Tilraunasálfræði - spurningar úr bók
Ch. 7 - Dr. Jones is interested in studying how indoor lighting can influence people's moods during the winter. A sample of 100 households is selected. Fifty of the homes are randomly assigned to the bright-light condition where Dr. Jones replaces all the lights with 100-watt bulbs. In the other 50 houses, all the lights are changed to 60-watt bulbs. After two months, Dr. Jones measures the level of depression for the people living in the houses. In this example, how many dependent variables are there?
1
Ch. 8 - If a between-subject experiment produces 50 score in treatment 1 and 50 scores in treatment 2, then how many participants were in the entire experiment?
100 participants
Ch. 11 - How many separate groups of participants would be needed for a between-subjects, two-factor study with 3 levels of factor A and 4 levels of factor B?
12
Ch. 11 - A researcher who is examining the effects of temperature and humidity on the eating behavior of rats uses a factional experiment comparing three different temperatures (20C, 25C and 30C) and two humid conditions (low and high). How many factors are in the experiment?
2
Ch. 9 - How many participants would be needed for a within-subject experiment comparing four different treatment conditions with a total of 20 scores in each treatment?
20
Ch. 11 - How many independent variables are there in a 2 X 2 X 2 factional design?
3
Ch. 1 - Which of the following is the best description of the scientific method?
A circular process that leads to a tentative answer
Ch. 12 - A researcher reports that there is no consistent relationship between grade point average and the number of hours spent studying for university students. Which of the following is the best description for the correlation between grade point average and the number of hours studying?
A correlation near zero
Ch. 10 - A research study evaluates changes in behaviour related to age by examining different groups of individuals with each group representing a different age. What is the name for this research design?
A cross-sectional developmental design
Ch. 12 - A researcher would like to examine the relationship between self-esteem and academic performance for high school students. Instead of a correlational study, what other kind of study could the researcher use?
A differential study comparing academic performance scores for a group of high-esteem students and a group of low self-esteem students.
Ch. 7 - A researcher moves an experiment out of the laboratory and into the real world. This type of research is called:
A field study
Ch. 10 - A research study evaluates changes in behaviour related to age by examining one group of participants, who are all roughly the same age, at different times. What is the name for this research design?
A longitudinal developmental design
Ch. 11 - The following data represent the mean for each treatment condition in a two-factor experiment. What pattern of results is shown in the data? M=30 M=40 M=20 M=10
A main effect for factor A and an interaction but no main effect for factor B.
Ch. 12 - A university professor reposts that students finish exams early tend to get better grades that students who keep their examination papers until the last possible moment. The correlation between exam score and amount of time spent on the exam is an example of:
A negative correlation
Ch. 9 - What is the appropriate hypothesis test for a within-subjects design comparing mean differences for three treatment conditions?
A repeated-measures analysis of variance.
Ch. 6 - Which of the following is a general plan for implementing a research strategy?
A research design
Ch. 5 - Dr. Neal conducts an experiment on memory for individuals who are above the age of 65. Although there are millions of people above the age of 65, the selects a group of 25 to participate in the experiment. What name is given to the group go 25?
A sample
Ch. 9 - Which of the following describes within-subjects experiment in which the order of treatment conditions has been completely counterbalanced?
A series of treatments is presented in every possible sequence.
Ch. 10 - Which one of the following is an example of a non-experimental study?
A study comparing self-esteem scores for children with a learning disability versus scores for children without learning disability.
Ch. 2 - Which of the following is a brief summary of psychology article.
Abstract
Ch. 2 - How would research studies that are intended to answer practical problems be classified?
Applied research
Ch. 3 - Counting the number of times a third-grade student leaves his or her seat without permission during a 30-minute observation period is an example of using what modality of measurement?
Bahvioural
Ch. 2 - A researcher is intrigued by an explanation of children problem-solving strategies found in a journal article and develops a research study to determine whether or not the articles ideas are supported. How would this study be classified?
Basic research
Ch. 4 - Which principle of the Belmont Report corresponds to the guideline of "No Harm"?
