized by reddened epidermal papules covered with dry, silvery scales.

a. Fluid-filled, raised lesions, common around the mouth and nose, that develop a yellow crust and eventually rupture; contagious.

Which of the following is not true for the skin in old age? a. It is less susceptible to bruising. b. The rate of epidermal cell replacement slows. c. The skin thins. d. Secretions from glands decrease.

a. It is less susceptible to bruising.

Cuticle - Match hair structures with its description. a. Superficial covering of a hair consisting of a single layer of cells that overlap one another. b. The portion of the hair that is embedded in the skin. c. The central core of a hair, consisting of large cells and air spaces. d. The intermediate layer of a hair composed of several layers of flattened cells. e. Region of a hair that projects above the skin surface.

a. Superficial covering of a hair consisting of a single layer of cells that overlap one another.

If an individual was unable to produce sebum, what problem would they most likely develop? a. They would have brittle, more easily broken hair. b. They would have excessively oily skin. c. They would be unable to make keratin. d. They would be less likely to get sunburns.

a. They would have brittle, more easily broken hair.

Stratum lucidum - Match skin strata with its description. a. a thin, translucent band consisting of a few rows of flat, dead, keratinocytes b. several cell layers thick, with intermediate filaments, keratinocytes and Langerhans cells c. single row of cells composed of keratinocyte stem cells, melanocytes, and Merkel cells d. three to five layers of flattened keratinocytes possessing filaments and keratohyaline and lamellated granules e. many cell layers of dead keratinocytes filled with keratin (outermost layer of skin)

a. a thin, translucent band consisting of a few rows of flat, dead, keratinocytes

Cutaneous sensation - Match the skin functions with the mechanism that accomplishes it. a. activation of numerous receptors that are part of the nervous system b. potential to hold about 5% of the body's blood volume in numerous blood vessels c. dilation of blood vessels and secretion of sweat that evaporates from body surface d. synthesis of vitamin D; destruction of cancer-causing chemicals; activation of some steroid hormones e. provides a chemical barrier and a mechanical barrier to ward off bacterial invasion and to provide "waterproofing"

a. activation of numerous receptors that are part of the nervous system

Papillary layer of dermis - Match the integumentary system layer with its primary tissue type. a. areolar connective tissue b. keratinized stratified squamous epithelium c. adipose connective tissue d. dense irregular connective tissue

a. areolar connective tissue

Apocrine sudoriferous sweat glands - Match gland(s) with its location. a. axillary, anal, and genital regions b. most abundant on the palms, soles, and forehead c. line the external ear canal d. pectoral region e. found all over the body except the palms and soles

a. axillary, anal, and genital regions

In general, skin cancers ________. a. can be reduced by limiting exposure to the sun b. are easily treatable and not a major health concern c. occur due to poor hygiene d. affect only the epidermis

a. can be reduced by limiting exposure to the sun

Too much carotene - Match the term with their associated skin condition. a. causes yellowing of skin, especially in palms and soles from accumulation in stratum corneum when consumed in large amounts b. yellowish to pale-green coloring of skin caused by an accumulation of bile pigments in blood c. increased production of melanin due to increased exposure to the sun

a. causes yellowing of skin, especially in palms and soles from accumulation in stratum corneum when consumed in large amounts

Terminal hairs - Match the hair features with it's description. a. coarser, long, darker hairs b. loss of hair c. body hair of children and adult females d. baldness produced by delayed-action genes

a. coarser, long, darker hairs

Ceruminous gland - Match the integumentary system glands with its product. a. components of earwax b. components of sweat plus fatty substances and proteins c. sweat d. milk e. oil

a. components of earwax

First degree burn a. damage to only the epidermis that results in redness, swelling, and pain b. entire thickness of the skin is consumed, resulting in the burned area appearing white, red, or blackened c. injury to the epidermis and the superficial region of the dermis resulting in redness, swelling, pain, and blisters

a. damage to only the epidermis that results in redness, swelling, and pain

The dermis is primarily composed of which tissue type? a. dense irregular connective tissue b. stratified squamous epithelial tissue c. reticular connective tissue d. dense regular connective tissue e. areolar connective tissue

a. dense irregular connective tissue

Free edge - Match the following nail structure(s) with its description. a. distal edge of the nail b. proximal region of the nail, embedded in the skin c. epidermis on which the nail rests d. white, crescent-shaped area under the nail's proximal region e. visible, attached part of the nail f. actively growing part of the nail

a. distal edge of the nail

Which of the following structures are primarily responsible for fingerprints? a. epidermal ridges and sweat pores b. reticular layer and sweat pores c. papillary layer and epidermal ridges d. dermal ridges and epidermal ridges e. sweat pores and dermal ridges

a. epidermal ridges and sweat pores

An injection is administered through the skin using a hypodermic needle. Identify the first integumentary structure through which the needle will pass. a. epidermis b. reticular layer c. papillary layer d. hypodermis

a. epidermis

Pallor or blanching - Match the changes in skin color with its associated clinical signs of disease. a. fear, anger, stress, anemia, low blood pressure b. liver disorder c. Addison's disease; hypofunction of adrenal cortex d. blood clots beneath the skin e. possible heart failure; possible respiratory disorders f. fever, hypertension, polycythemia, inflammation, allergy

a. fear, anger, stress, anemia, low blood pressure

If dermal papillae were missing then _________. a. friction ridges would be absent. b. keratin could not be produced in the skin c. sebum secretion would be absent d. excess water loss would occur

a. friction ridges would be absent.

