The Start of The Civil War (1861-1865), Chapter 18

Battle of Gettysburg

"On July 1, the two great armies met by accident at Gettysburg, Pa, in what became a decisive confrontation." It was an incredibly bloody battle, Lincoln was furious, but it was a major victory for the Union.

When Lincoln officially became president in 1861, he outlined his plan for slavery and the war. What were his plans?

A. The secession of the South is illegal B. If necessary, force would be used to preserve the Union. C. "The Anaconda Plan" -the Union plan to conquer the South (created by President Lincoln and General Winfield Scott)

election of 1860 Abe Lincoln

Abe was against slavery and believed in federal govt some people thought he had too much power.

Jefferson Davis

Jefferson Davis was the President of the Southern Confederate States from 1860 to 1865 after their succession from the Union. During this time, Davis struggled to form a solid government for the states to be governed by. Jefferson Davis worked hard with solidating the civil government and carrying out military operations. POLITICAL.

Lincoln's Assassination (April 14, 1865)

On April 14, 1865, Lincoln was shot at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C., as the American Civil War was drawing to a close, just six days after the surrender of General Robert E. Lee and the Army of Northern Virginia to General Ulysses S. Grant and Union forces. The assassination was planned and carried out by John Wilkes Booth as part of a larger conspiracy in an effort to rally the remaining Confederate troops to continue fighting. Andrew Johnson became president.

According to the eye-witness testimony below, which of the following is true?

People saw John Wilkes Booth jump 10 feed down to the main floor of the theater, fracturing his leg.

"March to the Sea"

Sherman's march from Atlanta to South Carolina, he and his army applied a total warfare, scorched earth policy that led over a million dollars in damage and crushed the south

Fort Sumter

Site of the opening engagement of the Civil War. On December 20, 1860, South Carolina had seceded from the Union, and had demanded that all federal property in the state be surrendered to state authorities. Major Robert Anderson concentrated his units at Fort Sumter, and, when Lincoln took office on March 4, 1861, Sumter was one of only two forts in the South still under Union control. Learning that Lincoln planned to send supplies to reinforce the fort, on April 11, 1861, Confederate General Beauregard demanded Anderson's surrender, which was refused. On April 12, 1861, the Confederate Army began bombarding the fort, which surrendered on April 14, 1861. Congress declared war on the Confederacy the next day.

secession of dec 20, 1860

South Carolina was the first to leave - they felt that they had no right. formed the confederate states of America /pres of Jefferson Davis.

election of 1860

The 1860 election took place on November 6. Abraham Lincoln of the Republican Party, Stephen Douglas of the Democratic Party, John Bell of the Constitutional Union Party, and John Breckenridge of the Southern Democratic Party were the 4 major candidates. The current president at the time was James Buchanan. result; Abe Lincoln became the 16th pres of the US. *Lincoln, the Republican candidate, won because the Democratic party was split over slavery. As a result, the South no longer felt like it has a voice in politics and a number of states seceded from the Union.*

Army of the Potomac

The Union Army first commanded by General George B. McClellan.

Siege of New Orleans

(April 25 - May 1, 1862)This capture of the largest Confederate city was a major turning point and an incident of international importance. The Union was unopposed in its capture of the city itself, which was spared the destruction suffered by many other Southern cities.

states rights

- cause of civil war - controversy over whether or not the federal govt had too much power. Northern wants a strong national govt, southerners did not want the fed govt to take their rights away . they wanted each state to make their own decision.

slavery

- cause of civil war North: that is was cruel and unfair. there were many abolitionists South: though ti was essential to continue cash crop and business

Reasons why states seceded the Union

- thought slavery was threatened - the Southerners new Abe Lincoln was an abolitionist -Martial Law: the body of law imposed by the military over civilian affairs (usually in time of war or civil crisis); significant because after the fall of Fort Sumter, Lincoln instituted martial law in order to prevent the spread of chaos across the country- "no rights" -excluded

Thirteenth Amendment

1865 - Freed all slaves, abolished slavery.

