The San Andreas Fault transform fault

What is the San Andreas Fault?

A 1300km conservative plate boundary in California, where the North American Plate (slower rate of 1cm per year) and Pacific Plate (moving in the same direction but at a faster rate) slide past each other. A Strike-Slip Fault Displacement is lateral along fault.

Resulting Landforms: Scarps

A fault scarp is a small step or offset on the ground surface where one side of a fault has moved vertically with respect to the other. It is the topographic expression of faulting attributed to the displacement of the land surface by movement along faults. They are exhibited either by differential movement and subsequent erosion along an old inactive geologic fault (a sort of old rupture), or by a movement on a recent active fault. Example: Elkhorn Scarp

Reverse thrust/faulting

A transform fault is in transpression over part of its length. Along this part of the transform there will be:

Earthquakes

Earthquakes take place along the San Andreas Fault System on a daily basis, most of which we never feel. Some of California's most notorious earthquakes have taken place along the SAF 1857 Great Fort Tejon Earthquake (magnitude about 7.8) 1906 San Francisco Earthquake (magnitude 7.7-8.3) 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake (magnitude 6.9)

Resulting Landforms: Sag Ponds

Example: Lost Lake in the Cajon Pass Sag Ponds result from fault movement that has caused sunken ground from crushed rocks, etc. Runoff and/or springs cause water to collect in the depression.

Resulting Landforms: Off-set Streams

Example: Wallace Creek in the Carrizo Plain Offset by 430 feet as a result of the moving San Andreas Fault Offsetting occurs in rupture events (earthquakes) In the 1857 Great Fort Tejon earthquake the creek moved 31 feet!

more

In terms of earthquake activity, continental transforms are much ______________ significant than oceanic transforms.

Central Segment

Known not for earthquakes, but aseismic creep, a slow movement of the plates past each other

Ridge-ridge

Most transform faults are:

Landforms Resulting from the San Andreas Fault

Off-set streams and channels Sag ponds Different rocks on either side of the SAF Scarps Pressure ridges

Resulting Landforms: Pressure Ridges

Pressure Ridges result where tectonic forces push rock upward

Southern Segment

Runs along the southern base of the San Bernardino Mountains, through the Cajon Pass (under I-15!) and along the Northern base of the San Gabriel Mountains

Northern Segment

Runs north from Hollister, at times off the coastline and into the Pacific Ocean, then back, ending at the Mendocino Triple Junction (where the Pacific, North America and Gorda Plates all meet).

7, east to west

Since the late 1930s, earthquakes on the North Anatolian Fault have been in the magnitude _______ range and, in general, have progressed from _________________________ on segments of the fault

Los Angeles and San Francisco get closer together:

The cities will be adjacent in 20 million years

Normal faults parallel to the ridge axis

The focal mechanisms for MOR earthquakes show that the faults are:

45

The focal mechanisms for MOR earthquakes show that the faults typically dip at about ________ degrees

M7.2, 2011

There was an _____________ quake in eastern Turkey on 23 October ______________, that killed around 600 people

The transform is right-lateral

You stand on a mid-ocean ridge crest, look across the transform fault, and see the ridge crest offset to the right: