Topic 5
What is the combined gas law equation?
(P1V1) / T1 = (P2V2) / T2
What is the molar volume of a gas at STP?
1 mole of gas = 22.4 L at STP
Because of their _____ and _____ motion, different gases ____ together very quickly
Because of their RANDOM and FAST motion, different gases MIX together very quickly
These pressure-volume relationships are expressed by ....?
Boyle's Law (P1V1 = P2V2)
Boyle's Law shows a ____ relationship between ____ and _____
Boyle's Law shows an INVERSE relationship between PRESSURE and VOLUME. This means as pressure increases, volume decreases. On the contrary, if pressure decreases, volume increases.
Boyle's Law would mention that when the gas in a cylinder is compressed at constant pressure, the gas pressure ______ as the volume ______
Boyle's Law would mention that when the gas in a cylinder is compressed at constant pressure, the gas pressure INCREASES as the volume DECREASES.
Gay-Lussac's Law demonstrates a ______ relationship.
Gay-Lussac's Law demonstrates a DIRECT relationship. This means that as the Temperature (T) increases, Pressure (P) also increases. Also, as temperature (T) decreases, pressure (P) also decreases.
Gay-Lussac's law states that the ______ of a gas is directly related to its ________, provided the ________ of the gas remain the same
Gay-Lussac's law states that the PRESSURE of a gas is directly related to its ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE, provided the VOLUME AND NUMBER OF MOLES of the gas remain the same
If the container filled with gas is compressed, the number of gas particles within the container stay the _____, but the number of collisions _____ as the volume of the container ______. Hence, by decreasing the volume, this would result in the total amount of pressure to ______.
If the container filled with gas is compressed, the number of gas particles within the container stay the SAME, but the number of collisions INCREASES as the volume of the container DECREASES. Hence, by decreasing the volume, this would result in the total amount of pressure to INCREASE.
List the properties of gases In a gas, the particles are ______, have _____ attraction for each other, and move at ______ speeds.
In a gas, the particles are FAR APART, have LITTLE attraction for each other, and move at EXTREMELY HIGH speeds.
List the properties of liquids In a liquid, the particles move _____ in _____ directions but are attracted to each other enough that a _____ volume is maintained.
In a liquid, the particles move SLOWLY in RANDOM directions but are attracted to each other enough that a DEFINITE volume is maintained.
In an ideal gas, particles are considered to interact only when they _______, with no loss in _________ occurring during the collision. Studying ideal gases allows for simplifications, such as Gay-Lussac's law.
In an ideal gas, particles are considered to interact only when they COLLIDE, with no loss in ENERGY OR SPEED occurring during the collision. Studying ideal gases allows for simplifications, such as Gay-Lussac's law.
In any of the gas laws, including the Ideal Gas Law (PV=nRT), Temperature (T) always has to be in ____ while the n-value always has to be in ______
In any of the gas laws, including the Ideal Gas Law (PV=nRT), Temperature (T) always has to be in KELVIN (K) while the n-value always has to be in MOLES
Define "Amount"
In chemistry, the amount of substance n in a given sample of matter is defined as the quantity or number of discrete atomic-scale particles in it divided by the Avogadro constant NA
In contrast, when 2 lumps of clay collide, the collision is ______? What does this mean?
In contrast, when 2 lumps of clay collide, the collision is INELASTIC. THE KINETIC ENERGY OF THE COLLIDING BODIES DISSIPATES IN THE FORM OF HEAT DURING THE COLLISION.
In the kinetic molecular theory of gases, gas particles are in _____ motion and move ____ in straight lines
In the kinetic molecular theory of gases, gas particles are in CONSTANT motion and move RAPIDLY in straight lines
In the kinetic molecular theory of gases, the attractive or _____ forces between the molecules are usually _______
In the kinetic molecular theory of gases, the attractive or REPULSIVE forces between the molecules are usually VERY SMALL
In the kinetic-molecular theory of gases, at high temperatures, particles of a gas tend to move _________ and collisions between them are ______.
