The Spanish Civil War
Cortes
-An assembly that limited the authority of the monarchy and had to be consulted in order to achieve compliance with royal edicts in Spain. -From the late 19th century onwards the name for the Spanish Parliament. Spains bicameral legislature
Anarcho-Syndicalism
-theory which views revolutionary industrial unionism or syndicalism as a method for workers in capitalist society to gain control of an economy and, with that control, influence broader society.
Carlists/Carlism
A Spanish political movement of traditionalist character. Can be defined as an extreme form of autocratic monarchism based on Catholic values. Originated in the 1820s and was a significant force in Spanish politics from 1833 until the end of the Francoist regime in 1975. This was a political group. It was the strongest in Navarre and wanted Carlos Hugo for president
Majorca
A failed attack by republic on nationalists to gain back the island
Falange Espanol
A fascist political organization founded by José Antonio Primo de Rivera in 1933 in opposition to the Second Spanish Republic. -Early era of Falange: avant-garde(experimental ideas) and modernist. Similar to contemporary European fascist and national socialist movements. Revolutionary. Armed militia, uniforms. During Spanish Civil War: General Franco assumes sole leadership in union with Carlists after Primo de Rivera was executed. - The fascist character of the Falange is lost. Promised the end of political parties, rejected liberalism and its social views, and decreased involuntary unemployment More syndicalist than other Fascist nations Tried to work through the trade unions to "organize Spanish society along corporation lines" Conservative national syndicalism, Facist- reconstruct industry through labor syndicates
"Fifth Column"
A secret group of national sympathizers who undermined the government. Emilio Mola was one of them
Blue Division
A section of the spanish volunteers that was given as aid to Hitler and put on eastern front during WWII.Part of Franco's army on the Eastern Front
Bourbon
Ancient ruling family from 18th century that took over after Hapsburg died Monarch restored in December 1874 Under his rule, Fascist and Anarchist ideas emerged
Asturias
Asturias 1335 people died and 3000 more were injured in the rebellion in this region in 1934. 30,000 workers organized and armed themselves, but the government sent in troops under the command of General Franco and crushed the revolt. After this incident, there were also some 40,000 arrests.
Requetes
Carlist militia since the Carlist Wars in the 19th Century. New recruitment during the 2nd Republic. Supported the Nationalists during the Spanish Civil War; mostly came from Navarre; a group of traditionalists whose object is to restore a Christian monarchy in Spain.
Catastrophists
Catastrophists believed that the problems with the Republic ran deep. This led them to conclude it should be overthrown, and replaced with another system Ultimately, the Spanish coup of July 1936 would represent a catastrophist insurrection and would start the civil war. There were three main groups of catastrophists. The first were Carlists, supporters of the claim of Infante Carlos and his descendants, with a militia called the Requeté. The second group was the Alfonsine monarchists, who wanted a return to the military government of General Primo de Rivera and the monarchy, and ran the journal Acción Española. The third group was the fascists embodied from 1933 by the Falange. Of the three groups, the Alfonsine monarchists were the best financed and most influential; the fascists created the most disorder.
Reconquista
Catholic spain pushed back frontiers of moorish spain the christian empire of imperial spain established
"Two Black Years"
Described by the Left as the period between 1933 and 1935 of Right-wing control which saw the loss of all of its earlier reforms.
General Emilio Mola
Director of general security became a military commander in Morocco -A military governor who joined other Spanish Army officers in talking about overthrowing the Popular Front government. *This army coup would lead to the Civil War. Senior Officer in favor of rebellion. -Stationed in Morrocco and Pamplona.
