The Second Industrial Revolution
In the 1800's, the Ottoman Empire began to fall apart, and two Great Powers wanted influence on the left over places. The rivalry between these two powers was one of the causes of a war. What were the two countries, and what was the war?
Austria-Hungary and Russia; World War I
Russia opposed an attempt to annex Bosnia and Herzegovina by another country in 1908. What was the other country, and what was the outcome?
Austria-Hungary; the Serbians and Russia prepared for war against Austria-Hungary
Industrial workers formed groups during the Second Industrial Revolution. Why were the groups formed, what was their goal, and what were they called?
Because of the harsh working and living conditions; improving their conditions; socialist political parties and trade unions
What is the definition of Marx's groups of bourgeoisie and proletariat?
Bourgeoisie was the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people, oppressors. The proletariat was the working class, the oppressed.
After 1870, urban workers began to live more comfortably due to reforms creating better living conditions. What were some of the improvements that were made?
Cleaner cities, rise in wages, decline in many consumer costs, Saturday afternoons off
In the cities, the first department stores began to sell a new range of consumer goods. What are some examples of these goods, and how were they made possible?
Clocks, bicycles, electric lights, typewriters; made possible by the steel and electric industries.
What were some of the first jobs women took during the Second Industrial Revolution?
Low-paid, white-collar; Both industrial plants and retail shops hired women as clerks, typists, secretaries, salesclerks, government jobs in education, health, social services
What are a few of the things women's rights advocated fought for in the 1800's?
Married women's right to own property, access to universities, study in medical fields, jobs dominated by men, suffrage, right to full citizenship
What were revisionists and what were their goals?
Revisionists were people who rejected the necessity of revolution for change. They thought that workers must continue to organize in mass political parties and even work with other parties to gain reforms.
What were two requirements for public health? What was done to meet these requirements?
Running water and internal drainage systems; Freshwater met by system of dams and reservoirs that stored water, aqueducts, tunnels, gas and electric heaters to make regular hot baths possible, underground pipes to carry sewage away from the city.
After Kaiser William II of Germany fired Bismarck in 1890, one of the things he (William II) did was to drop a treaty with another country. What country was it, and what was the outcome?
Russia; France (Germany's enemy) formed an alliance with it (just as Bismarck feared).
Describe the relationships between the Great Powers in 1914, when Europe was on the brink of war. (Serbia, Russia, Austria-Hungary, Germany)
Serbia blamed Austria-Hungary for their failure to create a larger kingdom. Austria-Hungary was convinced that Serbia and its nationalism was a threat to be destroyed. Russia was determined to not back down against Austria-Hungary or Germany again.
Below the middle group of the middle class was the lower-middle class. What were some of the occupations it was composed of? Below the middle class in its entirety was the lower classes. What were they also known as, and what occupations did they hold?
Small shopkeepers, traders, prosperous farmers; working class; landholding peasants, farm laborers, sharecroppers
What types of production was America the best in the world at in 1900?
Steel and iron
The first Industrial Revolution gave rise to products such as textiles, railroads, iron, and coal. What are some things that the Second Industrial Revolution gave rise to?
Steel, chemicals, electricity, petroleum
In the late 1800's, the US began to expand abroad. What industry did America control on the Hawaiian Islands by 1887?
Sugar industry
Marxist parties were divided over their goals. Two groups were revisionists, and another was Pure Marxists. What did the Pure Marxists believe?
That capitalism could only be defeated by a violent revolution.
What was the new method of production that helped speed up the process of building things?
The assembly line helped industries mass produce their products.
What two classes made up the elite? What did they control?
The wealthy upper-middle class and the upper class (landed aristocracy). Members of the elite became leaders in the government and military and controlled from 30 to 40 percent of the wealth, despite only making up 5 percent of the population.
In 1800, many maintained the belief that women should remain at home to bear and nurture children and should not be allowed in the industrial workforce. Why did this change during the Second Industrial Revolution?
There weren't enough men to fill the low-paid, white-collar jobs being created. Expansion of government services also created job opportunities.
What were to ideals of the European middle class?
They believed in hard work and outward appearances.
Why did many Western nations commit to public education?
To train people to meet the skill and experience necessary for factory work, make sure that voters were well-educated, to instill patriotism
What was the Bessemer process used to do? What was the resulting product used for?
Used for making high-quality steel cheaply and efficiently. Steel used for building lighter, smaller and faster machines, as well as railways, ships, and weapons.