Baltimore Riot

4/19/1861- Lincoln wanted Maryland to stay in Union so he sent troops to protect Washington DC. In this city a crowd of Marylanders who supported the Confederacy stopped the troops and threw bricks and stones at the soldiers. The Baltimore Riot caused many injuries and deaths.

thomas nast

A famous caricaturist and editorial cartoonist in the 19th century and is considered to be the father of American political cartooning. His artwork was primarily based on political corruption. He helped people realize the corruption of some politicians

frigate

A frigate is any of several types of warship, the term having been used for ships of various sizes and roles over the last few centuries.

Emancipation Proclamation

After the victory of Antietam Lincoln announces on the first of 1863 all slaves in the rebelling states would be free. AIM: injure confederacy, threaten its property, heighten its dread, hurt its morale. Turned the War's side. Before the proclamation, a northern victory over the south meant only that slavery would not be extended, but now, victory meant the destruction of slavery in all Confederate states.

USS Merrimac

An ironclad warship, converted to the CSS Virginia, fought the USS Monitor in the Battle of Hampton Roads

Battle of the Ironclads

Battle Of Hampton Roads summary: The Battle of Hampton Roads, aka the Battle of the Ironclads (Monitor and Merrimack), was fought March 8-9, 1862 near Hampton Roads, Virginia. It is the most famous naval battle of the American Civil War, pitting the nation's first ironclad ships against each other. On March 8, 1862, from her berth at Norfolk, the Confederate ironclad Virginia steamed into Hampton Roads where she sank Cumberland and ran Congress aground. On March 9, the Union ironclad Monitor having fortuitously arrived to do battle, initiated the first engagement of ironclads in history.

Lincoln's second inaugural address

Beginning of Reconstruction Era. Was meant to help heal and restore the country after four years of civil war. Discusses rebuilding of a split nation.

Battle of Shiloh

Confederate forces surprised union troops & drove them across the Tennessee river; union got backup and won the battle but it was one of the most bloody battles in the civil war. 23,000+ casualties

official start of the civil war

Confederates began to seize federal forts in the south. When they attempted to seize Fort Sumter, they were fired upon by Union troops. Lincoln's decision to have the Union troops fire back was the decision that officially started the Civil War.

what allowed slaves to fight in the war?

Emancipation Proclamation by the end of the civil war about 180,000 African Americans (former slaves and former free men) served in the war.

USS Monitor

First ironclad warship commissioned by the US Navy during the Civil War, fought the USS Merrimac (CSS Virginia) in the Battle of Hampton Roads

progress of the war in its first year

Fort Sumter First battle of Bull Run Ironclads Shiloh New Orleans

The U.S. Sanitary Commission

Founded with the help of Elizabeth Blackwell, the government agency trained nurses, collected medical supplies and equipped hospitals in an effort to help the Union Army. The commission helped professionalize nursing and gave many women the confidence and organizational skills to propel the women's movement in the postwar years.

Union States

Four additional states were Border Slave States that did not secede from the Union: Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, and Delaware.

Battle of Vicksburg

General Grant led the Union forces in the Battle of Vicksburg. He defeated two Confederate armies and destroyed the city, this was across the river near Vicksburg, Mississippi. Five days later they had complete control of the Mississippi.

Blockade

General Winfield Scott's strategic plan in 1861 to divide and conquer the South in the Civil War that included a full naval blockade of the South's coastline, a military campaign to gain control of the Mississippi River, and the placement of armies at key points in the South to squeeze, like an anaconda snake, the life out of the a person or animal.

Robert E. Lee

General of the Confederate troops; Prosperous in many battles; Defeated at Antietam when he retreated across the Potomac; Defeated at Gettysburg by General Meade's troops, leading to surrender to General Ulysses. S. Grant in Appomattox Court House, Virginia

George B. McClellan

General who was given command of the Army of the Potomac. A brilliant, thirty-four year old West Pointer. He was a superb organizer and drillmaster, and he injected splendid morale into the Army of the Potomac. He consistently believed that the enemy outnumbered him. He was overcautious and he addressed the president in an arrogant tone. He fought against General Robert E. Lee in the Seven Days' Battle.