Sebaceous glands - Match the gland with it's function. a. holocrine glands that secrete an oily substance called sebum to lubricate skin and hair b. secrete a hypotonic filtrate of the blood (99% water with traces of salt, vitamin C, antibodies, metabolic wastes and lactic acid) c. modified sweat glands that secrete milk d. contains same secretions as true sweat, plus fatty substances and proteins. When these organic molecules decompose by bacterial action there is an associated unpleasant odor e. modifieb. secrete a hypotonic filtrate of the blood (99% water with traces of salt, vitamin C, antibodies, metabolic wastes and lactic acid)d apocrine glands that produce earwax

a. holocrine glands that secrete an oily substance called sebum to lubricate skin and hair

Which of the following is NOT strictly a component of the integumentary system? a. hypodermis b. sudoriferous glands c. dermis d. epidermis e. hair

a. hypodermis

Similar to the hair, nails grow continuously throughout our lives. Which of the following is furthest from the nail growth center? a. hyponychium b. nail bed c. nail root d. eponychium

a. hyponychium

The epidermis is composed of which of the following tissues? a. keratinized stratified squamous epithelial tissue b. adipose connective tissue c. areolar connective tissue d. dense irregular connective tissue e. stratified columnar epithelial tissue

a. keratinized stratified squamous epithelial tissue

Keratinocytes - Match cells with it's function. a. make a fibrous protein for skin protection b. sensory detection c. activate the immune system d. protection from UV radiation e. skin anchoring

a. make a fibrous protein for skin protection

Hemoglobin - Match with its associated skin color. a. red b. blue c. yellow to orange d. ranges from yellow to reddish to brown to brownish black

a. red

White hair - Match each of the following air color with the basis for its color. a. replacement of melanin with air bubbles in the hair shaft as melanin production decreases b. maximum production of melanin c. absence of melanin; presence of iron-containing pigment d. no production of melanin; no iron-containing pigment

a. replacement of melanin with air bubbles in the hair shaft as melanin production decreases

Melanocytes - Match the epidermal cell type with its function. a. responsible for skin pigmentation b. sensory receptor for touch c. produce a tough fibrous protein that gives the epidermis most of its protective qualities d. present antigens to the immune system

a. responsible for skin pigmentation

Adolescence - Match age with the appropriate skin characteristics for that age. a. skin and hair become oilier as sebaceous glands are activated; dermatitis becomes more common b. presence of vernix caseosa produced by sebaceous glands c. epidermal cell replacement declines; skin thins; sebaceous gland activity diminishes d. skin thickens and more subcutaneous fat is deposited

a. skin and hair become oilier as sebaceous glands are activated; dermatitis becomes more common

Connective tissue root sheath - Match hair-follicle-associated structures with its description. a. superficial wall of the hair follicle which is derived from the dermis b. actively dividing cellular area of the bulb that produces the hair c. the expanded, deep region of a hair follicle d. a knot of sensory nerve endings wrapped around the base of a hair follicle e. bundle of smooth muscle tissue running from the superficial dermis to the hair follicle; responsible for producing goose bumps

a. superficial wall of the hair follicle which is derived from the dermis

The touch sensors of the epidermis are the _________. a. tactile cells b. keratinocytes c. dendritic cells d. melanocytes

a. tactile cells

Asymmetry - Match the component of the ABCDE rule for recognizing melanoma. a. the two halves of a spot or a mole do NOT match b. rises above the skin surface c. pigmented spot possesses notches and indentations d. larger than 6 mm e. inconsistent pigmentation

a. the two halves of a spot or a mole do NOT match

If you cut yourself and bacteria enter the wound, which of the following cells would help get rid of the bacteria? a. Merkel cells b. Langerhans cells c. keratinocytes d. melanocytes

b. Langerhans cells

Basal cell carcinoma (description) a. Arises from the keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum with lesions appearing as scaly, irregular, reddened small, rounded elevations that tend to grow rapidly and metastasize if not removed b. Least malignant form of skin cancer in which the stratum basale cells proliferate and invade the dermis and hypodermis, causing tissue destruction c. The "most dangerous form" of skin cancer because it is highly metastatic; can originate wherever there is pigment, but often arises from existing moles, metastasizing rapidly into surrounding circulatory vessels

b. Least malignant form of skin cancer in which the stratum basale cells proliferate and invade the dermis and hypodermis, causing tissue destruction

Which of the following cells function as sensory receptors for touch? a. keratinocytes b. Merkel cells c. melanocytes d. Langerhans cells

b. Merkel cells

Psoriasis best described as a. Fluid-filled, raised lesions, common around the mouth and nose, that develop a yellow crust and eventually rupture; contagious. b. Skin rashes resulting from allergic reactions. c. A rare condition where hair follicles are attacked by the immune system, causing the hair to fall out in patches. d. Autoimmune condition, resulting in an over proliferation of the epidermis, characterized by reddened epidermal papules covered with dry, silvery scales.

b. Skin rashes resulting from allergic reactions.

Root - Match hair structures with its description. a. Superficial covering of a hair consisting of a single layer of cells that overlap one another. b. The portion of the hair that is embedded in the skin. c. The central core of a hair, consisting of large cells and air spaces. d. The intermediate layer of a hair composed of several layers of flattened cells. e. Region of a hair that projects above the skin surface.

b. The portion of the hair that is embedded in the skin.