The Second Industrial Revolution produced a new group between the lower-middle class and the lower classes. Although not highly paid, they were often committed to middle-class ideals. What is the name of this new class of workers, and what are some of their occupations?
White-collar workers; traveling salespeople, bookkeepers, telephone operators, department store salespeople, secretaries
What was a revisionist?
a Marxist who rejected the revolutionary approach, believing instead in evolution by democratic means to achieve the goal of socialism
In 1865, the Thirteenth Amendment was passed. What did this amendment do?
Abolish slavery
What are three new transportation methods that arose during the Second Industrial Revolution?
Airplane, automobile, ocean liners, streetcars, subways,
What used to happen to a woman's property when she got married?
Almost all of the control of it went to her husband
Worker unions often used strikes as a movement. What was the purpose of a strike?
During a strike, a union calls upon its members to stop work in order to pressure employers to meet their demands for higher wages or improved factory safety.
What was the new form of energy that helped boost the Second Industrial Revolution? Name three inventions it brought.
Electricity; Lightbulb, telephone, radio waves, streetcars, subways, many machines
Between 1888 and 1918, Germany became the strongest military and industrial power in Europe, by the reign of William II. The expansions of industry and cities came with demands for democracy. How did conservative forces try to thwart these demands? What are two groups the conservative forces were mostly supported by?
Expansion abroad/stronger foreign policy to increase profits and divert people from pursuing democratic reforms; nobility and big industries.
How were France and Italy holding up government-wise in the late 19th century and early 1900's?
France was left in confusion after the Second Empire collapsed. The Third Republic gained a republican constitution in 1875. The now government had a president and a two-house legislature. It had many political parties but failed to develop a strong parliamentary system, but it still had the loyalty of most voters. Italy became a united state in 1870, but it wasn't very unified because the southern part was poverty-stricken and the north was industrialized.
When Russia opposed the attempted annexing by Austria-Hungary, another country called on it to back down. What was the other country, and did Russia comply with the demand?
Germany (Emperor William II); Yes, because it was weakened by its defeat in the Russo-Japanese War in 1905 and wasn't in any place for another war. Russia vowed revenge.
What three countries were in on the Triple Alliance, and what was the purpose of this alliance?
Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy; a defensive alliance against France, which Germany feared intended to create an alliance against it after it became the most powerful state in continental Europe.
Otto von Bismarck worked to keep Germany from becoming a democracy. How did he go about this?
He wrote a constitution for the new imperial Germany that set up a two-house legislature, but the house that was elected by the people didn't hold as much power as the ones appointed by other government members. The emperor controlled the armed forces, foreign policy, and the bureaucracy.
The number of children born to the average woman began to decline in the 1800's. What were some causes of this?
Improved economic conditions and increased use of birth control
List some reasons why urbanization took off in the nineteenth century.
Industrialization, fewer jobs in the countryside, improvements in public health and sanitation led to less diseases
Britain originally only had two political parties, Liberal and Conservative. In 1900, a third party emerged. What was the name and purpose of this party? Did it agree on any issues with one of the others?
Labor Party; dedicated to the interests of workers; to gain the workers' support, Liberals voted for social reforms, such as unemployment benefits and old-age pensions.
The middle group of the middle class was solid and comfortable. What were some of the occupations it was composed of?
Lawyers, doctors, members of the civil service, business managers, engineers, architects, accountants, chemists.
By 1900, Europe was divided into two economic zones due to the Second Economic Revolution. What was the big difference between these economic zones?
One was more industrialized, had a higher standard of living, and had adequate systems of transportation. The other was still largely agricultural, provided food and raw materials for the industrialized countries, and had a much lower standard of living.
Karl Marx believed that all of world history was a "history of class struggles." Elaborate on his claim.
Oppressor and oppressed always stood in constant opposition. Oppressors owned means of production (land, raw materials, money) and controlled government and society. Oppressed owned nothing and depended on the owners of the means of production. Oppressed would eventually revolt and form a classless society.
What were some occupations that made up the wealthy upper middle class in the 1800's?
The most successful industrialists, bankers, merchants
Great Britain had a working two-party parliamentary system. How does this system function?
The party (liberal or conservative) with the most representation in parliament forms the government, which is led by the prime minister.
Two Germans published "The Communist Manifesto" in 1848. They were appalled by the horrible conditions in the industrial factories. What did they blame these conditions on?
The system of industrial capitalism
What is ministerial responsibility?
the idea that the prime minister is responsible to the popularly elected legislative body and not to the king or president