Secession from the Union

In Order: South Carolina-December 20, 1860 Mississippi- January 9, 1861 Florida-January 10, 1861 Alabama-January 11, 1861 Georgia-January 19, 1861 Louisiana - January 26, 1861 Texas-February 1, 1861 Virginia-April 17, 1861 Arkansas-May 6, 1861 North Carolina-May 20, 1861 Tennessee-June 8, 1861 (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas, Virginia and Texas) (Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee) did not secede until after the Battle of Fort Sumter that occurred on April 12, 1861. In addition, the area that would become West Virginia was formed on October 24, 1861, when the western portion of Virginia chose to break away from the rest of the state instead of seceding.

Why is the Civil War considered the first modern war?

It was considered the first modern war because it was the first war after the industrial revolution. More technology was invented and modern weapons were used. It was the war that transformed our country. Mass armies, mass produced weapons, scale of casualties -> modern war - also conflict of societies depending on leadership, economic capacity, determination

what is a ration is army terms?

The food issue usually meant to last three days while on active campaign and was based on the general staples of meat and bread.

"Lincoln Death" Print

This is a dramatic 1865 illustration by Thomas Nast paying tribute to the recently assassinated Abraham Lincoln. The image shows Columbia in tears and in prayer over the casket of the dead president. The Casket has the simple label of "Lincoln". The name is surrounded by shimmering stars, symbolic of Lincoln's success in uniting the Union. To the left of the casket, a Union soldier can be seen praying and crying. To the right a Union Sailor doing the same. The nation was was in mourning over the lost president, and this Nast image captures the somber grieving of a grateful nation. It is Thomas Nast's timeless memorial to Abraham Lincoln's Death.

Pres of confederate states of America

seceded states formed the Confederate States of America and named Jefferson Davis their president.

most wealth in the south in the 1860's was from

slaves

"Often times, soldiers had to serve picket duty. This meant that they were stationed in front of their own troops to help protect them and give warning should the enemy approach. Read the following poem about picket duty." What was picket duty?

soldiers who lined up in front of the rest of the troops to receive the first bullets so the rest of the troops could advance

Strengths and weaknesses from north and south

south: -more experienced with battles. 7 of the nations 8 military colleagues were located in the south. experienced soldiers; motivated soliders -bad better training - king cotton/cotton/"white gold". in exchange for cotton, European nation were willing to supply the Confederacy w weapons and other manufactured goods. North: -more population -more railroads -more factories- weapons, guns (artillery), uniforms; more established govt -more farmland -better capital

Lincoln's first inaugural address

stated that, "no state...can lawfully get out of the Union", but pledged there would be no war unless the South started it.

what was the 54th Volunteer Infantry ?

the 1st all African American regiment

The Anaconda Plan

the Union plan to conquer the South (created by President Lincoln and General Winfield Scott) 1) surround the South by land and sea to blockade (in 1861, the Union began a blockade of southern ports with navy ships-the south could not trade with Britain) 2) Divide the Confederacy into two sections so that one section could not help the other (early in 1862, the Union gained control of the Mississippi river through New Orleans) 3) capture Richmond, the capital of the Confederacy, and destroy the rebel government (The Union army will attempt to do this twice, and will finally succeed at the end of the war)

north crops

the north grew most of the corn, wheat, and oats ], allowing them o feed their troops and sell extra for money

south crops

the south grew a lot of cotton, which could be sold for profit to the the war. however, the south had most of their money tied in slave ownership, which could not be sold quickly to find the war

Why was the 54th Volunteer Infantry from Massachusetts important?

they were the first all-African American Civil War regiment

environmental impacts of the civil war

troops from both sides scoured the land in search of food, often taking livestock, vegetables, and even foraging for berries and other fruits and nuts. it was the destruction that pushed individuals to seek fro protection of forests and wildlife and in 1864, Lincoln would sign the bill that would eventually create Yosemite National Park

