TopHat chapter 17 Blood Questions
Anterior interventricular=interventricular septum and anterior ventricular walls Circumflex=left atrium and posterior walls of left ventricle marginal=myocardium Posterior interventricular=posterior ventricular walls
Anterior interventricular=interventricular septum and anterior ventricular walls Circumflex=left atrium and posterior walls of left ventricle marginal=myocardium Posterior interventricular=posterior ventricular walls
What changes occur in the orthochromatic erythroblast that cause it to take on a biconcave shape?
Binconcavity occurs as the cell ejects its organelles. During this time, hemoglobin is becoming the most abundant protein within the cell.
Recommend a new testing regimen for professional athletes to minimize the likelihood of blood doping.
Consider hormonal indicators (e.g. EPO, testosterone), as well as hematocrit, CBC..etc. Timing would also be an important consideration
How will arteries respond to correct a rise in blood pressure and regain homeostasis? a)Arteries will dilate b)Arteries will constrict c)Arteries will remain unchanged
Correct Answer: Arteries will dilate
You have a patient with a large cut at the top of their thigh. You notice that blood is flowing out from the wound at a rapid pace and squirts with each heartbeat. You, therefore, suspect that the compromised blood vessel must be a(n): a)artery b)capillary c)vein
Correct Answer: artery
Your patient's pulse is a grade 4. This may indicate: a)normal pulse b)weak pulse c)high blood pressure in the artery palpated, possible emergency d)absent pulse, possible emergency
Correct Answer: high blood pressure in the artery palpated, possible emergency
Predict the effects of a cancer stem cell in the bone marrow. How might a physician come to suspect a bone marrow cancer diagnosis from the results of a simple CBC?
Could affect white or red blood cells, which would cause alterations in the levels as detected in the CBC. Most likely, you would also encounter a high percentage of immature "blast" cells.
Sort the pathway of blood from the heart to the diaphragm.
Descending aorta parietal thoracic aorta superior phrenic arteries diaphragm
Discuss the structure of hemoglobin as an oxygen-carrying molecule. What specific disorders are the result of hemoglobin mutations, and how can they be identified/diagnosed using a CBC?
Hb consists of four chains, two alpha and two beta (in adult). Each chain contains a heme group capable of binding to oxygen. Mutations in Hb will often change the structure not just of Hb but also of the cell. Macrocytic anemia - identified by low Hb and increased MCV. Microcytic anemia - low Hb and decreased MCV as in thalassemia. Normocytic anemia - low Hb but normal MCV (might also be present in leukemia, as indicated by elevated WBC)
Incompatibility in blood transfusions remains a significant problem in medicine. Your patient is a woman with A- blood who requires regular blood transfusions. She is also interested in becoming pregnant at some point in the near future. Explain the process of blood typing and blood donation (e.g., antigens, antibodies, and compatibility) to help her determine who is a suitable donor and provide her with information about hemolytic disease.
Hemolytic disease of the newborn affects all Rh negative women, and most commonly would affect the second of two Rh positive children, since maternal antibodies against Rh would cross the placenta and attack fetal blood.Blood typing looks for antigens by relying on antibodies.Compatibility is based on the donors blood type, and whether or not they produce antibodies against the donated blood antigens.
List which veins you were able to identify in your patient using the Tourniquet Test. Reverse your roles so that both of you have the opportunity to take the tourniquet test for the location of veins commonly used in blood draws and intravenous catheter placement.
I was able to identify the cephalic vein, basilic vein, and median cubital vein using the Tourniquet Test.
Why is hemoglobin found inside red blood cells, instead of as a plasma protein?
If not encased in a RBC membrane, the Hb is rapidly cleared from the body by the kidney. Encasing the Hb within a cell allows for the environment inside the cell to be different than the environment outside the cell, improving the regulation of oxygen binding to Hb.
What would be the impact of an erythrocyte losing its biconcavity or flexibility?