Latifundista/Latifundia
Feudal type of landownership of large private estates owned by rich families and absentee landlords; worked by landless laborers. Large estates owned by aristocrats with a couple crops that peasants can work
Popular Front
Grouping of political allies to prevent the spread of Fascism -"Enemy of my enemy is my friend" sort of mentality They couldn't stop Fascism if they were fighting each other *Headed by Caballero and Prieto Prieto still in exile, but Caballero capable of running in elections -Socialists needed to work together with the Republic in order to prevent the spread of Fascism Liberal, but not socialist Popular Government implicitly promised more social reforms Gained support in the North through Prieto's influence and in the south through Caballero's
FAI
Iberian Federation of Anarchist Didn't go into hiding Viewed by CNT as a "cult of violence" Catalan anarchist federation-antidemocratic Leftist organization
Guernica
It was a German air raid on Guernica, a small Spanish market town that lacked any military value. It happened on an April morning in 1937 when German bombers flew over the market square. They first dropped bombs, then used machine-guns in the planes to shoot anyone left in the street who had survived the first attack. About 1600 innocents were killed. To the Nazis, the attack on Guernica was an "experiment" to identify what their new plans could do. To the world, it was a grim warning of the destructive power of modern warfare.
Dr. Juan Negrin
Joined PSOE in 1929 In 1931, was elected into the Cortes. -Later took over the Ministry of Defense. 13 Point Program: =Promised full civil and political rights and freedom of religion -Gain support of Western governments
Jose Primo de Rivera
Joined Spanish army and served in Morocco where he became lieutenant general Founded loyalist Falange party, was executed by republic during the Spanish civil war
Jose Maria Gil Robles
Jose Maria Gil Robles: Catholic politician and leader during the Second Spanish Republic 1931-1936. Lead Catholic party (Accion Popular) formed coalition called the CEDA. -Formed the CEDA coalition that took power following the initial left government of the Spanish Republic. Following the rise of the Popular Front government, his party was dissolved and he did not try to contest Franco's control of the Nationalist revolt. *Conservative who supported CEDA and wanted a military regime. (Fascist Leader)
Calvo Sotelo
Leader national front; executed by leftist squad (for Spain's generals justifies military intervention) which then sparks the Civil War.
National Movement
Led by Franco. The only recognized political organization in Franco's Spain. It was composed of various groups whose commonality was the loyalty to Franco.
"Rising"
Led by Mola, Sanjurjo, and Franco. *The planned coup d'etat to overthrow the republic *Liberals believed that revolution would cut the party apart, but conservatives thought the opposite.
Loyalists
Loyal to the Republic
General Francisco Franco
Man who is most linked to the army's victory in the Spanish Civil War Spanish general whose armies took control of Spain in 1939 and who ruled as a dictator until his death. Led the military in a revolt against the democratic government in Spain. -In favor of rebellion, stationed in Tenerife.
"Red Asturias"
Miners uprising in Oviedo Held the Civil Guard and the Assault Guard hostage until the military stepped in and put miners down violently (torturing and killing)
Army of Africa
Moroccan army elites, sided with franco and spanish nationalist
CNT
Name: Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (National Confederation of Labour) Founded: 1910. Ideology: Anarchism, fusing Communism and Libertarianism (individual freedom) Members: Workers, students and unemployed . Aims: Improve workers' conditions by social revolution, and emancipation of the working class. The organization had their first general strike five days after its founding and the organization was declared illegal only a week after its founding, but it continued to work underground and continued general strikes. *Left
Civil Guards
Oldest law enforcement of spain that patrolled rural areas. Traditionally conservative unliked by the people
General Jose Sanjurjo
One of the chief conspirators leading to the military uprising that started the civil war. Director of the Civil Guard
National Front
Opposite of the Popular Front -Led by Mola, Franco, and Sanjurjo
Blue Shirts
Part of the International Brigades Came from Ireland to help Franco's army
Basques
People from Basque region in northern Spain. Basque= diversified economy and more industrial than other regions of Spain Wealthier Different language and culture. Wanted to be autonomous of Spain in certain religion of industrial spain . They supported the republic
Catalans
People from Catalonia in North-Eastern Spain Highly industrial, diversified economy, wealthy Granted some autonomy prior to Spanish Civil War Given their own parliament, the Generalitat Has own govt, Basque and Catalonia. Don't want their troops to fight other parts of spain. Left in a frey and divided. Right is solid
Loyalists
People loyal to the republic. Generally from Spain, Basques, Catalonia
Pius XI
Pope of the Roman Catholic Church; coincided with the rise of fascism. Pope during spanish civil war, separated church and state
Pius XII
Pope when Franco captured Spain with Hitlers backing, promoted catholic ideology wanted unity of church and state
Zamora
President of Spain from 1931 to 1936.