Beneficence
Ch. 4 - Which of the following was mentioned as a safeguard against freud?
Careful review by the IRB or REC
Ch. 2 - While shopping, you observe the behavior of adolescents at the mall and get some ideas about what may be causing the behavior. This is an example of getting research ideas from
Casual observation
Ch. 10 - What is the appropriate statistical analysis for comparing non-numerical data for a differential design comparing samples representing two populations?
Chi-square test for independence
Ch. 12 - The results from correlational study show a positive relationship between aggressive behaviour for 6-year-old children and the amount of violence they watch on television. Based on this relationship, which of the following conclusions is justified?
Children who watch more TV violence exhibit more aggressive behaviour.
Ch. 5 - A teacher obtains a sample of children from a fifth-grade classroom by randomly selecting the third, fifth and eight rows and taking all the students in those rows. What kind of sampling is being used?
Cluster sampling
Ch. 6 - A study examining the relationship between humour and memory compares memory performance scores for one group presented with humorous sentences and a second group presented with non-humorous sentences. The participants in one group are primarily 8-year-old students and those in the second group are primarily 10-year-old students. In this study, age is potentially a(n) ( ) variable.
Confounding
Ch. 7 - In order to establish an unambiguous relationship between two variables, it is necessary to eliminate the possible influence of which of the following variables?
Confounding variables
Ch. 3 - What term is used for a variable that cannot be observed or measured directly but is useful for describing and explaining behaviour?
Construct (hugsmíðar)
Ch. 5 - A researcher recruits a sample go 25 preschool children for a research study by posting an announcement in a local daycare centre describing the study and offering a 10-dollar payment for participation. What kind of sampling is the researcher using?
Convenience sampling
Ch. 5 - Which of the following sampling techniques is most likely to result in a biased sample?
Convenience sampling
Ch. 11 - How can order effects be measured and evaluated?
Counterbalance and use a factional design with the order of treatments as a second factor.
Ch. 10 - Which of the following is common in within-subject experimental design but is impossible in a pre-post design?
Counterbalance order of treatment
Ch. 6 - Cues given to participants about how they are expected to behave define which of the following terms?
Demand characteristics
Ch. 10 - Which research design is used by a researcher comparing self-esteem scores for children from divorced families versus scores for children from families with no divorce?
Differential research design
Ch. 8 - Which statement best characterizes a between-subject experimental design?
Each participant is assigned to one condition of the experiment.
Ch. 8 - Which of the following accurately defines diffusion?
Elements of the treatment in one group have spread to another group.
Ch. 6 - Results from a research study suggest that a stop-smoking program is very successful. However, the participants who volunteered for the study were all highly motivated to quit smoking and the researcher is concerned that the same results may not be obtained for smokers who are not as motivated. What kind of validity is being questioned?
External validity
Ch. 6 - The degree to which your research results generalise beyond the specific characteristics of your study refers to?
External validity
Ch. 6 - Which of the following describes a variable that exists in a study but is not being directly examined? (IQ, weather)
Extraneus
Ch. 11 - The results from test for statistical significance show no significant main effect for factor A but a statistically significant interaction. What can you conclude based on this pattern of results?
Factor A may have an effect but, if so, it depends on the levels of Factor B.
Ch. 6 - Experimental research studies tend to have very ( ) internal validity but often have relatively ( ) external validity.
High; low
Ch. 8 - Which of the following is an option for limiting the variance within treatment condition?
Hold a participant variable constant.
Ch. 1 - The first step in the research process is:
Identifying a topic area and searching the literature to find a research question.
Ch. 10 - What can a researcher determine by using a series of observations before treatment?
If scores are influences by some factor unrelated to the treatment.
Ch. 8 - Which of the following maximises the likelihood of an informative research result?
Increases the differences between treatment and decreases the variance within treatments.
Ch. 10 - What is the appropriate statistical analysis for evaluating the after treatment mean difference for a post-test-only non-equivalent control group design?
Independent-measures t-test
Ch. 8 - When comparing means in a two-group design, which statistical analysis is most appropriate?
