Topic 16

"It is doubtful that any child may reasonably be expected to succeed in life if he is denied the opportunity of an education. . . . To separate [students] from others of similar age and qualifications solely because of their race generates a feeling of inferiority . . . that may affect their hearts and minds in a way unlikely to be ever undone." —Chief Justice Earl Warren (1954) In this statement, Chief Justice Warren is referencing the Supreme Court's majority opinion in Plessy v. Ferguson. Brown v. Board of Education. Tinker v. Des Moines School District. McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents.

Brown v. Board of Education.

According to the information in the pie charts, it can best be inferred that the percent of the popular vote for "other" affected the electoral outcome. Kennedy won more states with large populations than Nixon. the nation as a whole leaned toward conservative positions in 1960. Nixon's loss in the electoral vote was too close to call.

Kennedy won more states with large populations than Nixon.

According to the information in this chart, which state saw the greatest percent increase in registered African American voters after passage of the Voting Rights Act? Arkansas Louisiana Mississippi South Carolina

Mississippi

Alan B. Shepard's accomplishment as the first American in space best symbolized a victory in the Cold War confrontation with the Soviet Union. an emphasis on math and science education in the nation's schools. a shift in economic priorities to increase spending on defense technologies. a strong relationship between NASA and allies in western Europe.

a victory in the Cold War confrontation with the Soviet Union.

The lunch counter "sit-ins" were meant to antagonize the restaurant owners. draw attention to segregation and challenge the law. provoke police intervention. bring racism to the public's attention.

draw attention to segregation and challenge the law.

"Integration . . . has been based on complete acceptance of the fact that in order to have a decent house or education, blacks must move into a white neighborhood or send their children to a white school. This reinforces the notion . . . that 'white' is automatically better and 'black' is by definition inferior." —"What We Want," 1966 In this statement, Stokely Carmichael is arguing for busing African American students to white schools. against the integration of schools. for economic advancement and better schools. in support of school desegregation.

for economic advancement and better schools.

The decision in Tinker v. Des Moines (1969), in which high school students sued after being suspended for wearing black armbands in protest against the Vietnam War, further defined the definition of cruel and unusual punishment under the Eighth Amendment. the right to due process of law under the Fifth Amendment. what constitutes peaceful assembly under the First Amendment. free speech in a publically funded institution under the First Amendment.

free speech in a publically funded institution under the First Amendment.

According to the chart, the Twenty-fourth Amendment was passed in order to facilitate racial integration in schools. allow better job opportunities to minorities. give the federal government more authority. increase participation in the political process.

increase participation in the political process.

The primary reason why the March on Washington was such an effective event in the modern civil rights movement was because the crowds at the Lincoln Memorial peacefully congregated without incident. Washington, D.C. public officials approved such a large political protest. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s speech passionately defended the civil rights movement. the significant media coverage increased public opinion in favor of legislation.

the significant media coverage increased public opinion in favor of legislation.

Critics of the Miranda v. Arizona decision opposed it because they thought it was too favorable to accused criminals. they believed accused criminals did not deserve state-appointed legal counsel. they thought the right to a speedy trial would impede the balanced legal process. they believed the legal system could not function properly without the testimony of the accused.

they thought it was too favorable to accused criminals.

The Equal Pay Act, sponsored by the Kennedy administration, aimed to benefit which working group most? African Americans Mexican Americans war veterans women

women

Which of the following is an example of nonviolent protest? Martin Luther King, Jr.'s speech before the MIA Rosa Parks's refusal to give up her bus seat the endorsement of the "Southern Manifesto" the NAACP's lobbying to make lynching a federal crime

Rosa Parks's refusal to give up her bus seat

"I heard all of this screaming and . . . somebody yelled, 'Oh God, they're killing us!' . . . And I looked and I saw the troopers charging us . . . swinging their arms and throwing canisters of tear gas. . . . Some of them had clubs and others had ropes and whips. . . . It was like a nightmare. . . . I just knew then that I was going to die." —Sheyann Webb Sheyann Webb is recalling a campaign to enact voting legislation that resulted in conflict on a bridge in Greenwood, MS. Little Rock, AR. Selma, AL. Washington, D.C.

Selma, AL.