"The invention of the telegraph also drastically changed the way battles were fought. During the Civil War, approximately 15,000 miles of telegraph cable were laid solely for military purposes. Generals could report and receive information from the battlefield faster than ever before. Lincoln frequently would go to the telegraph office in the War Department to stay up-to-date on the most recent battle news. The telegraph also allowed for newspaper reports of battles to be more timely and accurate. Other Civil War innovations included the concept of aerial reconnaissance and advancements for naval warfare. Both sides used hot air balloons in order to see the opponent's movements and make adjustments to their own artillery and battle plans. The Civil War was the first war where 'ironclads' or ships that added an iron plating to the exterior of the ships were used. Lastly, naval mines were developed by the Confederates to counterattack the Union blockade of Confederate ports. Confederate troops also used torpedoes to fight against the Union navy and destroyed 40 Union ships." True or False: Aerial reconnaissance was used for the first time in battle during the Civil War.

true

"When food was provided in camp, one early obstacle was that many men had little knowledge of how to cook or prepare food as their wives or mothers typically fulfilled that role at home. Early manuals and recipes were provided to help soldiers overcome this, in addition to cooks being appointed for companies. When soldiers desired something more than their rations, they could look to the camp sutler (if there was one) and pay for additional goods." True or False: One problem during the Civil War for soldiers was that male soldiers often didn't know how to cook their food.

true

While battles and fighting are often glorified in the Civil War, the average soldier spent 49 out of every 50 days at camp. Much of the time soldiers were completing "fatigue duty" or cooking, cleaning, building roads, cleaning artillery, or caring for horses if they were cavalry. At camp, they did a combination of things for fun - most wrote letters, some sang or played music, some played the new game that was becoming popular known as baseball, and some practiced their religion." True or False: The average Civil War soldier spent almost all of their in camp cooking, cleaning, building, or caring for horses.

true

Battle of Antietam

two Union soldiers found a copy of Lee's battle plans wrapped around a packet of three cigars dropped by a careless Confederate officer. It was fought at a creek in Maryland. It was the turning point of the war, which allowed President Lincoln to sign the Emancipation Proclamation. It was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with about 23,000 casualties. Also, it prevented the British and French governments from a diplomatic mediation; Union Victory

"When soldiers first enlisted to fight in the war, many believed it would be a quick war and felt that serving for their side would bring them honor. After the battle of Bull Run, soldiers began to see a clearer picture of the reality of war. After The Battle of Antietam, the war became a war of attrition and the question of 'who will give up first?' hung in the air. The Civil War was also a conflict that pitted brothers, fathers, and families against each other depending on their geographic location." What was the main question soldiers asked after the Battle of Antietam?

who will give up first?

Appomattox Court House

Lee forced to totally surrender at this court house in 1865; Union treated enemy with respect and allowed Lee's men to return home to their families with their horses. the resulting Battle of Appomattox Court House, which lasted only a few hours, effectively brought the four-year Civil War to an end. (END OF CIVIL WAR)

Election of 1864

Lincoln vs. McClellan, Lincoln wants to unite North and South, McClellan wants war to end if he's elected, citizens of North are sick of war so many vote for McClellan; end result: Lincoln wins

civil war (1861 to 1865)

The American Civil War (known by other names) was a civil war that was fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. As a result of the long-standing controversy over slavery, war broke out in April 1861, when Confederate forces attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina, shortly after U.S. President Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated. The nationalists of the Union proclaimed loyalty to the U.S. Constitution. They faced secessionists of the Confederate States, who advocated for states' rights to expand slavery. 600,000 killed, began as a limited war to put down the insurrection, however, would eventually shirt political and economic power from the south to the north. it would establish the US as a single nation and not a collection of autonomous states. the north expanded federal govt powers and federal budget to sustain war, this helped turn America into a modern, industrial nation. and most importantly, the war put an end to slavery and brought a "new birth of freedom" according to abe.

Gettysburg Address

a 2-minute address by Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War (November 19, 1963) at the dedication of a national cemetery on the site of the Battle of Gettysburg

Writ of Habeas Corpus

a court order that requires police to bring a prisoner to court to explain why they are holding the person

First Battle of Bull Run

a creek, Confederate soldiers charged Union men who were en route to besiege Richmond. Union troops fled back to Washington. Confederates didn't realize their victory in time to follow up on it. First major battle of the Civil War - both sides were ill-prepared.