Independent-measures t-test
Ch. 10 - Which of the following is the primary threat to internal validity for non-equivalent group designs?
Individual differences between treatment groups.
Ch. 8 - For a between-subject experiment, which of the following is a possible threat to internal validity?
Individual differences that exist between treatments.
Ch. 4 - If a researcher explains what will happen in a research study using language that potential participants probably cannot understand, then what ethical guidelines is being violated?
Informed consent
Ch. 6 - A researcher measures mood for a group of participants who have listened to happy music for 20 minutes and for a second group who have listened to sad music for 20 minutes. If different mood scores are obtained for the two groups, the researcher would like to conclude that music influences mood. However, the happy music group was in a room painted yellow and the sad music group was in a room painted dark brown and the researcher is concerned that the room colour and not the music may influence mood scores. What kind of validity is being questioned?
Internal validity
Ch. 6 - What aspect of a study is threatened if the participants are tested in one treatment condition at one time and then tested in a second treatment condition at a different time?
Internal validity
Ch. 8 - In a between-subject experiment, if the participant in one treatment condition have characteristics that are different from the participants in another treatment conditions then which of the following is threatened?
Internal validity
Ch. 9 - In a within-subject research study comparing different conditions at different times, what kind of validity is threatened by factors that change over time, such as history and maturation?
Internal validity
Ch. 11 - Which of the following accurately describes a two-factor analysis of variance?
It conducts three separate hypothesis tests and produces three F-ratios.
Ch. 9 - What is the effect of increasing the time between treatment conditions in a within-subject experiment?
It decreases the threat of the order effect fatigue.
Ch. 2 - What is typically included in the introduction section of a research article?
It describes the overall purpose and rationale of the research.
Ch. 8 - How does holding a variable constant prevent the variable from becoming a confound?
It eliminates the possibility that the variable will be substantially different from one group to another.
Ch. 9 - Which of the following is an advantage of the between-subjects design versus the within-subjects design?
It eliminates the risk of order effects.
Ch. 7 - In an experiment, what is the purpose of manipulating the independent variable?
It helps establish the direction of the relationship and it helps eliminate the third-variable problem.
Ch. 7 - A researcher exposes people to a stressful situation (such as public speaking) to examine the effect of stress on depressed mood. Why would the researcher also include a measure of stress?
It is a manipulation check
Ch. 8 - Which of the following is the primary limitation of the two-group design?
It may not provide a complete picture of the relationship between the variables.
Ch. 7 - Which of the following characteristics are necessary for an extraneous variable to become a confounding variable?
It must change systematically when the independent variable is changed.
Ch. 7 - What is the purpose of using a control condition in an experiment?
It provides a baseline that can be used to evaluate the size of the treatment effect.
Ch. 2 - What is typically included in the method section of a research article?
It provides the details of methodology used in the study.
Ch. 8 - Which of the following is a potential problem with holding a participant variable constant?
It threatens the external validity of the study.
Ch. 7 - Although field studies tend to have higher external validity than traditional laboratory studies, what risk do they tend to have?
Lower internal validity
Ch. 10 - A non-experimental design:
Makes no attempt to minimise threats to validity
Ch. 7 - In an experiment comparing two treatments, the researcher assigns participants to treatment conditions so that each condition has fifteen 7-year-old children and ten 8-year-old children. For this study, what method is being used to control participants age?
Matching
Ch. 8 - Which of the following is a limitation of using matching rather than random assignment to form groups in a between-subject experiment?
Matching requires another measurement procedure.
Ch. 9 - In a within-subject study that extends over a relatively long time, it is possible that there will be systematic changes in the participant's skills or knowledge during the time of the study. If these changes influence the participant's scores, causing scores at the end of the study to be different from scores at the beginning, then what is the effect called?
Maturation
Ch. 3 - Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between validity and reliability?
Measurement cannot be valid unless it is reliable.
Ch. 4 - What kind of research was the focus for the most of the early attempts to establish ethical research guidelines?