Loss of biconcavity would reduce surface area for gas exchange, and negatively impact the physical properties of erythrocytes (flexibility, stackability, etc.).
Can a CBC be used to diagnose Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)?
Not really. HIV infects a specific type of lymphocyte (helper T cells). Since the entire population of lymphocytes only account for around one third of the total number of white blood cells, and because white blood cells are so lowly abundant to begin with, changes in the level of helper T cells are not easily detected by the CBC. In fact, the number of WBC on a CBC would likely appear normal. When interested in a specific population of leukocytes, a CBC with differential is often used instead. In any case, the most trusted method of HIV detection involves directly testing for viral proteins.
Look through the Biodigital animations on the compromises impacting arterial function and blood flow. Briefly discuss three facts that you learned from the animations.
Students should discuss various issues that may lead to compromise in the arterial wall and thereby compromise in blood flow. This includes but is not limited to (1) hypertension (acute or chronic) and (2) arterial wall compromise (various causes including clots, hardening of the wall due to accumulation of plaque).
Failure of the foramen ovale to close and become the fossa ovalis will cause what compromise to the circulatory system?
The failure to close will cause mixing of oxygen-rich blood and oxygen-poor blood.
Bombay blood is a rare blood disorder. Affected individuals are unable to make antigen H, a precursor that is required for the synthesis of Antigen A and Antigen B. What implications would the Bombay phenotype have on the ability to donate or receive blood? What happens if these individuals are blood typed following the procedure described above?
The inability to produce AB antigens would increase the compatibility as a donor. However, because they produce antibodies against antigen H, which is a precursor to A and B antigens, individuals with Bombay blood are very difficult to transfuse. They can only receive blood from other individuals with Bombay blood disorder.
Observe the prepared slide(s) of the artery and vein in cross-section. What are the structural differences between the artery and vein that allow you to distinguish them?
The middle tunic of the artery is significantly thicker than that of the vein allowing the artery to constrict and dilate producing a pulse.
Match the following blood types with the antigens expressed on the plasma membrane. Blood Type: a) Blood type A b) Blood type B c) Blood type AB d) Blood type O Antigens: A antigen and B antigen B antigen No antigens A antigen
a) A antigen b) B antigen c) A antigen and B antigen d) No antigens Blood type is determined by the antigens on the surface of red blood cells. Type A has A antigens, type B has B antigens, type AB has both A antigens and B antigens, type O has neither A antigens or B antigens.
Match the following blood types with the antibodies found in the plasma. Blood Type: a) Blood type A b) Blood type B c) Blood type AB d) Blood type O Antibodies: Anti-A and anti-B antibodies Anti-B antibody No antibodies Anti-A antibody
a) Anti-B antibody b) Anti-A antibody c) No antibodies d) Anti-A and anti-B antibodies Your blood plasma contains antibodies against whichever antigens (A or B) are not present on the surface of your red blood cells. Type A has anti-B antibodies, type B has anti-A antibodies, type Ab has neither of these antibodies, and type O has both of these antibodies.
Match each of the following results with the correct parameter from the complete blood count (CBC). Results: a) a patient has red blood cells that are abnormally large b) a patient is fighting an infection c) a patient is unable to clot her blood d) a patient does not have enough hemoglobin within her red blood cells e) a patient is not producing enough hemoglobin f) the size of a patient's red blood cells is not uniform CBC Parameters: hemoglobin (HGB) white blood cell count (WBC) mean corpuscular volume (MCV) red cell distribution width (RDW) mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) platelet count (PLT)
a) MCV b) WBC c) PLT d) MCHC e) HGB f) RDW MCV measures the average size of RBCs; white blood cells fight infection, platelets participate in clotting; Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration measures the concentration of hemoglobin per red blood cell; HGB measures the concentration of hemoglobin in the blood; RDW is a measure of the range of RBCs sizes.