A sunburn is generally classified as being _________. a. a third-degree burn b. a first-degree burn c. a zero-degree burn d. a second-degree burn

b. a first-degree burn

Hair matrix - Match hair-follicle-associated structures with its description. a. superficial wall of the hair follicle which is derived from the dermis b. actively dividing cellular area of the bulb that produces the hair c. the expanded, deep region of a hair follicle d. a knot of sensory nerve endings wrapped around the base of a hair follicle e. bundle of smooth muscle tissue running from the superficial dermis to the hair follicle; responsible for producing goose bumps

b. actively dividing cellular area of the bulb that produces the hair

Sebaceous glands ________. a. are a type of sweat gland b. are associated with hair follicles c. may function in response to touch d. release a watery solution of salt and metabolic waste

b. are associated with hair follicles

Cyanosis - Match with its associated skin color. a. red b. blue c. yellow to orange d. ranges from yellow to reddish to brown to brownish black

b. blue

Apocrine sudoriferous gland - Match the integumentary system glands with its product. a. components of earwax b. components of sweat plus fatty substances and proteins c. sweat d. milk e. oil

b. components of sweat plus fatty substances and proteins

The principal tissue found in the dermal layer is ___________. a. stratified squamous epithelum b. dense irregular connective tissue c. dense regular connective tissue d. areolar connective tissue

b. dense irregular connective tissue

Third degree burn a. damage to only the epidermis that results in redness, swelling, and pain b. entire thickness of the skin is consumed, resulting in the burned area appearing white, red, or blackened c. injury to the epidermis and the superficial region of the dermis resulting in redness, swelling, pain, and blisters

b. entire thickness of the skin is consumed, resulting in the burned area appearing white, red, or blackened

Which of the following is NOT considered a critical burn? a. third-degree burns on the face b. first-degree burns on 30% of the body c. second-degree burns on 25% of the body d. third-degree burns on the feet or hands e. third-degree burns on over 10% of the body

b. first-degree burns on 30% of the body

Epidermis - Match the integumentary system layer with its primary tissue type. a. areolar connective tissue b. keratinized stratified squamous epithelium c. adipose connective tissue d. dense irregular connective tissue

b. keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Jaundice - Match the changes in skin color with its associated clinical signs of disease. a. fear, anger, stress, anemia, low blood pressure b. liver disorder c. Addison's disease; hypofunction of adrenal cortex d. blood clots beneath the skin e. possible heart failure; possible respiratory disorders f. fever, hypertension, polycythemia, inflammation, allergy

b. liver disorder

Alopecia - Match the hair features with it's description. a. coarser, long, darker hairs b. loss of hair c. body hair of children and adult females d. baldness produced by delayed-action genes

b. loss of hair

Black hair - Match each of the following air color with the basis for its color. a. replacement of melanin with air bubbles in the hair shaft as melanin production decreases b. maximum production of melanin c. absence of melanin; presence of iron-containing pigment d. no production of melanin; no iron-containing pigment

b. maximum production of melanin

Eccrine sudoriferous glands - Match gland(s) with its location. a. axillary, anal, and genital regions b. most abundant on the palms, soles, and forehead c. line the external ear canal d. pectoral region e. found all over the body except the palms and soles

b. most abundant on the palms, soles, and forehead

Blood reservoir - Match the skin functions with the mechanism that accomplishes it. a. activation of numerous receptors that are part of the nervous system b. potential to hold about 5% of the body's blood volume in numerous blood vessels c. dilation of blood vessels and secretion of sweat that evaporates from body surface d. synthesis of vitamin D; destruction of cancer-causing chemicals; activation of some steroid hormones e. provides a chemical barrier and a mechanical barrier to ward off bacterial invasion and to provide "waterproofing"

b. potential to hold about 5% of the body's blood volume in numerous blood vessels

New born baby - Match age with the appropriate skin characteristics for that age. a. skin and hair become oilier as sebaceous glands are activated; dermatitis becomes more common b. presence of vernix caseosa produced by sebaceous glands c. epidermal cell replacement declines; skin thins; sebaceous gland activity diminishes d. skin thickens and more subcutaneous fat is deposited

b. presence of vernix caseosa produced by sebaceous glands

The role of ceruminous glands is to _________. a. produce sweat b. produce earwax c. produce sebum d. produce melanin e. produce mucus

b. produce earwax

Root - Match the following nail structure(s) with its description. a. distal edge of the nail b. proximal region of the nail, embedded in the skin c. epidermis on which the nail rests d. white, crescent-shaped area under the nail's proximal region e. visible, attached part of the nail f. actively growing part of the nail

b. proximal region of the nail, embedded in the skin

Evelavation - Match the component of the ABCDE rule for recognizing melanoma. a. the two halves of a spot or a mole do NOT match b. rises above the skin surface c. pigmented spot possesses notches and indentations d. larger than 6 mm e. inconsistent pigmentation

b. rises above the skin surface

Eccrine sweat glands - Match the gland with it's function. a. holocrine glands that secrete an oily substance called sebum to lubricate skin and hair b. secrete a hypotonic filtrate of the blood (99% water with traces of salt, vitamin C, antibodies, metabolic wastes and lactic acid) c. modified sweat glands that secrete milk d. contains same secretions as true sweat, plus fatty substances and proteins. When these organic molecules decompose by bacterial action there is an associated unpleasant odor e. modifieb. secrete a hypotonic filtrate of the blood (99% water with traces of salt, vitamin C, antibodies, metabolic wastes and lactic acid)d apocrine glands that produce earwax

b. secrete a hypotonic filtrate of the blood (99% water with traces of salt, vitamin C, antibodies, metabolic wastes and lactic acid)

Tactile cells - Match cells with it's function. a. make a fibrous protein for skin protection b. sensory detection c. activate the immune system d. protection from UV radiation e. skin anchoring

b. sensory detection

Merkel cells - Match the epidermal cell type with its function. a. responsible for skin pigmentation b. sensory receptor for touch c. produce a tough fibrous protein that gives the epidermis most of its protective qualities d. present antigens to the immune system

b. sensory receptor for touch

Stratum spinosum - Match skin strata with its description. a. a thin, translucent band consisting of a few rows of flat, dead, keratinocytes b. several cell layers thick, with intermediate filaments, keratinocytes and Langerhans cells c. single row of cells composed of keratinocyte stem cells, melanocytes, and Merkel cells d. three to five layers of flattened keratinocytes possessing filaments and keratohyaline and lamellated granules e. many cell layers of dead keratinocytes filled with keratin (outermost layer of skin)

b. several cell layers thick, with intermediate filaments, keratinocytes and Langerhans cells

