Theology Exam 1 (Part 1)

what percentage of the gross domestic product of the US in 2000 was spent on healthcare?

$1.3 trillion/ 13%

Native American Traditions

-2 different tribes do they same thing for different reasons -chlone tribe: burns possessions so that the dead don't come back to get them, don't speak their name, if they come back they'll give hell -cocopa: burned their things so they had their objects post death to use in afterlife

what are characteristics of the concept of invisible death?

-Care: hired professionals instead of family -deathbed: prolonged vs. comfortable/safe -witness: doctors vs. family/friends -mourning: customs vs. nothing d/t excessiveness -funerals: public events vs. private

charnel house

-bubonic plague, europe, in big churches, catacombs (bones), a theological project where they wanted to cremate them. it had consequence of stopping disease by burning the rotting flesh.

what is the approximate death rate per 1000 in the US today?

8.7 per 1000

list three urgent clinical indications for discussing end of life care

1. imminent death 2. talk of wanting to die 3. inquiries into hospice and palliative care 4. recently hospitalized for severe and progressive illness 5. severe suffering and poor prognosis

traditional societies tend to view disease and death as...

bad omen has cursed them, a punishment by the gods, something is out of balance

epidemiological transition

characterized mainly by a redistribution of deaths from the young to the old

Danse macabre:

era in history that things are very uncertain, no time to wait, carpe diem.

childhood experiences with death are most likely to...

exhibit a fatalistic attitude that contrasts with children whose experiences of death occur in more benign circumstances

according to the text, what is the leading cause of death in the US today?

heart disease

Effigies

how do you remember people? is it a depiction? in some cultures are relevant, some are not seen as well.

according to the text, what percentage of americans are affiliated with a religious tradition?

more than 90%

in many traditional societies, death is believed to occur because...

phenomena such as wind/moon hereditary, behavioral excesses (not enough sleep), socioeconomic, psychosocial, natural and supernatural factors are explored

Define thanatology

study of death

the sociological theory that most resembles the study of the human body is...

the structural-functional approach

what does the statement "death involved causality" mean?

there are biological reasons for the occurrence of death

mortality hypothesis

to work, a person needs... 1. self esteem (in ones cultural matrix) provide a tole (ex. being a fireman), stays distracted in doing ones role 2. faith in ones cultures (that its good) -if you don't have one of these, you're socially "dead"

discuss a mature concept of death. What 4 aspects/acknowledgments does a mature concept of death include?

-Mature concepts of death allow for elaboration about the meaning of death, values other cultural contexts and expressions, avoids ethnocentrism. 1. universality: impacts everyone 2. irreversibility: cannot be reversed 3. non functionality: don't maintain role that they had when they were alive 4. causality: biological cause

list and describe 3 agents of socialization

1. family 2. school/peers 3. mass media 4. religion

describe three aspects that comprise cultural sensitivity

1. avoid stereotypes 2. beware of judging other communities 3. understand that culture is not simply defined by ethnicity 4. may be more differences within than between cultural groups

4 life extending technologies

1. cardiac defibrillation (1950) 2. mechanical ventilation, o2 levels low in blood 3. organ transplantation (1940-1978) rejection of transplant tissues 4. artificial nutrition and hydration

provide three reasons for initiating end of life discussions

1. choices differ based on the information (more information yields more choices) 2. could receive undesired treatment (ex cpr) 3. allows for time for healing relationships, completing goals, completing wills, allows for preparation

Intolerance towards death stages

1. derogate (calling someone a name, doesn't work, group doesn't care) 2. assimilation (go to someone else's country and tell them their religion is wrong) 3. appropriation (ex. blue jeans working class wore, in alignment w/ them, college students wore blue jeans, popular culture filtered it out and ignored working class) 4. annihilation (lets see who's beliefs are better, cold war)

what are the five major social institutions delineated by sociologists?

1. economy 2. educational system 3. the family 4. the political system 5. religion

list three specific topics that should be included in end of life discussion

1. relative emphasis on life prolongation 2. relative emphasis on quality of life 3. advance directives (living will, health care proxy) 4. DNR orders, mechanical ventilation, feeding tube, antibiotics, hemodialysis 5. palliative care (pain management, psychological, spiritual, and existential suffering, unfinished business)

describe three ways religion functions in societies

1. shared set of beliefs, values, and norms help form common identity for people 2. answers 'big questions' about human existence and purpose 3. foundation for norms and laws of a society 4. emotional and psychological support

approximately how much has the average life expectancy in the US increased since 1900?

30 years, from 47-77

Short answer question: "James Werth Jr. in his article "Philosophical Principles and Ethical Judgments" elaborates on 5 ethical meta-principles. Be able to define and provide one challenge to accomplishing each other these in the medical setting

Autonomy: patients ability to self determine (challenge: doctors who don't give all treatment options) Nonmaleficence: do no harm (challenge: invasive procedures in the hospital can cause harm even though that is not the intent, UTI, pressure ulcers) Beneficence: to do good (challenge: focus can be on the disease rather than the patient as a whole) Justice: fairness/equal distribution (challenge: access to healthcare is determined by employment, meaning that the poor cannot access basic healthcare, and the wealthy can get the best treatment) Fidelity: commitment/loyalty (challenge: lack of trust in relationship between provider and patient)

in which country was the most influential modern hospice established?

St. Christopher's hospice in England

hospitals health care focuses primarily on which aspect of the patient's well-being?

acute intensive care fora limited time to diagnose, treat, and sustain life