Decide whether each of the following promotes clot formation or dissolution. a) endothelin b) ADP c) thrombin d) tPA e) fibrinogen f) Ca2+
a) formation b) formation c) formation d) dissolution e) formation f) formation Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is involved with the fibrinolytic pathway, that leads to clot dissolution. All the remaining listed factors are involved with the stages of hemostasis that lead clot formation.
Match the following terms with the fraction of blood in which they are located. Terms: a) erythrocytes b) globulins c) leukocytes d) ions e) albumins f) thrombocytes g) hormones Blood locations: formed elements plasma
a) formed elements b) plasma c) formed elements d) plasma e) plasma f) formed elements g) plasma
Classify the following leukocytes based upon their histology. Leukocytes: a) neutrophils b) basophils c) eosinophils Histology: nuclei have two lobes, stain dark blue nuclei have two lobes, stain red many-lobed nuclei, stain light purple
a) many-lobed nuclei, stain light purple b) nuclei have two lobes, stain dark blue c) nuclei have two lobes, stain red Neutrophil, eosinophils, and basophils are all granulocytes. Neutrophils can have 2-6 lobed nuclei and have small granules that stain a light purple. Eosinophils have bi-lobed nuclei and granules that stain red. Basophil nuclei are also bi-lobed, but are often obscured by large dark staining granules.
Classify the following leukocytes based upon their histology. Leukocytes: a) lymphocytes b) monocytes Histology: large U-shaped nuclei, stain blue and purple nuclei take up majority of cell volume, stain blue and purple
a) nuclei take up majority of cell volume, stain blue and purple b) large U-shaped nuclei, stain blue and purple Lymphocytes and monocytes are both agranulocytes. Lymphocytes have large nuclei that occupy most of the cell volume. Monocytes have smaller nuclei (relative to lymphocytes) that are U-shaped.
Match the following plasma proteins with one of their functions. Plasma protein: a) albumins b) globulins c) fibrinogens d) hormones Functions: 1) prevent fluid loss during injury 2) defend the body against foreign pathogens 3) serve as ligands for receptors throughout the body 4) prevent swelling and shrinkage of cells
a) prevent swelling and shrinkage of cells b) defend the body against foreign pathogens c) prevent fluid loss during injury d) serve as ligands for receptors Amongst the many functions of albumin is regulation of osmolarity; unregulated blood osmolarity would lead to uncontrolled osmosis into or out of blood cells. Immunoglobulins form the structural basis of antibodies and are essential to immune responses. Fibrinogens are important clotting factors. Hormones are signaling molecules that use the blood as a transport medium.
Decide whether each of the following promotes clot formation, inhibits clot formation, or promotes clot dissolution. a) plasmin b) tissue factor c) nitric oxide d) heparin e) protein C
a) promotes clot dissolution b) promotes clot formation c) inhibits clot formation d) inhibits clot formation e) inhibits clot formation Tissue factor promotes clot formation via the extrinsic pathway. Nitric oxide, heparin, and protein C are anticoagulants that inhibit clot formation. Plasmin promotes dissolution of the clot as part of the fibrinolytic pathway.
Classify the following leukocytes based upon their function. Leukocytes: a) neutrophils b) monocytes c) basophils d) eosinophils e) lymphocytes Functions: effective at fighting pathogens other than bacteria, regulate inflammation phagocytic cells, common outside of the bloodstream secrete hydrolytic enzymes, effective against bacteria responsible for attacking invading cells and antibody production do not attack foreign cells, regulate inflammation
a) secrete hydrolytic enzymes, effective against bacteria b) phagocytic cells, common outside of the bloodstream c) do not attack foreign cells, regulate inflammation d) effective at fighting pathogens other than bacteria, regulate inflammation e) responsible for attacking invading cells and antibody production
Vasoconstriction caused by hypertension will have which effect on the artery? a)A decrease in blood flow through the impacted artery. b)An increase in blood flow through the impacted artery. c)No change in blood flow on the impacted artery.
a)A decrease in blood flow through the impacted artery.