Sebaceous glands belong to which of the following classes? a. compound tubuloalveolar b. simple branched alveolar c. simple coiled tubular d. compound tubular e. simple alveolar

b. simple branched alveolar

Which of the following thick skin strata is the thickest? a. stratum spinosum b. stratum corneum c. stratum basale d. stratum granulosum e. stratum lucidum

b. stratum corneum

Langerhans cells are commonly found in the ________. a. stratum corneum b. stratum spinosum c. stratum granulosum d. stratum basale

b. stratum spinosum

Collagen lends ________ to the skin. a. elasticity b. structure c. color d. UV protection

b. structure

A possible cause of rosacea is __________. a. absorbing pigments from red wine b. the same bacterium that causes peptic ulcers c. spicy foods d. hot baths e. sun exposure

b. the same bacterium that causes peptic ulcers

All of the following statements are true about our fingerprints, EXCEPT that __________. a. they represent the sweat patterns left by epidermal ridges b. they represent the sweat patterns left by dermal ridges c. they are genetically determined and unique to d. they increase friction and enhance gripping

b. they represent the sweat patterns left by dermal ridges

Jaundice - Match the term with their associated skin condition. a. causes yellowing of skin, especially in palms and soles from accumulation in stratum corneum when consumed in large amounts b. yellowish to pale-green coloring of skin caused by an accumulation of bile pigments in blood c. increased production of melanin due to increased exposure to the sun

b. yellowish to pale-green coloring of skin caused by an accumulation of bile pigments in blood

Alopecia areata best described as a. Fluid-filled, raised lesions, common around the mouth and nose, that develop a yellow crust and eventually rupture; contagious. b. Skin rashes resulting from allergic reactions. c. A rare condition where hair follicles are attacked by the immune system, causing the hair to fall out in patches. d. Autoimmune condition, resulting in an over proliferation of the epidermis, characterized by reddened epidermal papules covered with dry, silvery scales.

c. A rare condition where hair follicles are attacked by the immune system, causing the hair to fall out in patches.

Bronzing - Match the changes in skin color with its associated clinical signs of disease. a. fear, anger, stress, anemia, low blood pressure b. liver disorder c. Addison's disease; hypofunction of adrenal cortex d. blood clots beneath the skin e. possible heart failure; possible respiratory disorders f. fever, hypertension, polycythemia, inflammation, allergy

c. Addison's disease; hypofunction of adrenal cortex

Which of the following types of skin cancer is the most dangerous? a. Basal cell b. Squamous cell c. Melanoma d. All are equally dangerous.

c. Melanoma

Choose the FALSE statement. a. Low pH protects the skin. b. There are substances in sweat that can kill bacteria. c. Skin does not have a role in regulating body temperature. d. Skin acts as a biological barrier.

c. Skin does not have a role in regulating body temperature.

Melanoma (description) a. Arises from the keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum with lesions appearing as scaly, irregular, reddened small, rounded elevations that tend to grow rapidly and metastasize if not removed b. Least malignant form of skin cancer in which the stratum basale cells proliferate and invade the dermis and hypodermis, causing tissue destruction c. The "most dangerous form" of skin cancer because it is highly metastatic; can originate wherever there is pigment, but often arises from existing moles, metastasizing rapidly into surrounding circulatory vessels

c. The "most dangerous form" of skin cancer because it is highly metastatic; can originate wherever there is pigment, but often arises from existing moles, metastasizing rapidly into surrounding circulatory vessels

Medulla - Match hair structures with its description. a. Superficial covering of a hair consisting of a single layer of cells that overlap one another. b. The portion of the hair that is embedded in the skin. c. The central core of a hair, consisting of large cells and air spaces. d. The intermediate layer of a hair composed of several layers of flattened cells. e. Region of a hair that projects above the skin surface.

c. The central core of a hair, consisting of large cells and air spaces.

Red hair - Match each of the following air color with the basis for its color. a. replacement of melanin with air bubbles in the hair shaft as melanin production decreases b. maximum production of melanin c. absence of melanin; presence of iron-containing pigment d. no production of melanin; no iron-containing pigment

c. absence of melanin; presence of iron-containing pigment

Langerhans cells - Match cells with it's function. a. make a fibrous protein for skin protection b. sensory detection c. activate the immune system d. protection from UV radiation e. skin anchoring

c. activate the immune system

Hypodermis - Match the integumentary system layer with its primary tissue type. a. areolar connective tissue b. keratinized stratified squamous epithelium c. adipose connective tissue d. dense irregular connective tissue

c. adipose connective tissue

Which of the following human integumentary system glands is believed to be analogous to the sexual scent glands of an animal? a. sebaceous gland b. eccrine sudoriferous gland c. apocrine sudoriferous gland d. mammary gland e. ceruminous gland

c. apocrine sudoriferous gland

Eccrine sweat glands ________. a. are present on hair b. produce sebum c. are present in the skin throughout the body and produce watery sweat d. act as a moisturizer

c. are present in the skin throughout the body and produce watery sweat

In response to stimuli from the sympathetic nervous system, the arrector pili ________. a. are glands on the skin surface b. can lead to excessive sweating c. are responsible for goose bumps d. secrete sebum

c. are responsible for goose bumps

Apocrine sweat glands __________. a. are smaller and more numerous than eccrine glands b. make watery secretions that are deficient in fats and proteins c. begin functioning puberty d. are unable to carry out exocytosis

c. begin functioning puberty

Vellus hair - Match the hair features with it's description. a. coarser, long, darker hairs b. loss of hair c. body hair of children and adult females d. baldness produced by delayed-action genes