Medical research with humans
Ch. 1 - Which method of knowing is used when you find the address and phone number of a restaurant by googling the name of the restaurant?
Method of authority (from an expert)
Ch. 1 - A restaurant chef tried replacing rice with pasta in one of her recipes to see what would happen. Which method of acquiring knowledge is she using?
Method of empiricism (from direct sensory observation)
Ch. 7 - Which of the following is the primary goal for randomly assigning participant to treatment conditions in an experiment?
Minimize the likelihood that a participant variable (such as age and gender) becomes a cofounding variable.
Ch. 11 - A factional study measures allergy symptoms before and after taking medication for a group taking the real medication and a control group taking a placebo. What kind of design is being used?
Mixed design
Ch. 11 - Competitive athletes receive a self-esteem programme as part of their training. To evaluate the programme, a researcher measures self-esteem for the athletes before and after the programme. The researcher then compares scores with those from other athletes who did not receive the programme, but who were measures at the same times. What kind of design is being used?
Mixed design
Ch. 10 - For which of the following studies does the researcher not control which individuals are assigned to which group?
Non-equivalent group design
Ch. 10 - A cross-sectional developmental design us an example of which general category of research designs?
Non-equivalent group designs
Ch. 6 - A research study attempts to describe the relationship between self-esteem and birth order position by measuring self-esteem for each individual in a group of first-born boys, and then comparing the results with self-esteem scores for a group of later-born boys. Which research strategy is being used?
Non-experimental
Ch. 5 - For situations in which the researcher cannot know the complete list of potential participants, what kind of sampling is necessary?
Non-probability sampling
Ch. 8 - Which of the following accurately defines compensatory equalization?
One group demands the same benefits received by another group.
Ch. 8 - Which of the following accurately defines compensatory rivalry?
One group works extra hard to make up for not receiving the benefits received by another group.
Ch. 7 - How do studies using the experimental research strategy differ from other types of research?
Only experiments can demonstrate a cause-and-effest relationship between variables.
Ch. 8 - Which of the following accurately describes the scores in a between-subject experiment?
Only one score is obtained for each participant.
Ch. 3 - An elementary school teacher separates students into high, medium, and low reading skill groups. What scale of measurement is being used to create the groups?
Ordinal
Ch. 7 - An experiment includes a treatment condition, a no-treatment control and a placebo control. Which two conditions should be compared to determine the size of the effect that is actually caused by the treatment?
Placebo versus treatment
Ch. 3 - Research results indicate that the more time individuals spend watching educational television programs as preschool children, the higher their high school grades will be. What kind of relationship exists between educational TV and high school grades?
Positive
Ch. 10 - What design is being used by a researcher comparing depression scores before and after treatment in one group of clients?
Pre-post design
Ch. 3 - A research study reports that participants who scored high on a new test measuring self- esteem made eye contact during an interview, whereas participants who scored low on the test avoided eye contact. Assuming that more eye contact is associated with higher self-esteem, what kind of validity is being demonstrated?
Predictive
Ch. 3 - Using a PET scan to measure brain activity while participants solve mathematics problems is an example of using what modality of measurement?
Pysiological
Ch. 10 - In a differential research design, what term is used identify the participant variable that is used to define the groups?
Quasi-independent
Ch. 5 - A researcher would like to select a sample of 50 people so that five different age groups equally represented in the sample. Assuming that the researcher does not know the entire list of people in the population, which sampling technique should be used?
Quota sampling
Ch. 5 - If each person in a large group has an equal chance of being included in an experiment, then what kind of sampling is being used?
Random sampling
Ch. 8 - Which of the following does not guarantee that a specific participant variable will not become a confounding variable?
Randomizing the variable across treatment
Ch. 3 - After measuring a set of individuals, a researcher finds that Bob's score is three times greater than Jane's score. What scale of measurement is being
Ratio
Ch. 1 - Last year Tim and his friend Jack were both too short to ride the roller coaster. Jack went to the park this year and was tall enough to ride. Tim knows that he is taller than Jack, so he knows that he will be able to ride the roller coaster as well. Which method of knowing is Tim using?