Which of the following is/are possible blood types of the children of an A+ mother and O+ father? Select all that apply. a)A+ b)O+ c)A-
a)A+
An Rh-positive man has a child with a Rh-negative woman. Their first child is normal, but their second child has hemolytic disease (Rh disease). The first child did not have hemolytic disease because ______. a)anti-Rh antibodies were not induced in the mother until the delivery of the first child b)the mother had a previous blood transfusion that protected the child against antibodies c)anti-Rh antibodies present in the mother were destroyed by the child's immune system d)the first child lacked the Rh antigens
a)anti-Rh antibodies were not induced in the mother until the delivery of the first child
The intrinsic pathway for coagulation is triggered ______. a)by blood contacting collagen b)by factor X c)by anti-ADP enzymes d)by tissue factor (factor III)
a)by blood contacting collagen
Which of the following would occur following a blood transfusion between an "AB+" donor and an "O+" recipient? a)hemolysis b)jaundice c)hemolytic disease d)nothing
a)hemolysis
Iron released from hemoglobin is transported through the blood by ______ to the ______. a)transferrin; bone marrow b)bilirubin; large intestine c)biliverdin; large intestine d)albumin; liver
a)transferrin; bone marrow
Which of the following are features of blood? Select all that apply. a. delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues to promote cellular respiration b. removes carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes from tissues c. easily changes pH and temperature to maintain homeostasis d. prevents fluid loss through clotting
a, b, c, AND d The blood does more than just transport respiratory gases, nutrients, and metabolic wastes. All of these are functions of the blood.
Blood is a component of which fluid compartment? a. extracellular fluid b. intracellular fluid c. interstitial fluid d. transcellular fluid
a. extracellular fluid Blood is an extracellular fluid. Intracellular fluid is inside cells, interstitial fluid surrounds cells inside tissues, and transcellular fluid is secreted by epithelial cells into the body's spaces and cavities.
In comparison to women, men have a ______ blood volume and _________ hematocrit. a. higher; higher b. higher; equal c. higher; lower d. lower; higher e. lower; equal f. lower; lower
a. higher; higher Blood volume is proportional to body size, so average values are higher in men than in women. Men also tend have a larger concentration of red blood cells, so their hematocrit is higher.
A 33-year old man was brought to the emergency room by his distraught wife. The physical examination revealed that the patient was pale and going in and out of consciousness, with dangerously low blood pressure. In speaking with his spouse, she related that he had come home from work, appearing to be fine, playing with their son, eating dinner, watching TV, and then getting ready for bed. It was then that he complained about not feeling well and collapsed. Lab work revealed an elevated level of reticulocytes (immature erythrocytes) with normal levels of lymphocytes. What do you think is wrong with this patient? a. internal bleeding b. severe anemia c. blood cancer d. blood sepsis (bacterial infection)
a. internal bleeding Reticulocytes are nearly mature erythrocytes released into circulation, which then mature into erythrocytes. An elevated level of reticulocytes is an indicator of increased erythropoiesis, occurring in response to blood loss.
When analyzing the CBC of someone with iron deficiency anemia, you would expect _______. a. mean corpuscular volume (MCV) to be low and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) to be low b. mean corpuscular volume (MCV) to be low and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) to be high c. mean corpuscular volume (MCV) to be high and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) to be low d. mean corpuscular volume (MCV) to be high and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) to be high
a. mean corpuscular volume (MCV) to be low and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) to be low Insufficient iron availability decreases synthesis of hemoglobin, so MCHC decreases. Less hemoglobin packed inside erythrocytes cause them to decrease in size, so MCV decreases.