Casares Quiroga
Prime Minister of Spain in 1936 and founded left-wing republican party. AKA popular front under Azana.
Nationalists
Right side conservative Spain, led by Franco which led to the capture of much of Spain. Anti-Republic
Largo Caballero
Socialist, minister of labour, his govt came to power September 4 with broad coalition of socialist, communists, few liberals
PCE
Spanish Communist party, 1921. Moscow-oriented. Follows Comintern strategy during the Spanish Civil War, i.e. aims at winning the civil war before making a revolution. Dominates the Republican governments from summer 1937 onwards. Communist party of spain. Control PSUC
Miguel Primo de Rivera
Spanish General and Dictator -With the support of King Alfonso XIII, this military general led a coup against the Spanish parliament and became the prime minister. He comes into power and suspended the constitution and instituted martial law and censorship -staged coup of 1923 *Began dictatorship with fascist-like rule with King Alfonso's permission. Started parliament system and created a conservative, authoritarian, nationalist regime.
Prieto
Spanish Lenin
PSOE
Spanish Socialist Worker's Party. Founded: May 2nd 1879 Ideology: Social democracy (central left) Aim: Socialist aim with Marxist principles. Divided into a left- and a right-wing 1931- ( revolutionary and reformist) Wanted to defend workers' rights and achievement of socialist ideas. Active participation in strikes from 1899-1902. PSOE formed part of the government in the Second Spanish Republic 1931-33. Franco's dictatorship banned PSOE , under Franco's rule, members of PSOE were imprisoned or executed.
Generalisimo (Franco)
Spanish military leader and statesman who ruled as the dictator of Spain from 1936 until his death. He came to power during the Spanish Civil War while serving as the Generalísimo of the Nationalist (Fascist-right wing) faction. He was aided by Germany and Italy. Led the Nationalists to victory in the civil war and went on to become the longest-ruling dictator in European history. *highest commander in the military
Caudillo
Spanish term for a military or political leader by divine right
"Sanjurjo Rising"
Started by Sanjurjo Tried to rebel against government Was outnumbered and gave up Sentenced to death because it was treason but sentence was reduced to life in prison before he was pardoned and retired in Portugal Planned the Rising with Mola and Franco, but he died in a plane crash on his way over
Condor Legion
The German air force under German command which supported the Nationalists from November 1936 onwards. Beginning with 100 aircraft and ending with 12.000 German pilots and personnel. Notorious for the bombing of Guernica April 26, 1937. Established on Hitler's orders after Franco's request.
CEDA
The Spanish Confederation of Autonomous Right-wing Groups. Political party during the 2nd Spanish Republic in 1933, dissolved in 1937. It was a Catholic conservative force and defined itself by 'affirmation and defense of the principles of Christian civilization'. Part of the legalist, accidentalist, right. Conservative right collective political party
UGT
The UGT (Unión General de Trabajadores, general union of workers) is a major Spanish, socialist trade union, connected to the PSOE. The UGT was founded in August 1888 by Pablo Iglesias Posse, who also founded the PSOE. During WW1 the UGT and the CNT cooperated for tactical reasons. When Miguel Primo de Rivera came to power in 1923 he gave legal monopoly to his own government-sponsored union, which ended the cooperation between the UGT and the CNT. The UGT adopted a collaborative attitude in order to operate legally. During Franco's time in power, the UGT were exiled, but reemerged from the shadows after his death in 1975.
POUM
The Workers' Party of Marxist Unification. Formed during the second republic (1935). Anti-Stalinist Communists, Trotskyists. Fights against the PCE during the spring 1937 civil war within the civil war in Catalonia.
PSUC
United Socialist Party of Catalonia Controlled by PCE
International Brigades
Volunteers from foreign countries that went over to fight for spains republic
Azana
radical left Prime Minister of Second Republic, anti religious, influenced by soviet union.