Rational method (from reasoning; a logical conclusion)
Ch. 11 - Which of the following is a possible use for a factional design?
Replicate and expand previous research, examine order effects for a within-subject study and reduce variance in a between-subject study.
Ch. 1 - A researcher conducts a study in which 50 college students are assigned to different treatments and tested. In the study, the students are called:
Research participants
Ch. 1 - What is meant by saying the "science aims to be objective"? (hlutlæg, hlutlaus)
Scientific seeks to obtain answers without influence from the researchers biases or beliefs.
Ch. 9 - For a within-subject study comparing two treatments, A and B, a researcher expects that practice in the first treatment will improve the participants scores in the second treatment. If the order of treatment is counterbalanced, then what will be influenced by practice?
Scores in treatment A for half the participants and scores in treatment B for half the participants.
Ch. 3 - Using an anonymous questionnaire to determine how many times students send or receive text messages during class is an example of using what modality of measurement?
Self-report
Ch. 8 - When comparing means in a single-factor multiple group design, which statistical analysis is most appropriate?
Single-factor ANOVA
Ch. 5 - A researcher would like to describe and compare the attitudes of four different ethnic groups of students at a local collage. What kind of sampling would be best to obtain participants for the study?
Stratified random sampling
Ch. 5 - What name is given to a group of individuals from which researchers actually select participants for research studies?
The accessible population
Ch. 12 - Which research design is commonly used to help establish the reliability and validity of a measurement procedure?
The correlation design
Ch. 12 - What is measured by the Pearson correlation?
The degree of linear relationship.
Ch. 12 - A researcher reports a positive relationship between sugar consumption and activity level for a group of 8-year-old children. However, the researcher cannot be sure whether the extra sugar is causing the children to be more active or whether the extra activity is causing the children to eat more sugar.Which of the following is demonstrated by this example?
The directionality problem
Ch. 7 - Research indicates the people who suffer from depression also tend to experience insomnia. However, it is unclear whether the depression causes insomnia or the lack of sleep causes depression. What problem is demonstrated by this example?
The directionality problem
Ch. 6 - A journal article reports that a new teaching strategy is very effective for first-grade students. A teacher wonders if the same strategy would be effective for a class of third-grade students. What is the teacher questioning?
The external validity of report
Ch. 9 - What is measured and removed to reduce the variance in a within-subjects design compared to a between-subjects design?
The individual differences
Ch. 12 - Which of the following is a defining characteristic of the correlational research strategy?
The intent is simply to describe behaviours.
Ch. 3 - Why is an artifact like experimenter bias a threat to the validity of measurement?
The measurements may be distorted by the artifact.
Ch. 1 - Which method of knowing is being used by a student who believes that his performance on tests is influenced by wearing a lucky hat?
The method of tenacity (from habit or persistence)
Ch. 12 - Dr. Jones hopes to demonstrate that children who eat a more nutritious breakfast also tend to have more academic success than their peers. If this result is obtained, then ______________ would be the predictor variable and __________ would be the criterion variable for the study.
The nutrition in the breakfast; the level of success.
Ch. 10 - Which of the following is the primary advantage of a pre-test-post-test non equivalent control group design, in comparison to other non-equivalent group designs?
The pre-test scores can help reduce the threat of individual differences between groups.
Ch. 6 - How can sensitisation threaten external validity of a study?
The result may be limited to individuals who have experienced a pre-test.
Ch. 3 - Why is the range effect known as a "ceiling effect" a problem for researchers?
The scores are already so high that there is no chance of measuring improvement.
Ch. 3 - What additional information is obtained by measuring on an interval scale compared to an ordinal scale?
The size of the differences.
Ch. 2 - Which of the following would be a danger of relying upon a primary source?
There is no danger because you can rely on primary sources for accurate information
Ch. 2 - Which of the following is not a good example of a research hypothesis?
There is no relationship between fatigue and reaction time.
Ch. 3 - Which of the following describes participants taking on the negativistic subject role?
