The Middle East - By James and Vamsi 2022
Who was Reza Khan? Why is he significant?
- First Shah of Iran. - He changed the nation's name to Iran. - He encouraged the establishment of a Western educational system and forbade women wearing the veil. - Reza Khan attempted to popularize the symbols and beliefs of Predecessors
Who was Mustafa Kemal?
- First president of Turkey nicknamed "Ataturk", or "Father Turk" -He founded the Republic of Turkey. -War Hero who led the defense against the British and later persuaded them for a new treaty.
What were the Outside influences in Persia?
-Russian advances -Neighboring countries' desire for Persia' oil
What were the impacts of Israel's creation?
Creation of Israel upset the surrounding Islamic countries and caused mass immigration to surrounding countries
Who was Yasir Arafat? What was he significant?
He was the former president of Palestine, as well as the former Chairman of the PLO prior to his death.
Who was David Ben-Gurion and what did he do? Why was he significant?
He was the founder of the nation of Israel and its first Prime Minister.
What is Wahhabism?
It is an extreme form of Islam that insists on a literal interpretation of the Quran. The people who followed this were a Muslim sect called the Wahhabi.
What was the Balfour Declaration?
It was a statement by Arthur Balfour that declared Palestine to be a home for Jews. Arab nationalists were confused because how was a place that is Muslim dominant become a home for Jewish people?
Define the question of Arab Nationalism?
It was hard to define who an Arab was; what defines an Arab. The area they live in is diverse, and the only commonality they shared was being under the rule of the Ottoman Empire. After the Ottoman Empire's fall, defining an Arab was difficult.
What was the Role of oil in Middle Eastern politics?
Oil was like liquid gold to Imperialist nations, it turned poor desert countries into rich nations, though wealth was usually hoarded by kings and politicians.
What are the Camp David Accords? Who signed it?
Political agreements between Egypt and Israel
Who was the Shah of Iran? Why was he important?
Reza Shah, last shah of Iran before he was deposed, sympathetic to western influences in the region.
Who was Gamal Abdul Nasser? Why was he important?
Second president of Egypt, proponent of Egyptian socialism
Summarize the Rise of the Republic of Turkey
Secularization -The caliphate and fez were abolished -Women were discouraged from wearing the traditional veil, -Women received equal rights (voting, marriage, inheritance), -Education and jobs were open to everyone. -Religious conversion as allowed. -Abolished monasteries and brotherhoods. Economic Modernization -tried to modernize agriculture, but the conservative peasants did not care much of it -established the production of popularly sold things
Who was Ayatollah Khomeini? Why was he important?
Supreme Ruler of Iran after Reza Shah, Islamic traditionalist that turned it into an Islamic Republic
What are the Oslo Accords?
Agreements between the PLO and Israel
Summarize the Weaknesses and Fall of the Ottoman Empire
At first, the diverse citizens of the Empire starting to find a greater sense of nationality which threatened the Empire internal stability. Later on, Internal Rebellions and the Austrians taking over land undermined the support of the Ottoman government the rising sense of nationality among the different people of the Ottoman Empire threatened its internal stability. Then, the Ottoman Empire allied with Germany in the first World War (you know what happened next) and with the British encouraging Arab nationalists, Arabia declared itself independent from the Ottoman Empire. Weaknesses: -rising governmental corruption, a decreased effectiveness of sultans, and a great loss of territory in the Balkans and southwestern Russia.
What was the PLO?
The PLO, or Palestine Liberation Organization, is a political and paramilitary organization. It is recognized as the "sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people" by the United Nations and over 100 states with which it holds diplomatic relations with.
What was The Mandate System after World War I?
The Sykes-Picot agreement was a 1916 treaty between the United Kingdom and France that split the Ottoman Empire into individual spheres of influence.
How did Arab people view the West?
There were a myriad of views on the west from the Arab people on the West. Progressive individuals enjoyed Western influence, while Traditionalist Muslims saw it as a cancer that was harmful to Islamic Society.
Why was the Middle East divided? What was pan-Arabism and why was it difficult?
[middle east divided cuz] Pan-Arabism is the unity of all Arab people. It was difficult because Arab culture and the definition of an Arab differed from country to country
Who were the "Young Turks"?
a group of reformist officers who wanted to modernize the Ottoman Empire
Where did Persian nationalism originate?
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