The Protestant Reformation
John Calvin
-a French humanist -started Calvinism (another Protestant branch) in Switzerland -His book, Institutes of the Christian Religion, became one of the most influential works of the Reformation -emphasized that salvation came only from God's grace, and said the "saved" whom God elected live according to the strict standards
What was the Counter-Reformation?
As Protestantism spread, the Catholic Church responded with a program of serious reform. It clarified its teachings, corrected abuses, and tried to win people back to Catholicism. This movement within the Catholic Church is called the COUNTER-REFORMATION.
Luther Starts His Own Church
Created a new Christian denomination known as Lutheranism
What did Luther believe was the ultimate source of religious authority?
The Bible (not the pope or church leaders)
What is theocracy?
a government or state in which God is the supreme ruler and religious officials govern in God's name
What is an absolute monarchy?
a monarchy in which the ruler's power is unlimited
What is denomination?
a particular religious grouping within a larger faith (for example, the Lutheran church is a denomination of Christianity)
What is a mystic?
a person who is devoted to religion and has spiritual experiences
What is a missionary?
a person who works to spread a religion and make converts
Lutheranism: The Beliefs About Sin and Salvation
felt that justification alone would get you into heaven -denied that people could do anything to earn their salvation salvation was God's gift, people reviewed in faith
What did the church stress were the keys to salvation?
keeping the sacraments and living a good life
Early reformers hoped to do what to the church?
purify it
Corruption in the church led to...
questions about the morals of church officials.
The growth of Protestantism helped to spur....
reform within the Catholic Church.
What is a scripture?
sacred writings; in Christianity, the Bible
The printing press helped to....
spread new ideas, as well as translations of the Bible, faster than ever before
The Reformation brought much ______ to Europe, but it also created __________.
strife many new forms of Christian faith
Calvinism: Ultimate Source of Authority
the Bible
Lutheranism emphasized study of ________.
the Bible
Who became the most important new religious order of the Counter Reformation?
the Jesuits
What is the New Testament?
the second part of the Christian Bible, which includes the Gospels and other writings of the early Christian church
Calvinism: Rituals and Worship
used only the two sacraments found in Bible: 1) baptism 2) the Eucharist
Lutheranism: Ultimate Source or Authority
The Bible
What happened when the pope refused to grant King Henry permission for a divorce?
He had parliament declare him the head of the English church
What was the first major Protestant sect?
Lutheranism
Who started the first Protestant church?
Martin Luther
Calvinism: Beliefs About Sin and Salvation
PREDESTINATION- God knows where your soul is going to go before you're even born at the beginning of time God has his elect to go to heaven, everyone else is going to hell no matter what
William Tyndale
-an English priest, scholar, and writer -attacked corruption in the Catholic Church and defended the English Reformation -spent over a year in prison, and was burned at the stake -especially important for his translations of books from the Bible (translated the New Testament and parts of the Old Testament into English to spread knowledge of the Bible)
What does original sin mean?
in Christian belief, the sinful state into which all people are born
What is Holy Communion?
in Christian ritual, the sharing of bread and wine that has been consecrated by a priest or minister (also called the Eucharist)
Anglicanism: Beliefs About Sin and Salvation
-believed that baptism washed away original sin and began the Christian life
What was an indulgence?
A grant by the Catholic Church that released a person from punishment for sins
What is a pulpit?
a platform or other structure in a church from which a priest or minister preaches
As Protestantism spread, the Catholic Church responded with......
a program of serious reform.
What is blasphemy?
an act of disrespect toward God
In the eyes of church leaders, Luther was...
attacking fundamental truths of the Catholic religion.
Each Protestant sect, or group, has its own ________ and ________.
beliefs and practices
What is heresy?
beliefs that contradict the official teachings of a religion or church; one who holds such beliefs is called a heretic
Desiderius Erasmus
his book The Praise of Folly was extremely influential sharply written satire pointed out corruption within the church & its leadership pointed out problems with society SPARKED CALLS FOR A REFORM
What is nationalism?
identification with, and devotion to, the interests of one's nation
Effects of the Reformation
-Religious Wars and Persecution during 16th and 17th centuries -Catholics and Protestant persecuted members of other sects -Civil wars erupted, massacres added to horror of war -Thirty Year's War: not just religious, about power of Catholic Monarchy (political and religious) -Ended with Treaty of Westphalia, called for peace between Protestants and Catholics
Anglicanism: Rituals and Worship
2 versions of Church: 1) High Church 2) Low Church Only 2 sacraments: 1) baptism 2) the Eucharist
What is a Puritan?