c. body hair of children and adult females

The most important role of the eccrine sweat gland is _________. a. milk production b. stress-induced sweating c. body temperature regulation d. earwax production

c. body temperature regulation

The papillary and reticular layers of the dermis are composed mainly of ________. a. melanocytes b. keratinocytes c. connective tissue d. adipose tissue

c. connective tissue

Body temperature regulation - Match the skin functions with the mechanism that accomplishes it. a. activation of numerous receptors that are part of the nervous system b. potential to hold about 5% of the body's blood volume in numerous blood vessels c. dilation of blood vessels and secretion of sweat that evaporates from body surface d. synthesis of vitamin D; destruction of cancer-causing chemicals; activation of some steroid hormones e. provides a chemical barrier and a mechanical barrier to ward off bacterial invasion and to provide "waterproofing"

c. dilation of blood vessels and secretion of sweat that evaporates from body surface

Old age - Match age with the appropriate skin characteristics for that age. a. skin and hair become oilier as sebaceous glands are activated; dermatitis becomes more common b. presence of vernix caseosa produced by sebaceous glands c. epidermal cell replacement declines; skin thins; sebaceous gland activity diminishes d. skin thickens and more subcutaneous fat is deposited

c. epidermal cell replacement declines; skin thins; sebaceous gland activity diminishes

Fingerprints are copies of __________. a. dermal papillae b. epidermal papillae c. epidermal ridges d. dermal ridges

c. epidermal ridges

Nail Bed - Match the following nail structure(s) with its description. a. distal edge of the nail b. proximal region of the nail, embedded in the skin c. epidermis on which the nail rests d. white, crescent-shaped area under the nail's proximal region e. visible, attached part of the nail f. actively growing part of the nail

c. epidermis on which the nail rests

The region deep to the skin is the _________. a. stratum functionalis b. epidermis c. hypodermis d. dermis

c. hypodermis

Tanning - Match the term with their associated skin condition. a. causes yellowing of skin, especially in palms and soles from accumulation in stratum corneum when consumed in large amounts b. yellowish to pale-green coloring of skin caused by an accumulation of bile pigments in blood c. increased production of melanin due to increased exposure to the sun

c. increased production of melanin due to increased exposure to the sun

Second degree burn a. damage to only the epidermis that results in redness, swelling, and pain b. entire thickness of the skin is consumed, resulting in the burned area appearing white, red, or blackened c. injury to the epidermis and the superficial region of the dermis resulting in redness, swelling, pain, and blisters

c. injury to the epidermis and the superficial region of the dermis resulting in redness, swelling, pain, and blisters

Squamous cell carcinomas are the second most common of the skin cancers and are capable of metastasizing if not treated. This cancer affects which cells? a. basal cells of the stratum basale b. melanocytes of the stratum basale c. keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum d. Langerhans cells of the stratum lucidum

c. keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum

Which of the following epidermis components possesses a waterproofing glycolipid that functions in preventing water loss? a. keratin b. tonofilaments c. lamellated granules d. melanin e. keratohyaline granules

c. lamellated granules

Ceruminous glands - Match gland(s) with its location. a. axillary, anal, and genital regions b. most abundant on the palms, soles, and forehead c. line the external ear canal d. pectoral region e. found all over the body except the palms and soles

c. line the external ear canal

Which of the following is the most immediate threat to life from a serious burn? a. nerve damage b. blistering c. loss of body fluids d. tissue destruction e. infection

c. loss of body fluids

Mammary glands - Match the gland with it's function. a. holocrine glands that secrete an oily substance called sebum to lubricate skin and hair b. secrete a hypotonic filtrate of the blood (99% water with traces of salt, vitamin C, antibodies, metabolic wastes and lactic acid) c. modified sweat glands that secrete milk d. contains same secretions as true sweat, plus fatty substances and proteins. When these organic molecules decompose by bacterial action there is an associated unpleasant odor e. modifieb. secrete a hypotonic filtrate of the blood (99% water with traces of salt, vitamin C, antibodies, metabolic wastes and lactic acid)d apocrine glands that produce earwax

c. modified sweat glands that secrete milk

Border irregularity - Match the component of the ABCDE rule for recognizing melanoma. a. the two halves of a spot or a mole do NOT match b. rises above the skin surface c. pigmented spot possesses notches and indentations d. larger than 6 mm e. inconsistent pigmentation

c. pigmented spot possesses notches and indentations

Keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum are known as __________. a. Langerhans cells. b. melanocytes c. prickle cells d. Merkel cells

c. prickle cells

Keratinocytes - Match the epidermal cell type with its function. a. responsible for skin pigmentation b. sensory receptor for touch c. produce a tough fibrous protein that gives the epidermis most of its protective qualities d. present antigens to the immune system

c. produce a tough fibrous protein that gives the epidermis most of its protective qualities

Stratum basale - Match skin strata with its description. a. a thin, translucent band consisting of a few rows of flat, dead, keratinocytes b. several cell layers thick, with intermediate filaments, keratinocytes and Langerhans cells c. single row of cells composed of keratinocyte stem cells, melanocytes, and Merkel cells d. three to five layers of flattened keratinocytes possessing filaments and keratohyaline and lamellated granules e. many cell layers of dead keratinocytes filled with keratin (outermost layer of skin)

c. single row of cells composed of keratinocyte stem cells, melanocytes, and Merkel cells