Trace the pathway of blood from the heart to the external skull.
ascending aorta aortic arch brachiocephalic artery right common carotid artery right external carotid artery external skull
This question refers to the figure below. This individual's red blood cells would have antigens for __________. Select all that apply. a)A b)B c)Rh d)A and B
b)B
Which of the following statements is/are false? a)Women have a lower blood volume than men. b)Men have a lower concentration of formed elements in their blood. c)Testosterone inhibits erythropoietin (EPO).
b)Men have a lower concentration of formed elements in their blood. c)Testosterone inhibits erythropoietin (EPO).
This question refers to the below figure. This individual could receive blood from donors with __________. Select all that apply. a)blood type A b)blood type B c)blood type AB d)blood type O
b)blood type B
Hematocrit is the ratio of ______ to whole blood volume, and a normal value is ______. a)water; 90% b)erythrocytes; 45% c)erythrocytes; 90% d)cells; 55%
b)erythrocytes; 45%
The least abundant leukocyte is __________. a)basophils b)neutrophils c_monocytes d_lymphocytes
b)neutrophils
Which of the following is responsible for dissolving a blood clot? a)fibrin b)plasmin c)tissue factor d)thrombin
b)plasmin
In developing countries where it is common for the poor to survive on a single crop, e.g. unfortified rice, the incidence of pernicious anemia is much greater than in the United States. How would the mean corpuscular volume (MCV) of someone afflicted by pernicious anemia compare to that of someone who received ample B12 in his diet? a. MCV would be lower in the anemic individual b. MCV would be higher in the anemic individual c. MCV would be the same in both individuals
b. MCV would be higher in the anemic individual Abnormally large red blood cells are characteristic of megaloblastic anemias, including pernicious anemias. As MCV measures the average size of red blood cells, it would be higher in someone with pernicious anemia.
The shape of an erythrocyte is ________. a. spherical b. biconcave c. biconvex d. long and flat
b. biconcave Red blood cells are disc-shaped, but the edges are thicker than the middle. This is described as a biconcave disc.
Because of their unique shape, red blood cells _______________. Select all that apply. a. have a decreased surface to volume ratio b. flex as they navigate through narrow capillaries c. experience greater shear stress d. are able to "stack" their mitochondria
b. flex as they navigate through narrow capillaries c. experience greater shear stress The biconcave disc provides the red blood cell with a large surface are to volume ratio and gives it great flexibility; the increased flexibility allows it to withstand shearing forces. Red blood cell lack internal organelles (like mitochondria), providing more space for hemoglobin.
Place the following classes of leukocytes in order of increasing abundance. monocytes eosinophils neutrophils basophils lymphocytes
basophils eosinophils monocytes lymphocytes neutrophils Neutrophils (50-70%) and lymphocytes (25-40% are the most common types of leukocyte. Monocytes (4-8%) and eosinophils (2-4%) are less common. Basophils (<1%) are the least common type of leukocyte.
Match the pulse point to its location on the patient body.
brachial=arm femoral=thigh carotid=neck
Sort the blood vessels in the correct order from the starting point (aortic arch) to the endpoint (right internal carotid artery).
brachiocephalic artery right common carotid artery right internal carotid artery
Which of the following statements is true about fetal hemoglobin (FHb)? a)It is affected by the sickle cell mutation more severely than adult Hb. b)The affinity for oxygen is lower than in adult Hb. c)It contains alpha subunits.
c)It contains alpha subunits.
A man with O- blood, who has never had a blood transfusion, would most likely have all of the following circulating antibodies except __________. a)anti-A b)anti-B c)anti-D
c)anti-D
Which of the following types of leukocytes would not have granules in their cytoplasm? a)neutrophils b)eosinophils c)basophils d)monocytes
c)basophils
Erythropoietin (EPO) is released from __________. a)myeloid stem cells b)proerythroblasts c)kidneys d)leukocytes
c)kidneys
This question refers to the figure below. The most likely explanation for the symptoms this patient is experiencing would be ______. a)iron deficiency b)sickle cell disease c)vitamin B deficiency d)genetic mutations in Hb e)fluctuations in EPO
c)vitamin B deficiency
Two males volunteer to donate 50mL of blood, one is 6'2" and weighs 250lbs, the other is 5'5" and weighs 140 lbs. Assuming both are healthy, the hematocrit of the larger individual should be _________. a. higher b. lower c. the same
c. the same The larger male volunteer will have larger volume of blood overall. However, their hematocrits should be similar since this it is the percentage of blood volume occupied by erythrocytes, which account for 95% of the entire formed element fraction and more than 40% of the volume of whole blood.