Confederate States of America

a republic formed in February of 1861 and composed of the eleven Southern states that seceded from the United States

54th massachusetts infantry

a state militia in Massachusetts; Massachusetts was the first state to enlist black soldiers; 180,000 blacks served (10%) but free blacks were only 1% of total Union population; this was an all-color regiment commanded by white officers and soldiers were not paid equally; still, proved that blacks can indeed fight battles

"Food at camp was simple fare usually consisting of meat, coffee, sugar, and hardtack--a type of biscuit, but varied from that, depending on the side for which the soldiers fought. A Union soldier might have salt pork, fresh or salted beef, coffee, sugar, salt, vinegar, dried fruit and vegetables. And if it was in season, they might have fresh carrots, onions, turnips and potatoes. A Confederate soldier typically had bacon, corn meal, tea, sugar, molasses and the very occasional fresh vegetable. One food-related advantage the Union had was an organization nicknamed "The Sanitary" that made health and nutrition for the soldiers a top priority. The main roles of "The Sanitary" were to find and distribute food and to have a knowledge of the availability of foods during specific seasons as well as how to preserve and transport that food. These tasks were somewhat overwhelming, though, considering there were more than 2 million soldiers fighting for the Union. At times, too, deliveries would be interrupted by weather or poor transportation and soldiers would forage the countryside for food." What was hardtack?

a type of biscuit

How much did African American soldiers get paid to fight?

about half of what the white soldiers earned

"Because of these practices, many wounds that are not considered life-threatening today, would have been mortal injuries. A hit in the stomach was almost always fatal as infection would spread through the body. Additionally, with the size and velocity of a lead bullet (up to ¾ ounce of lead traveling at 800-900 feet per second), bones would almost certainly crush and shatter. When a soldier was hit, the new system of ambulance, at this time a wagon that would move injured men from the battlefield, and triage would have been utilized to transport the wounded and assess who was in the direst need for attention. An injury by a lead bullet was almost always resolved by amputation. Surgeons were aware that infections would be fatal, and that lead spread throughout the body in addition to dirt and other grime in wounds would lead to infection. Therefore, they were quick to amputate as a way to prevent infection and increase blood flow to the area left intact." Most bullet wounds were:

amputated to avoid infection

Elizabeth Balckwell

an abolitionist, women's rights activist, and the first female doctor in the United States

Who else was planned to be assassinated along with Abraham Lincoln?

andrew johnson

"By today's standards, the medical practices used during the Civil War would be considered archaic, filthy, and downright disgusting. Compared to today's standards of cleanliness and technology, that may be true. But given the knowledge of the time period, the doctors and surgeons were actually very informed and were using up-to-date techniques. At the time, Civil War doctors had little concept of germs or sanitation. In fact, during this time period, many people believed that diseases spread through "bad air". Many surgeons were known to go from patient to patient while wiping surgical tools on an apron or nearby rag, but never fully sanitizing them." During the time of the Civil War, most people believed that diseases were spread through what?

bad air

"Not only was training to be a soldier a somewhat intimidating task, understanding how to use and fight with changing weaponry proved to be challenging as well. Casualties in the Civil War often occurred at such a high rate because of three reasons: changing weaponry without changing tactics, disease and infection. Before the Civil War, men had fought for years following traditional military tactics. With the change in weaponry, and thereby increased range and accuracy of rifles and bullets (increasing their accuracy by as much as 5 times), the number of casualties during the Civil War soared." What was the main reason there were so many casualties in the Civil War?

changing war tactics disease infection

what was the greatest environmental impact of the civil war?

destruction of forests it is est. that both sides used 400,000 acres of woods each year for many purposes .

"Death estimates of the Civil War range between 618,000-620,000 or about 2% of the population (compared to today's population that would equal approximately 6 million US citizens). While some were killed in battle, ⅔ of the casualties came from disease. Diseases like dysentery, typhoid, measles, and even diarrhea were rampant in camps. Not only were medical procedures not always the most sanitary, other sanitation issues in camp led to the increased spread of disease. Issues like the lack of a garbage system, latrines (outdoor toilets) that contaminated nearby water sources, the close proximity of many men, and even rats, mosquitoes, and flies being drawn to the camp because of the enticing scents of garbage and the latrines." More than half of the deaths in the civil war came from:

disease