In the kinetic-molecular theory of gases, at high temperatures, particles of a gas tend to move RAPIDLY and collisions between them are ELASTIC.
The kinetic molecular theory of gases is a ____ that helps us to understand the ______.
The kinetic molecular theory of gases is a MODEL that helps us to understand the BEHAVIOR OF GASES.
give the explanation that explains why you can smell popcorn or onion from across the room
The movement of gases at high speeds in random motions explains why you can smell the aroma of popcorn or cooking onions from across the room.
List the properties of solids The particles are arranged in a ____ position and their only movement is to ______?
The particles are arranged in a FIXED position and their only movement is to VIBRATE SLOWLY IN THEIR FIXZED POSITIONS
The pressure _______ as you decrease the volume. Pressure also increases with increasing ______. So in this case, volume and temperature both take part in increasing the ______
The pressure INCREASES as you decrease the volume. Pressure also increases with increasing TEMPERATURE. So in this case, volume and temperature both take part in increasing the PRESSURE
Define "Atmospheric Pressure"
The pressure exerted by the weight of the atmosphere, which at sea level has a mean value of 101,325 pascals (roughly 14.6959 pounds per square inch). The air around you has weight, and it presses against everything it touches. That pressure is called atmospheric pressure, or air pressure. It is the force exerted on a surface by the air above it as gravity pulls it to Earth. Atmospheric pressure is commonly measured with a barometer.
Every time that gas particles hit the walls of the container, they exert ______
pressure (measured with a gauge)
List the properties of solids solids have a definite...?
shape and volume
Define "Volume"
the amount of space that a substance or object occupies, or that is enclosed within a container, especially when great.
Define "Temperature"
the degree or intensity of heat present in a substance or object, especially as expressed according to a comparative scale and shown by a thermometer or perceived by touch.
Charles's law states that ...?
the volume of a gas is directly related to the absolute temperature when there is no change in the pressure or amount of gas:
TRUE OR FALSE: gas particles move to fill the size and shape of the container
true
True or false: Gas particles are in constant motion and move rapidly in straight lines
true
True or false: Gases behave much differently from liquids and solids
true
true or false: An encounter between 2 particles in the kinetic-molecular theory is more like the collision between 2 pool balls (hard repulsive objects) than the collision between 2 lumps of clay (soft, little to no repulsion).
true
List the properties of gases A gas does _____ have a _____ shape or volume and therefore takes the shape and volume of ....?
A gas does NOT have a DEFINITE shape or volume and therefore takes the shape and volume of THE CONTAINER
A gas, behaving ideally, fills a fixed pressure and temperature container at a volume V1 and number of moles n1n1. The number of moles of the container is changed to n2. Using Avogadro's, Charles', or Boyle's law, develop an expression that would be used to solve for the new volume V2. A) V1/n1=V2/n2 B) n1/V1=V2/n2 C) V1/n2=V2/n1 D) V1n1=V2n2
A) V1/n1=V2/n2
In the kinetic-molecular theory of gases, the assumption is made that gas molecules________. A) move rapidly in random directions B) move with a kinetic energy equal to their Kelvin temperature C) are close together in their container D) are attracted to each other by strong forces
A) move rapidly in random directions
Air pressure ______ as you move higher into the atmosphere. The _____ in pressure encourages the volume of the balloon to ______ by quite a bit, whereas the drop in temperature will encourage some ______ in the volume. So in this case, the pressure and temperature play ______ roles in affecting the volume.
Air pressure DECREASE as you move higher into the atmosphere. The DECREASE in pressure encourages the volume of the balloon to INCREASE by quite a bit, whereas the drop in temperature will encourage some DECREASE in the volume. So in this case, the pressure and temperature play OPPOSITE roles in affecting the volume.
All pressure-volume-temperature relationships for gases can be combined into a single relationship known as the ________. This expression can be used when looking at the effect of changes in two of these variables on the third as long as the ________ remains constant. To use the combined gas law properly, you must always express the temperatures in _______.