Which of the following is not a function of the hypodermis? a. protects underlying organs b. helps maintain body temperature c. source of blood vessels in the epidermis d. a site to long-term energy storage

c. source of blood vessels in the epidermis

Eccrine sudoriferous gland - Match the integumentary system glands with its product. a. components of earwax b. components of sweat plus fatty substances and proteins c. sweat d. milk e. oil

c. sweat

Root hair plexus - Match hair-follicle-associated structures with its description. a. superficial wall of the hair follicle which is derived from the dermis b. actively dividing cellular area of the bulb that produces the hair c. the expanded, deep region of a hair follicle d. a knot of sensory nerve endings wrapped around the base of a hair follicle e. bundle of smooth muscle tissue running from the superficial dermis to the hair follicle; responsible for producing goose bumps

c. the expanded, deep region of a hair follicle

In humans, exposure of the skin to sunlight is required for ________. a. arteriole constriction b. folate production c. vitamin D synthesis d. thermoregulation

c. vitamin D synthesis

Carotene - Match with its associated skin color. a. red b. blue c. yellow to orange d. ranges from yellow to reddish to brown to brownish black

c. yellow to orange

Eczema best described as a. Fluid-filled, raised lesions, common around the mouth and nose, that develop a yellow crust and eventually rupture; contagious. b. Skin rashes resulting from allergic reactions. c. A rare condition where hair follicles are attacked by the immune system, causing the hair to fall out in patches. d. Autoimmune condition, resulting in an over proliferation of the epidermis, characterized by reddened epidermal papules covered with dry, silvery scales.

d. Autoimmune condition, resulting in an over proliferation of the epidermis, characterized by reddened epidermal papules covered with dry, silvery scales.

Which three pigments contribute to skin color? a. Keratin, melanin, hemoglobin b. Melanin, keratin, hemoglobin c. Hemoglobin, carotene, keratin d. Carotene, melanin, hemoglobin

d. Carotene, melanin, hemoglobin

The skin plays a role in the manufacture of vitamin ______. a. A b. B c. C d. D

d. D

Which of the following cells is part of the immune system? a. Merkel cell b. keratinocyte c. melanocyte d. Langerhans cell

d. Langerhans cell

Cortex - Match hair structures with its description. a. Superficial covering of a hair consisting of a single layer of cells that overlap one another. b. The portion of the hair that is embedded in the skin. c. The central core of a hair, consisting of large cells and air spaces. d. The intermediate layer of a hair composed of several layers of flattened cells. e. Region of a hair that projects above the skin surface.

d. The intermediate layer of a hair composed of several layers of flattened cells.

Arrector pili - Match hair-follicle-associated structures with its description. a. superficial wall of the hair follicle which is derived from the dermis b. actively dividing cellular area of the bulb that produces the hair c. the expanded, deep region of a hair follicle d. a knot of sensory nerve endings wrapped around the base of a hair follicle e. bundle of smooth muscle tissue running from the superficial dermis to the hair follicle; responsible for producing goose bumps

d. a knot of sensory nerve endings wrapped around the base of a hair follicle

Which of the following conditions would NOT be seen from overexposure to UV light? a. increased pigmentation of the skin in fair people b. clumping of elastin fibers in the dermis c. depleted folate in the body d. activation of the immune system

d. activation of the immune system

Loss of one's skin, such as with severe burns, leads to an increased risk of __________. a. dehydration b. bacterial infection c. inadequate body temperature maintenance d. all of these

d. all of these

Male pattern baldness - Match the hair features with it's description. a. coarser, long, darker hairs b. loss of hair c. body hair of children and adult females d. baldness produced by delayed-action genes

d. baldness produced by delayed-action genes

A hematoma in the skin appears as __________. a. an overall blue discoloration of the skin b. an overall reddish discoloration of the skin c. a localized brown pigmentation d. black and blue marks

d. black and blue marks

Terminal hair is located in all of the following areas, EXCEPT the __________. a. axillary region of males b. face of males c. pubic region of males d. body hair of females e. scalp of males and females

d. body hair of females

Apocrine sweat glands - Match the gland with it's function. a. holocrine glands that secrete an oily substance called sebum to lubricate skin and hair b. secrete a hypotonic filtrate of the blood (99% water with traces of salt, vitamin C, antibodies, metabolic wastes and lactic acid) c. modified sweat glands that secrete milk d. contains same secretions as true sweat, plus fatty substances and proteins. When these organic molecules decompose by bacterial action there is an associated unpleasant odor e. modifieb. secrete a hypotonic filtrate of the blood (99% water with traces of salt, vitamin C, antibodies, metabolic wastes and lactic acid)d apocrine glands that produce earwax

d. contains same secretions as true sweat, plus fatty substances and proteins. When these organic molecules decompose by bacterial action there is an associated unpleasant odor

Reticular layer of dermis - Match the integumentary system layer with its primary tissue type. a. areolar connective tissue b. keratinized stratified squamous epithelium c. adipose connective tissue d. dense irregular connective tissue

d. dense irregular connective tissue

Which of the following do NOT derive from epidermal tissue? a. hair and hair follicles b. nails c. sebaceous glands d. dermal papillae e. sweat glands

d. dermal papillae

Striae in the skin are caused by __________. a. dermal modifications b. an area of increased pigmentation c. exposure to heat d. dermal tears

d. dermal tears

One of the functions of the integumentary system is protection. Which of the following does not directly contribute to that function? a. stratum lucidum b. desmosomes c. Merkel cells d. folic acid synthesis

d. folic acid synthesis

One main difference between thin skin and thick skin is that __________. a. in thin skin keratinocytes are absent b. in thin skin the stratum corneum appears to be absent c. in thin skin there are no melanocytes d. in thin skin the stratum lucidum appears to be absent

d. in thin skin the stratum lucidum appears to be absent

Melanoma is particularly dangerous because __________. a. it is the most common type of skin cancer b. it is a cancer of the keratinocytes c. it never has symptoms d. it grows rapidly and metastasizes