A Protestant who wanted to "purify" the Anglican Church of Catholic elements
Why did the pope's political and economic power present a problem for monarchs?
Because the church claimed to be independent of their control
The many divisions among Christians led to .....
a series of wars and persecutions.
What is the Old Testament?
the first part of the Christian Bible, corresponding to the Jewish Bible
What is a massacre?
the killing of many helpless or unrest stung people
What does papacy mean?
the office, or position, of pope as head of the Catholic Church
What does doctrine mean?
the official teachings of a religion or church
Lutheranism: Rituals and Worship
Church services combined Catholic practices with new Lutheran ones
What did Luther believe were the only true sacraments?
1) baptism 2) Eucharist
What was the Reformation?
-A historic movement that led to the start of many new Christian churches that broke away from the Catholic Church -Began in the early 1500s and lasted into the 1600s -Until then, all Christians in western Europe were Catholics -Problems led to a number of Catholics to cry out for reform. They questioned the authority of church leaders and some of the church's teachings. Some broke away from the church entirely, and became known as Protestants because of their protests against the Catholic Church. The establishment of Protestant churches divided Christians into many seperate groups.
The Spread of Christianity
-Age of exploration, missionary societies -Jesuits traveled to India, China, Japan, and Southeast Asia -Religious patterns are still evident today
Fighting the Spread of Protestantism
-Catholic Church also fought by condemning beliefs that it considered to be errors -Spanish Inquisition also started to fight the spread of Protestantism, an addition to impact on Jewish and Muslim communities
As Martin Luther studied the Bible, why did he become troubled?
-He could not find a basis in the Bible for many church teachings and practices. -He was also upset about corruption in the church, especially the sale of indulgences.
Catholic Reformers and Missionaries
-New orders were formed to preach, educate people, and perform services like feeding the poor -The Jesuits: Society of Jesus founded by Ignatius of Loyola -They were dedicated teachers and missionaries, founded schools and colleges, and brought Europeans back to the church. Worked to spread Catholicism around the globe.
The Rise of Nationalism and Democratic Practices
-Spread of Protestantism went together with nationalism, more people identifying with their nation, official state religion strengthened national unity -Period of "Kings and Queens" revived divine right of kings, in France absolute monarchy was established -Also planted seed of democratic ideas, emphasized being true to the Bible, own conscience, which made people more willing to resist authority -Puritans fled England to America so they could have religious liberty
One Major Problem That Weakened the Catholic Church: Political Conflicts with European Rulers
-The pope's political and economic power presented a problem for monarchs, because the church claimed to be independent of their control. -As kings and queens tried to increase their own power, they often came into conflict with the pope. -These disputes added to the questioning of the pope's authority. (At times, they led to scandals that damaged the church's reputation.)
One Major Problem That Weakened the Catholic Church: Worldliness and Corruption Within the Church
-Too often, people who were supposedly dedicated to the church failed to live up to their role as spiritual leaders. -Many church officials tried to get money to support the church (for example: selling indulgences) -The church sold offices, or leadership positions (a practice called simony) -People questioned other practices as well (such as paying taxes to the Church, something many Catholics resented)
Huldrych Zwingli
-a Catholic priest in Switzerland -influenced by both Erasmus and Luther -persuaded the local government to ban any form of worship that was not based on the Bible -wanted Christians to focus solely on the Bible -attached the worship of relics, saints, and images
Catherine of Siena
-a Italian mystic -her pleas helped convince Pope Gregory XI move the papacy back to Rome -had visions with Jesus Christ
Jan Hus
-a priest in Bohemia -read Wycliffe's writings, agreed with many of his ideas -felt that the head of the Church was truly Christ -called for an end of corruption among the clergy -was burned
Anglicanism: Community Life
-communities were not all alike High Church communities made up of mostly wealthy people Low Church communities usually made up of middle-class and working-class people -people could choose how they worship as long as they obey laws
Lutheranism: Community Life
-had certain rules for how to live -over time, began to preach less about Bible, and put more importance on strict disciple and strong families
King Henry VII
-led England's Protestant Reformation -formed the Church of England with himself as its head -did not have any major disagreements with the church... his reasons for breaking with the church were personal and political (wanted a divorce, and no longer wanted to share his power & wealth with the church) -closed down Catholic monasteries in England and took their riches
John Wycliffe
-scholar in England -challenged the church's right to $ that it demanded from England -when the Great Schism began, publicly questioned the pope's authority -attacked indulgences and immoral behavior on the part of the clergy -believed that the Bible, not the church, was the supreme source of religious authority -had the Bible translated from Latin to English so that common people could read it (this was against church tradition) -the pope accused him of heresy, and his followers were persecuted, and some were burned to death -when he died, the church burned his writings; however, his ideas lived on, and had a wide influence
Calvinism: Community Life
-strict laws based on bible -offenders were punished severely, some even banned from hometowns
What was the Council of Trent?
