THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM PT.2

which describes the respiratory cycle

1 complete inspiration and expiration

what is the normal systemic aterial blood value for PCO2

40 mm Hg

hypoxic drive refers to a condition where the respiratory centers of the brainstem responds to which of the following

Po2 of arterial blood

__________ is a general term for a drop in the pH of blood below 7.35

acidosis

what is the role of the pontine (pneumotaxic) respiratory group?

adjust respiratory rate based on stimuli from limbic system or cerebral cortex

what is the role of the dorsal respiratory group

adjust respiratory rate based on stimuli from peripheral chemoreceptors

______ refers to a shift in the pH of blood above 7.45

alkalosis

which term refers to the conducting zones of the respiratory system because they are incapable of gas exchange

anatomical dead space

Where does systemic gas exchange occur?

at the capillary networks of the tissues

why does air flow into the lungs during respiration

atmospheric pressure is greater than intrapulmonary pressure, and air flows towards the lower pressure area

Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported in the form of ____________ dissolved in the plasma

bicarbonate

carbon dioxide is transported in different forms in the blood. what is the most common form?

bicarbonate ion

airway resistance in the lungs is usually controlled by changing the diameter of which of the following

bronchioles

Chronic ____ is characterized by a reduction in the number of cilia lining the airway and increased mucus production.

bronchitis

which is true about carbon dioxide loading

carbonic anydrase catalyzes the conversion of C02 and H20 into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions

which factor is typically responsible for setting the respiratory rate in healthy individuals

cerebrospinal fluid pH

irritants in the lower respiratory system may stimulate which of the following

coughing

which is a degenerative lung disease characterized by a breakdown of alveoli and diminishing surface area available for gas exchange

emphysema

select two examples of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease from the list below

emphysema, chronic bronchitis

which term refers to relaxed, quiet breathing

eupnea

when the diaphragm relaxes, air is forced from the lungs. this process is known as ___________

expiration

which muscles are used for inspiration

external intercostals, sternocleiodomastoid, scalenes

T/F: all of the oxygen transported in the blood is usually unloaded at a systemic capillary

false

T/F: the residual volume may be exhaled with a forceful expiration

false

T/F: the respiratory control centers of the brainstem are involved in voluntary respiration

false

a person expelling air while yelling is performing which type or breathing

forced

which term refers to the volume of air (or percentage of the vital capacity) that can be exhaled in a specific amount of time.

forced expiratory volume (FEV)

deoxygenated blood can carry more carbon dioxide, whereas oxygenated blood has a lower carbon dioxide carrying capacity. this phenomenon is known as the _______ effect

haldane

the term _____ describes a condition where there is an excess of CO2 in aterial blood (PCO2 greater than 43 mm Hg)

hypercapnia

the normal PCO2 of arterial blood is between 37 and 43 mm Hg. which term refers to a Pco2 of less than 37 mm Hg

hypocapnia

insufficient oxygen levels in a tissue is called ______

hypoxia

during the respiratory cycle, the intake of air is called

inspiration

in a healthy individual, which of these volumes would have the greatest numberical value

inspiratory reserve volume

which two muscles or muscle groups are primarily responsible for resting (non-forced) inspiration?

intercostals, diaphragm

As the thoracic cavity expands, the visceral pleura clings to the parietal pleura, and the surface of the lung is pulled outward. why does this increase in lung volume cause inspiration.

intrapulmonary pressure is temporarily lower than atmospheric pressure

exposure to smog and dust can lead to coughing and bronchoconstriction, which type of respiratory receptors initiate this response

irritant response

which best describes the action of carbonic anhydrase

it converts carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid which dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions

which two factors contribute most to airflow resistance

lung compliance, diameter of the bronchioles

which two factors contribute most to airflow resistance?

lung compliance, diameter of the bronchioles

which of these occurs during exhalation

lung volume decrease, intrapulmonary pressure increases

central chemoreceptors in the brain stem that are involved in respiratory control respond most directly to changes in which of the following

pH

Chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies are called_______ chemoreceptors

peripheral

which is often increased in individuals with pulmonary disease

physiological dead space

which locations contain the brainstem respiratory centers

pons, medulla oblongata

An inactive person, unconscious of their respiratory rate, is performing __ breathing

quiet

how is the functional residual capacity calculated

residual volume + expiratory reserve volume (RV + ERV)

what is the correct formula for calculating total lung capacity

residual volume+ vital capacity

which decreases surface tension in the fluids of the alveoli

surfactant

the lungs of premature infants often develop respiratory distress syndrome. why do these infants experience alveolar sac collapse

surfactant is not produced yet in adequate quantities.

which best describes the expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

the amount of air that may be exhaled over the tidal volume

which best describes what happens during exhalation

the diaphragm relaxes, intrapulmonary pressure increases, air flows out

oxygen loading in the lungs decreases hemoglobin's affinity for H+ . how does this promte alveolar gas exchange

the release H+ combines with HCO3- to form free CO2, which can diffuse out of the blood

which term refers to the amount of air inhaled and exhaled during one cycle of quiet breathing

tidal volume

what is the correct calculation for vital capacity

tidal volume plus expiratory reserve volume plus inspiratory reserve volume

T/F: prolonged exposure to oxygen at 2.5 ATM can be toxic

true

T/F: the chloride shift allows RBC's to continue to produce carbonic acid

true

pulmonary compliance is reduced in which of the following

tuberculosis patients

The sum of the expiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and inspiratory reserve volume is the __ capacity

vital