d. it grows rapidly and metastasizes

Diameter - Match the component of the ABCDE rule for recognizing melanoma. a. the two halves of a spot or a mole do NOT match b. rises above the skin surface c. pigmented spot possesses notches and indentations d. larger than 6 mm e. inconsistent pigmentation

d. larger than 6 mm

Which of the following is most important in determining skin coloration? a. collagen b. carotene c. hemoglobin d. melanin e. keratin

d. melanin

Mammary gland - Match the integumentary system glands with its product. a. components of earwax b. components of sweat plus fatty substances and proteins c. sweat d. milk e. oil

d. milk

Blonde hair - Match each of the following air color with the basis for its color. a. replacement of melanin with air bubbles in the hair shaft as melanin production decreases b. maximum production of melanin c. absence of melanin; presence of iron-containing pigment d. no production of melanin; no iron-containing pigment

d. no production of melanin; no iron-containing pigment

Sebaceous glands are located in all of the following areas, EXCEPT the __________. a. brachial region b. scalp c. abdominal region d. palms and soles e. axillary region

d. palms and soles

Mammary glands - Match gland(s) with its location. a. axillary, anal, and genital regions b. most abundant on the palms, soles, and forehead c. line the external ear canal d. pectoral region e. found all over the body except the palms and soles

d. pectoral region

Langerhans cells - Match the epidermal cell type with its function. a. responsible for skin pigmentation b. sensory receptor for touch c. produce a tough fibrous protein that gives the epidermis most of its protective qualities d. present antigens to the immune system

d. present antigens to the immune system

Melanin - Match cells with it's function. a. make a fibrous protein for skin protection b. sensory detection c. activate the immune system d. protection from UV radiation e. skin anchoring

d. protection from UV radiation

Melanin - Match with its associated skin color. a. red b. blue c. yellow to orange d. ranges from yellow to reddish to brown to brownish black

d. ranges from yellow to reddish to brown to brownish black

Which of the following is NOT a function of the skin? a. excretion b. regulation of body temperature c. protection d. respiratory gas exchange e. preventing unnecessary water loss

d. respiratory gas exchange

The principal role of melanin is to __________. a. give one that "healthy tan look" b. keep the body cool c. provide a waterproof layer d. shield the nucleus from damage by ultraviolet radiation

d. shield the nucleus from damage by ultraviolet radiation

Infancy and childhood - Match age with the appropriate skin characteristics for that age. a. skin and hair become oilier as sebaceous glands are activated; dermatitis becomes more common b. presence of vernix caseosa produced by sebaceous glands c. epidermal cell replacement declines; skin thins; sebaceous gland activity diminishes d. skin thickens and more subcutaneous fat is deposited

d. skin thickens and more subcutaneous fat is deposited

1. The papillary layer of the dermis is most closely associated with which layer of the epidermis? a. stratum spinosum b. stratum corneum c. stratum granulosum d. stratum basale

d. stratum basale

Which of following lists the correct order of the layers of the epidermis in thick skin from deep to superficial? a. stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum, stratum basale, stratum spinosum b. stratum spinosum, stratum basale, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum, stratum granulosum c. stratum lucidum, stratum corneum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale d. stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

d. stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

Metabolic functions - Match the skin functions with the mechanism that accomplishes it. a. activation of numerous receptors that are part of the nervous system b. potential to hold about 5% of the body's blood volume in numerous blood vessels c. dilation of blood vessels and secretion of sweat that evaporates from body surface d. synthesis of vitamin D; destruction of cancer-causing chemicals; activation of some steroid hormones e. provides a chemical barrier and a mechanical barrier to ward off bacterial invasion and to provide "waterproofing"

d. synthesis of vitamin D; destruction of cancer-causing chemicals; activation of some steroid hormones

Stratum granulosum - Match skin strata with its description. a. a thin, translucent band consisting of a few rows of flat, dead, keratinocytes b. several cell layers thick, with intermediate filaments, keratinocytes and Langerhans cells c. single row of cells composed of keratinocyte stem cells, melanocytes, and Merkel cells d. three to five layers of flattened keratinocytes possessing filaments and keratohyaline and lamellated granules e. many cell layers of dead keratinocytes filled with keratin (outermost layer of skin)

d. three to five layers of flattened keratinocytes possessing filaments and keratohyaline and lamellated granules

What is the primary function of melanin? a. to waterproof the skin b. uptake of calcium from the diet c. to produce vitamin D d. to provide protection against the sun's UV rays e. to produce sebum

d. to provide protection against the sun's UV rays

Lunula - Match the following nail structure(s) with its description. a. distal edge of the nail b. proximal region of the nail, embedded in the skin c. epidermis on which the nail rests d. white, crescent-shaped area under the nail's proximal region e. visible, attached part of the nail f. actively growing part of the nail

d. white, crescent-shaped area under the nail's proximal region

Shaft - Match hair structures with its description. a. Superficial covering of a hair consisting of a single layer of cells that overlap one another. b. The portion of the hair that is embedded in the skin. c. The central core of a hair, consisting of large cells and air spaces. d. The intermediate layer of a hair composed of several layers of flattened cells. e. Region of a hair that projects above the skin surface.

e. Region of a hair that projects above the skin surface.

