The Lymphatic System and Body Defenses

Excess accumulation of fluid, which impairs the exchange of materials within the tissues, is called ________.

) edema

The process by which antibodies bind to specific sites on bacterial exotoxins (toxic chemicals secreted by bacteria) to block their harmful effects is called

) neutralization

Cedric needs a kidney transplant. Which type of graft is least likely to be successful?

A xenograft

How do plasma cells assist with humoral immunity?

Plasma cells secrete highly specific antibodies.

Antigen presentation is essential for the activation and clonal selection of ________.

T cells

The process by which neutrophils are squeezed through the capillary walls during the inflammatory process is called ________.

Diapedesis

Which statement regarding the role of T lymphocytes (T cells) is true?

T lymphocytes (T cells) constitute the cell-mediated arm of the adaptive defenses

The development of self-tolerance of ________ is critical for the T lymphocytes (T cells) and B lymphocytes (B cells) to function properly.

The body's own cells

The specific foreign substances that an individual's immune system has the ability to recognize and resist are determined by ________.

individual genetic makeup

Bacteria and tumor cells are removed from lymph by ________.

lymph nodes

Fluids that have escaped the cardiovascular system are picked up by the ________.

lymphatic system

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) present fragments of cells so they can be recognized by

macrophages

Due to a recent respiratory illness from a viral infection, Jennifer has now developed

naturally acquired active immunity

Antibody binding that tags an antigen on a cellular target for phagocytosis is known as

opsonization

Antibodies provided by serum from an immune donor or an animal donor do not challenge the B cells and thus provide ________.

passive immunity

) The inflammatory process begins with release of chemicals, which do all of the following except ________.

stimulate the release of lysozyme

Lymph is largely composed of water that has escaped from

blood

Jill felt small, swollen structures under her chin in her neck during a recent head cold. She probably had swollen ________.

cervical lymph nodes

Membrane attack complexes (MAC) form holes in attacked cells causing them to burst; this is a result of ________.

complement fixation

The binding of complement proteins to certain sugar or proteins on a foreign cell's surface is called

complement fixation

Allergic contact dermatitis following skin contact with poison ivy would normally lead to

delayed hypersensitivity

AIDS cripples the immune system by interfering with the activity of cells called ________.

helper T cells

Which portion of the antibody's structure determines the antibody's class?

Constant region

Which of the following is often used to treat allergies

Antihistamines

The role of the ________ is to trap and remove bacteria or other foreign pathogens entering the throat.

tonsils

In the 1940s, Christine had the chicken pox at age 4. At age 8, she was exposed to the virus again when her sister contracted the chicken pox. What type of cells present in her blood was capable of responding to the antigen during the second exposure?

Memory cells

Hannah has an autoimmune disease in which the beta cells of the pancreas are destroyed. As a result, she does not make enough insulin. What disease does she have?

Type I diabetes mellitus

Which of the following provides active immunity that is artificially acquired

Vaccines

What is the region of the antibody that varies from antibody to antibody?

Variable or V region

Developmentally, what is the origin of lymphatic vessels?

Veins of the blood vascular system

A patient with an infection is given a dose of interferon. The interferon injection was successful and helped her recover from the illness more quickly. Deduce the type of infection she had.

Viral

Which of the following is not a cell that behaves as an antigen-presenting cell (APC)?

Virus

Sheldon experiences difficulty breathing when he eats peanuts. Recently, he had a cookie that contained peanuts and developed a systemic acute allergic reaction known as ________.

anaphylactic shock

) Humoral immunity is provided by

antibodies

Arnav will need a skin graft to cover the hole where his basal cell carcinoma is removed. His surgeon will use a piece of skin from behind his ear to create the skin graft. This type of graft is a(n) ________.

autograft

If you cut up raw chicken meat that houses potentially harmful bacteria, which barrier from your first line of defense provides protection?

Acid mantle

Which antibody-antigen interaction results when a foreign blood type is transfused and clumped?

Agglutination

Which of the following is not an autoimmune disease

Allergic contact dermatitis

Which of the following is not one of the nonspecific body defenses?

Antibody production

T cells or B cells that are capable of responding to a specific antigen by binding to it with antigen-specific receptors that appear on the lymphocyte's surface are considered ________.

immunocompetent

Which of the following is not one of the four most common indicators of the inflammatory response?

Chills

What is the chief way the body responds to cellular antigens, such as bacteria or mismatched red blood cells?

Complement fixation

Peyer's patches and the tonsils are part of the collection of small lymphoid tissues that protect the upper respiratory and digestive tracts from infection and are referred to as ________.

MALT or mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

Within a lymph node, what cells engulf and destroy bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances in the lymph?

Macrophages

Where do B cells develop immunocompetence

Bone marrow

What type of cell specializes in killing virus-infected, cancer, or foreign graft cells directly?

Cytotoxic T cells

Which one of the following is not true of the constant (C) regions of antibodies?

The constant regions form an antigen-binding site.

Which of the following is not applicable to the third line of defense?

The injection of serum containing antibodies will always provide immunity against disease.

What does fever accomplish

Fever inhibits bacterial reproduction and speeds the repair process

What type of T cell releases cytokines to indirectly rid the body of antigens

Helper T cells

Which antibody class is found in the secretions that bathe body surfaces, such as tears and mucus?

IgA

Which statement is true of antibody IgE?

IgE is involved in allergies

Declan was bitten by a number of ants. He has taken an antihistamine to reduce the redness and swelling associated with the ant bites. What will his antihistamine prevent?

Inflammatory response

What small proteins are secreted by virus-infected cells to help defend cells that have not yet been infected?

Interferons

What makes lymph capillaries different from blood capillaries?

Lymph capillaries are characterized by the presence of flap-like mini valves.

What mediates the adaptive defense system (specific defense system)? A) Lymphocytes

Lymphocytes

What type of cells develops immunocompetence prior to responding to specific antigens?

Lymphocytes

Which of the following are harmful or disease-causing microorganisms from which nonspecific defenses protect the body?

Pathogens

How do natural killer (NK) cells protect the body

Promote cell lysis

What chemical do white blood cells and macrophages secrete to raise body temperature and induce fever?

Pyrogens

From what part of the body does the right lymphatic duct collect lymph?

Right arm

Which of the following is least likely to provoke an immune response

Self-antigens

What is the body's first line of defense against the invasion of disease-causing microorganisms?

Skin and mucous membranes

What lymphoid organ stores platelets and acts as a blood reservoir?

Spleen

Which blood vessels receive lymph from the right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct?

Subclavian veins

Newer cancer drugs use antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to attract the attention of the immune system to target tumors for destruction. What type of cell would you rate as most important for the APCs to activate in order for this new therapy to be successful?

T cells

Which of the following best describes positive chemotaxis

The movement of cells toward a high concentration of signaling molecules

Which one of the following is not a mechanism that aids lymph return to the heart?

The pumping action of the heart

While walking barefoot, Maggie got a cut on the sole of her foot. She later noticed redness, swelling, and pus draining from her wound. How would you interpret these symptoms?

These symptoms indicate the inflammatory response is in progress.

Which line of defense involves the recognition of specific antigens and actions to inactivate or destroy them?

Third line of defense

Which of the following is mismatched?

Third line of defense: natural killer cells and antimicrobial protein

Where are the tonsils located

Throat (pharynx

Which of the following lymphoid organs functions at peak level during youth

Thymus

Which of the following is not a lymphoid organ?

Thyroid gland