When analyzing the CBC of someone with leukemia, you would expect which of the following to be true? a. white blood cell count (WBC) to be low and hematocrit (HCT) to be low b. white blood cell count (WBC) to be low and hematocrit (HCT) to be high c. white blood cell count (WBC) to be high and hematocrit (HCT) to be low d. white blood cell count (WBC) to be high and hematocrit (HCT) to be high
c. white blood cell count (WBC) to be high and hematocrit (HCT) to be low Leukemia is excessive production of white blood cells, so WBC will go up. Since the same population of hematopoietic stem cells is used during erythropoiesis, this may decrease production of red blood cell, so hematocrit will go down.
Place the veins in the correct order as they contribute to venous return back to the heart.
cardiac veins coronary sinus right atrium
watch the arteries with the abdominal region supplied. celiac trunk=stomach; liver; gall bladder; spleen; pancreas mesenteric arteries=small intestine renal arteries=kidneys lumbar arteries=posterior abdominal wall median sacral artery=sacrum and coccyx common illiac arteries=pelvic organs and lower limbs
celiac trunk=stomach; liver; gall bladder; spleen; pancreas mesenteric arteries=small intestine renal arteries=kidneys lumbar arteries=posterior abdominal wall median sacral artery=sacrum and coccyx common illiac arteries=pelvic organs and lower limbs
Match the veins with the body regions drained. common iliac veins=legs and pelvis lumbar veins=abdominal organs gonadal veins=testes or ovaries renal veins=kidneys hepatic veins=liver
common iliac veins=legs and pelvis lumbar veins=abdominal organs gonadal veins=testes or ovaries renal veins=kidneys hepatic veins=liver
Each hemoglobin molecule is able to bind ______ oxygen molecule(s). Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a)16 b)2 c)1 d)4
d)4
An abnormal increase in the number of red blood cells is called __________. a)microcytic anemia b)macrocytic anemia c)erythropenia d)polycythemia
d)polycythemia
Carbon monoxide ______. a)produces free radicals that denature Hb b)activates chemoreceptors, leading to an increase in respiration rate c)decreases the amount of oxygen dissolved in the blood d)prevents oxygen from binding to Hb
d)prevents oxygen from binding to Hb
How many oxygen molecules can one hemoglobin carry? a. 2 b. 1 c. 3 d. 4 e. 16
d. 4 Hemoglobin is a protein with aquaternary structure. It is composed of four subunits called globins. Each of the four globin subunits has a central heme group that binds to an oxygen molecule. Therefore, one hemoglobin molecule binds four oxygen molecules.
Biliverdin reductase is the enzyme responsible for biliverdin conversion. Individuals with biliverdin reductase deficiency might have decreased _______. a. biliverdin b. stercobilin c. heme d. bilirubin
d. bilirubin Biliverdin is a product of bile metabolism, so biliverdin reductase metabolizes biliverdin into bilirubin and stercobilin.
The Bohr effect __________. a. refers to the change in hemoglobin shape after binding oxygen b. is a decrease in hemoglobin affinity for oxygen caused by a basic pH c. is an increase in hemoglobin affinity for oxygen d. is a decrease in hemoglobin affinity for oxygen
d. is a decrease in hemoglobin affinity for oxygen Carbon dioxide does not bind competitively with oxygen because it does not bind to iron. However, the binding of carbon dioxide molecules (or protons that are formed from the dissociation of carbonic acid) to hemoglobin does promote oxygen release.