They try to act so that their data are in contrast to the hypothesis.
Ch. 10 - A clinical psychologist measures body satisfaction for a group of clients diagnosed with anorexia nervosa each day for one week before and for one week after the psychologist begins a series of group therapy session. What kind of design is being used?
Time-series
Ch. 2 - Which of the following is usually the initial factor for determining whether a specific article is relevant to your research questions?
Title
Ch. 3 - What is the goal of an operational definition?
To provide a definition and a method for measuring a hypothetical construct.
Ch. 11 - Which of the following is not a possible outcome from a 2 X 2 factorial design?
Two main effects and an interaction, a no interaction or no main effect for either factor but an interaction.
Ch. 12 - Which of the following commonly occurs in a correlational study?
Two variables are measured.
Ch. 11 - How can variance be reduced in a between-subject design?
Use a factional design adding a participant variable (such as age) as a second factor.
Ch. 12 - A researcher uses a correlation to demonstrate that a new five-minute test for intelligence produces scores that are strongly related to the scores from traditional IQ tests. What is the researcher attempting to demonstrate about the new five-minute test?
Validity
Ch. 2 - For which of the following questions would be scientific method be an appropriate method for seeking an answer?
What conditions promote students learning in an elementary classroom?
Ch. 6 - Which of the following question can be addressed with the descriptive strategy?
What is the average number of text messages that a typical adolescent sends a month?
Ch. 9 - For an experiment that compares two treatment conditions with ten scores in each treatment, which design would require fewer subjects?
Within-subjects design
Ch. 9 - Which of the following is an advantage of a two-treatment within-subjects design compared to a multiple-treatment design?
a ) There is a reduced risk of participant attrition. b) There is a reduced risk that time-related factors influence the data. c) It is easier to counterbalance a design with only two treatments. d) All of the above are advantages of a two-treatment design. d)
Ch. 3 - Which of the following is a disadvantage of using an operational definition? a) The operational definition may not be an accurate reflection of the construct. b) The operational definition may leave out important components of the construct. c) The operational definition may include extra components that are not part of the construct. d) All of the other options are disadvantages.
d) All of the other options are disadvantages.
Ch. 1 - Which of the following is typical of quantitative research? a) it involves measuring variables for each individual. b) it usually involves numerical scores. c) it uses statistical to summarise and interpret resultþ d) all of the above
d) all of the above
Ch. 2 - What questions should you ask when reading an introduction to a research article? a) is the literature review up-to-date? b) is the hypothesis related to the literature reviewed? c) does the prediction logically follow the hypothesis? d) all of the above
d) all of the above
Ch. 4 - What of the following is a responsibility of the IRB/REC? a) they decide whether the process for selecting participants is fair and equitable. b) they decide whether it is necessary to have a signed informed consent form for each participant. c) they decide whether the privacy and confidentially of participants is protected. d) all of the above.
d) all of the above.
Ch. 4 - Which of the following is an example of plagiarism? a) copying someone else words without giving them credit. b) paraphrasing someone else words without giving them credit. c) using someone else ideas without giving them credit. d) all of the above.
d) all of the above.
Ch. 1 - Which of the following is a distinction between science and pseudoscience? a) pseudoscience tends to dismiss or refuse to accept negative results b) pseudoscience tends to rely on testimonials and selected results. c) pseudoscience tends to treat criticism as a personal attack. d) all of the other options are different between science and pseudoscience.
d) all of the other options are different between science and pseudoscience.
Ch. 1 - A hypothesis is a ( ) statement and a prediction is a ( ) statement.
general; specific
Ch. 1 - What kind of reasoning uses some specific observations to produce a general hypothesis?
inductive reasoning
Ch. 7 - Holding a variable constant is a technique for removing one threat to ________ but it can limit the ________ of an experiment.
internal validity; external validity
Ch. 7 - Researcher often use stimulation experiments in an attempt to obtain the ___________________ of an experiment and still keep much of the ___________________ of research conducted in the real world.
internal validity; external validity