"In the name of the greatest people that have ever trod this earth, I draw the line in the dust and toss the gauntlet before the feet of tyranny . . . and I say . . . segregation today . . . segregation tomorrow . . . segregation forever. The Washington, D.C. school riot report is disgusting and revealing. We will not sacrifice our children to any such type school system—and you can write that down. The federal troops in Mississippi could be better used guarding the safety of the citizens of Washington, D.C., where it is even unsafe to walk or go to a ballgame—and that is the nation's capitol. I was safer in a B-29 bomber over Japan during the war in an air raid, than the people of Washington are walking to the White House neighborhood. A closer example is Atlanta. The city officials fawn for political reasons over school integration and THEN build barricades to stop residential integration—what hypocrisy!" —Alabama Governor George Wallace, inaugural address, 1963 In his inaugural address, which opinion does Wallace present? Enforcing school integration is a good use of federal troops. Federal troops should be helping to enforce residential integration. The races should be separated in all aspects of public life. The federal government should fairly enforce laws throughout the country.

The races should be separated in all aspects of public life.

Which of the following is an indicator of the success of the Civil Rights movement in influencing government? Portions of the Voting Act of 1965 remain in effect. Lester Maddox was elected governor of Georgia. Thurgood Marshall was appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court. Martin Luther King, Jr. established the "Poor People's Campaign."

Thurgood Marshall was appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court.

"In some parts of the South we work in the fields from sunup to sundown for $12 a week. In Albany, Georgia, nine of our leaders have been indicted not by Dixiecrats but by the federal government for peaceful protest. But what did the federal government do when Albany's deputy sheriff beat attorney C. B. King and left him half dead? What did the federal government do when local police officials kicked and assaulted the pregnant wife of Slater King, and she lost her baby? It seems to me that the Albany indictment is part of a conspiracy on the part of the federal government and local politicians in the interest of expediency. The revolution is at hand, and we must free ourselves of the chains of political and economic slavery. The nonviolent revolution is saying, "We will not wait for the courts to act, for we have been waiting for hundreds of years. We will not wait for the President, the Justice Department, nor Congress, but we will take matters into our own hands and create a source of power, outside of any national structure, that could and would assure us a victory." —SNCC Chairman John Lewis, speech at March on Washington, August 28, 1963 In this speech, Chairman Lewis is sending the message that civil rights advocates cannot expect the federal government to promote justice. it is time to abandon nonviolent resistance as a means of protest. when segregation is abolished, circumstances will improve for all blacks. states' rights can work in favor of the civil rights movement as well as against it.

civil rights advocates cannot expect the federal government to promote justice.

This image represents a shift in the civil rights movement from tactics of nonviolence to militancy. civil rights to economic issues. integration to segregation. economic issues to desegregation.

civil rights to economic issues.

"...Thanks to the Justice Department [JD] case, the registration test had been simplified somewhat. Although it still included interpretation of a section of the Mississippi constitution, the registrar had to choose from 14 sections selected by the JD rather than the entire 286. However, it is still up to the registrar to decide whether the interpretation is correct or not, and the JD's brief has page after page showing tests carelessly written by almost illiterate whites who "passed" contrasted with meticulously accurate interpretations by educated Negroes who, of course, "failed." The names of all those who take the test are published in the local newspaper for 2 weeks, leaving them open to reprisals. But even against these formidable odds, many Negroes have gone to the courthouse time and time again, determined to take the test until they pass. Some have tried as many as a dozen times..." —Terri Shaw, "Freedom Summer Recollections," 1964 in the early 1960s, voter literacy tests were impossibly difficult for many people to pass. African Americans and other minorities were given different voter literacy tests. voter literacy tests were discouraging to many illiterate Southern whites. politicians used voter literacy tests to disqualify African Americans from voter registration.

politicians used voter literacy tests to disqualify African Americans from voter registration.

"[W]hen you suddenly find your tongue twisted and your speech stammering as you seek to explain to your six-year-old daughter why she can't go to the public amusement park that has just been advertised on television, and see tears welling up in her eyes when she is told that Funtown is closed to colored children. . . . Then you will understand why we find it difficult to wait." —Martin Luther King, Jr., "Letter From Birmingham Jail," 1963 In this excerpt from his letter, King is arguing that segregation will not go away on its own. in most cases "separate" is far from being "equal." nonviolent resistance is the only path to racial equality. segregation must end immediately.

segregation must end immediately.

n the space race between the United States and the Soviet Union, the two countries struggled to be the first to send a satellite into orbit. send a human being into orbit. send a human being to the moon. send an unmanned craft to the moon.

send a human being to the moon.