An 8-year-old boy with sickle cell syndrome is referred to the emergency room because of frequent blood infections, strep throat, and multiple viral illnesses over the past few months. A physical examination reveals a normal-looking young boy who is slightly underweight and has normal blood pressure. The physician orders an MRI examination of the thorax and peritoneal regions along with a blood workup. What do you expect to see in the MRI or the blood workup? a. damage to his liver b. increased blood levels of complement c. increased blood clotting factors d. no spleen
d. no spleen The spleen acts as a physical filter, removing damaged erythrocytes from the blood. In a patient with sickle cell syndrome, the excess levels of altered and damaged erythrocytes leads to a physical blockage of capillaries and arterioles in the spleen, leading to reduced oxygen and nutrients to splenic cells. This ultimately leads to a progressive loss of spleen tissue, until the spleen completely dies and is absorbed. The MRI would reveal the complete lack of the spleen - or asplenia. The spleen is a primary lymphatic organ and its loss would decrease the ability of the immune system to repel infections by bacteria and viruses.
This question refers to the figure below. Based upon these results, this patient most likely suffers from ______. a)macrocytic anemia b)microcytic anemia c)thalassemia d)polycythemia e)sickle cell anemia
e)sickle cell anemia
Place the following cells in order, starting with the most undifferentiated and ending with the most mature cell. proerythroblast orthochromatic erythroblast erythrocyte myeloid stem cell basophilic erythroblast hematopoietic stem cell reticulocyte polychromatic erythroblast
hematopoietic stem cell myeloid stem cell proerythroblast basophilic erythroblast polychromatic erythroblast orthochromatic erythroblast reticulocyte erythroblast During erythropoiesis hematopoietic stem cells divide and differentiate through a series of stages, culminating in the release of reticulocytes from red bone marrow. Reticulocytes then matures into erythrocytes.
Recommend a new treatment plan for patients with sickle cell disease.
it might be helpful to consider that SCD only affects the beta chain. Therefore, a genetic approach (e.g. fix the mutation in beta globin) would be appropriate. Current therapies sometimes involve re-expression of fetal hemoglobin, which does not contain beta chains.
List the blood vessels involved in the pathway that you would follow to navigate your RBC from the following starting point to the respective stopping point listed below. start point = right femoral veinstop point = right anterior cerebral artery
it would follow this pathway: right femoral vein → inferior vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery → lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta → brachiocephalic artery → right common carotid artery → right internal carotid artery → right anterior cerebral artery.
Place the following stages of neutrophil differentiation in order, starting with the most mature and ending with the most undifferentiated cell. myelocyte myeloid stem cell neutrophil promyelocyte neutrophilic band cell myeloblast
neutrophil neutrophilic band cell myelocyte promyelocyte myeloblast myeloid stem cell Hematopoietic stem cells differentiate into myeloid stem cells; once fated to become leukocytes they're now called myeloblasts. Myeloblasts become promyelocytes, then myelocytes,, then band cells, and finally the mature leukocyte (in this case a neutrophil).
Examine the prepared slide(s) and identify an artery and a vein. Sketch your observations.Compare your observations to the histology images provided for you in the figure below.
the artery is significantly thicker than that of the vein allowing the artery to constrict and dilate producing a pulse.
Sort the pathway of venous return from the upper limb to the heart. upper limb axillary vein subclavian vein brachiocephalic vein superior vena cava right atrium
upper limb axillary vein subclavian vein brachiocephalic vein superior vena cava right atrium
Sort the pathway of blood flow to the brainstem.
vertebral artery foramen magnum basilar artery brainstem
Propose an effective treatment for hemolytic disease of the newborn.
A potential treatment would involve preventing the fetal blood from crossing the placenta, or preventing the maternal immune system being activated. In practice, Rh negative women are administered an Anti-Rh antibody prophylactically.