Hair bulb - Match hair-follicle-associated structures with its description. a. superficial wall of the hair follicle which is derived from the dermis b. actively dividing cellular area of the bulb that produces the hair c. the expanded, deep region of a hair follicle d. a knot of sensory nerve endings wrapped around the base of a hair follicle e. bundle of smooth muscle tissue running from the superficial dermis to the hair follicle; responsible for producing goose bumps

e. bundle of smooth muscle tissue running from the superficial dermis to the hair follicle; responsible for producing goose bumps

Which of the following layers of the skin relies on capillaries in the underlying connective tissue in the dermis for its nutrients? a. hypodermis b. stratum corneum c. stratum lucidum d. dermis e. epidermis

e. epidermis

Hirsutism is a condition that is characterized by _____________. a. a decrease in androgen production b. hair loss c. graying of the hair d. hair thinning e. excessive hairiness

e. excessive hairiness

Sebaceous glands - Match gland(s) with its location. a. axillary, anal, and genital regions b. most abundant on the palms, soles, and forehead c. line the external ear canal d. pectoral region e. found all over the body except the palms and soles

e. found all over the body except the palms and soles

Colour - Match the component of the ABCDE rule for recognizing melanoma. a. the two halves of a spot or a mole do NOT match b. rises above the skin surface c. pigmented spot possesses notches and indentations d. larger than 6 mm e. inconsistent pigmentation

e. inconsistent pigmentation

Which of the following cells would one NOT expect to find in the dermis? a. fibroblasts b. macrophages c. mast cells d. neutrophils e. keratinocytes

e. keratinocytes

Stratum corneum - Match skin strata with its description. a. a thin, translucent band consisting of a few rows of flat, dead, keratinocytes b. several cell layers thick, with intermediate filaments, keratinocytes and Langerhans cells c. single row of cells composed of keratinocyte stem cells, melanocytes, and Merkel cells d. three to five layers of flattened keratinocytes possessing filaments and keratohyaline and lamellated granules e. many cell layers of dead keratinocytes filled with keratin (outermost layer of skin)

e. many cell layers of dead keratinocytes filled with keratin (outermost layer of skin)

Ceruminous glands - Match the gland with it's function. a. holocrine glands that secrete an oily substance called sebum to lubricate skin and hair b. secrete a hypotonic filtrate of the blood (99% water with traces of salt, vitamin C, antibodies, metabolic wastes and lactic acid) c. modified sweat glands that secrete milk d. contains same secretions as true sweat, plus fatty substances and proteins. When these organic molecules decompose by bacterial action there is an associated unpleasant odor e. modifieb. secrete a hypotonic filtrate of the blood (99% water with traces of salt, vitamin C, antibodies, metabolic wastes and lactic acid)d apocrine glands that produce earwax

e. modifieb. secrete a hypotonic filtrate of the blood (99% water with traces of salt, vitamin C, antibodies, metabolic wastes and lactic acid)d apocrine glands that produce earwax

Sebaceous gland - Match the integumentary system glands with its product. a. components of earwax b. components of sweat plus fatty substances and proteins c. sweat d. milk e. oil

e. oil

Black and blue marks or bruises - Match the changes in skin color with its associated clinical signs of disease. a. fear, anger, stress, anemia, low blood pressure b. liver disorder c. Addison's disease; hypofunction of adrenal cortex d. blood clots beneath the skin e. possible heart failure; possible respiratory disorders f. fever, hypertension, polycythemia, inflammation, allergy

e. possible heart failure; possible respiratory disorders

Cyanosis - Match the changes in skin color with its associated clinical signs of disease. a. fear, anger, stress, anemia, low blood pressure b. liver disorder c. Addison's disease; hypofunction of adrenal cortex d. blood clots beneath the skin e. possible heart failure; possible respiratory disorders f. fever, hypertension, polycythemia, inflammation, allergy

e. possible heart failure; possible respiratory disorders

Protection - Match the skin functions with the mechanism that accomplishes it. a. activation of numerous receptors that are part of the nervous system b. potential to hold about 5% of the body's blood volume in numerous blood vessels c. dilation of blood vessels and secretion of sweat that evaporates from body surface d. synthesis of vitamin D; destruction of cancer-causing chemicals; activation of some steroid hormones e. provides a chemical barrier and a mechanical barrier to ward off bacterial invasion and to provide "waterproofing"

e. provides a chemical barrier and a mechanical barrier to ward off bacterial invasion and to provide "waterproofing"

Skin eruption produced by dilated small blood vessels of the face, especially on the nose and cheeks, is descriptive of which skin disorder? a. cyanosis b. port wine stain c. melanocyte activity d. Raynaud disease e. rosacea

e. rosacea

Hypodermis - Match cells with it's function. a. make a fibrous protein for skin protection b. sensory detection c. activate the immune system d. protection from UV radiation e. skin anchoring

e. skin anchoring

Which is the correct sequence of epidermal layers of thick skin, from deep to superficial? a. stratum basale, stratum granulosum, stratum corneum, stratum spinosum, stratum lucidum b. stratum spinosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum, stratum basale, stratum granulosum c. stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum basale d. stratum granulosum, stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale e. stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

e. stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

Which of the following strata is not visible as a distinct layer in thin skin? a. stratum corneum b. stratum basale c. stratum spinosum d. stratum granulosum e. stratum lucidum

e. stratum lucidum

Body - Match the following nail structure(s) with its description. a. distal edge of the nail b. proximal region of the nail, embedded in the skin c. epidermis on which the nail rests d. white, crescent-shaped area under the nail's proximal region e. visible, attached part of the nail f. actively growing part of the nail

e. visible, attached part of the nail

Nail matrix - Match the following nail structure(s) with its description. a. distal edge of the nail b. proximal region of the nail, embedded in the skin c. epidermis on which the nail rests d. white, crescent-shaped area under the nail's proximal region e. visible, attached part of the nail f. actively growing part of the nail

f. actively growing part of the nail

Redness or erythema - Match the changes in skin color with its associated clinical signs of disease. a. fear, anger, stress, anemia, low blood pressure b. liver disorder c. Addison's disease; hypofunction of adrenal cortex d. blood clots beneath the skin e. possible heart failure; possible respiratory disorders f. fever, hypertension, polycythemia, inflammation, allergy

f. fever, hypertension, polycythemia, inflammation, allergy