-was a meeting of church leaders that began in Trent, Italy in 1545 -Pope III summoned the council to combat corruption in the church and to fight Protestantism -Clarified church teachings 1) rejected predestination, thought that individuals did play a role in deciding the fate of their souls 2) agreed that faith was important, but insisted that faith, good works, sacraments all necessary for salvation 3) acknowledged importance of Bible, said Latin Bible was official scripture and it was the church's authority to interpret -Other changes within the church 1) clergy better trained, educated 2) priests need to spend more time preaching 3) rules for church service 4) corrected abuse involving money -The council's work brought a higher standard of morality, helped unify the church, able to compete with Protestantism
What was the Great Schism?
-was a time of division -there were multiple popes -very confusing time, people lost respect and trust for pope -didn't respect church as much sparked a call to reform
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In response to Protestant ideas, the council....
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Luther's pamphlets
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Martin Luther's Early Life
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Religious Wars and Persecution
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The Rise of Nationalism and Democratic Practices
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The Spanish Inquisition
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The Spread of Christianity
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To deal with heresies during the Middle Ages, the church had...
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Why did Lutheranism begin?
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Which two sacraments are the only two sacraments mentioned in the Bible?
1) Baptism 2) the Eucharist
How did Church leaders work to correct abuses?
1) clarified and defended Catholic teachings 2) condemned what they saw as Protestant errors 3) tried to win back areas of Europe that had been lost to the Church
What did all Protestants have in common?
1) shared a belief in the Bible 2) shared a belief in individual conscience 3) shared a belief in the importance of faith 4) united in their desire to reform Christianity
Anglicanism: Ultimate Source of Authority
1) the Bible 2) English monarch
Many Catholics, including clergy, criticized ________ and ________ that plagued the church. They challenged the ________ of the pope. Some began to question ________ and express new forms of ________.
1) the corruption and abuse 2) authority 3) church teachings 4) Christian faith
By the Late Middle Ages, what were the two major problems that were weakening the Catholic Church?
1) worldliness and corruption within the church 2) political conflict between the pope and European monarchs
How did the Reformation begin? (Be specific)
In Germany (then part of the Holy Roman Empire) a priest named Martin Luther became involved in a serious dispute with church authorities. Condemned by the church, Luther broke away and began the first Protestant church. The Reformation had begun.
Martin Luther & The Diet
Luther was brought before the Diet, an assembly of state leaders, in the city of Worms. At the risk of his life, he refused to take back his teachings. The Holy Roman Empire declared him a heretic and forbade the printing and selling of his writings.
95 Theses
Martin Luther felt that the church selling indulgences was selling false salvation to uneducated people. So, he posted a list of arguments, called theses, against indulgences and church abuses on the church door in the town of Wittenberg, and sent the list to many church leaders.
Early reformers hoped to purify the church, except for ________, who.....
Martin Luther, who broke with the church completely.
What were Luther's thoughts on salvation?
No one, he believed, could earn salvation. Instead, salvation was a gift from God that people received in faith. People, he said, were saved by their faith, not good works.
What is simony?
The buying and selling of spiritual or holy things
Luther's thoughts on indulgences
Thought that people were saved by their faith
Martin Luther's views on salvation...
Unlike the church, Luther believed that salvation wasn't something you could just earn. Instead, he thought that people were saved by their faith.