All pressure-volume-temperature relationships for gases can be combined into a single relationship known as the COMBINED GAS LAW. This expression can be used when looking at the effect of changes in two of these variables on the third as long as the AMOUNT OF GAS (NUMBER OF MOLES) remains constant. To use the combined gas law properly, you must always express the temperatures in KELVINS.
An increase in volume allows the gas particles to be _____. This results in a ______ in pressure.
An increase in volume allows the gas particles to be FURTHER APART. This results in a DECREASE in pressure.
Another assumption in the kinetic molecular theory of gases is that actual volume occupied by the gas molecules is ______ to the volume that the _______. The volume of the gas is _____ to the volume of the container. Most of the volume is ______.
Another assumption in the kinetic molecular theory of gases is that actual volume occupied by the gas molecules is EXTREMELY SMALL to the volume that the THE GAS OCCUPIES. The volume of the gas is EQUAL to the volume of the container. Most of the volume is EMPTY SPACE
As demonstrated by the hard, pool balls, when the 2 particles collide, they may exchange _____, but there is no _______
As demonstrated by the hard, pool balls, when the 2 particles collide, they may exchange ENERGY, but there is no OVERALL LOSS OF ENERGY (ALSO, THE PARTICLES HAVE NO 'STICKINESS', AND THEY ARE NOT DEFORMED BY THE COLLISION) THIS DEMONSTRATES AN ELASTIC COLLISION
List the properties of solids At a molecular level, ______ hold the particles close together
At a molecular level, STRONG ATTRACTIVE FORCES hold the particles close together
At higher temperatures, gas particles hit the walls of the container _____ and with _____, producing ______ pressures.
At higher temperatures, gas particles hit the walls of the container MORE OFTEN and with MORE FORCE, producing HIGHER pressures. (THIS WOULD RESULT IN THE BALLOON EXPANDING AND INCREASING IN SIZE)
Which of these containers is most likely filled with a gas? A) Mason-like jar with 20 blue circles representing particles not moving at bottom of the jar B) Mason-like jar with 20 particles moving in straight lines hitting the sides of the jar C) Mason-like jar with 20 particles moving randomly in the bottom of the jar
B) Mason-like jar with 20 particles moving in straight lines hitting the sides of the jar (Option B, because the particles are moving rapidly in straight lines, and fill the volume of the container)
Boyle's law states that the volume of a gas is ________ proportional to the pressure applied on the gas at ______ temperature. As you increase the applied pressure, the volume of the gas _______ accordingly.
Boyle's law states that the volume of a gas is INVERSELY proportional to the pressure applied on the gas at CONSTANT temperature. As you increase the applied pressure, the volume of the gas DECREASES accordingly. Mathematically, P∝1/V or V∝1/P. We can summarize this as P=k/V or V=k/P, where k is the proportionality constant. Thus, PV=constant
A gas, behaving ideally, has a pressure P1 and at a volume V1. The pressure of the gas is changed to P2. Using Avogadro's, Charles', or Boyle's law, develop an expression that would be used to solve for the new volume V2. A) P1V2=P2V1 B) V1/P1=V2/P2 C) P1V1=P2V2 D) P1/V1=P2/V2
C) P1V1=P2V2
Which of the following is NOT part of the kinetic-molecular theory of gases? A) Gas particles do not attract or repel one another B) A gas is composed of very small particles C) There is very little empty space in a gas D) Gas particles move very rapidly.
C) There is very little empty space in a gas
Charles's Law is a ______ relationship
Charles's Law is a direct relationship. This means that if temperature increases, volume also increases. On the contrary, if temperature decreases, volume also decreases.
Container with moveable pistol is initially under 200K and is at 1 L. If the temperature increases to 400 K....to maintain a _____ pressure, the volume of the container must also _____ to ____L
Container with moveable pistol is initially under 200K and is at 1 L. If the temperature increases to 400 K....to maintain a CONSTANT pressure, the volume of the container must also DOUBLE to 2 L
Dividing through by the pressure, we see that volume is _____ related to the ________ of the pressure.
Dividing through by the pressure, we see that volume is LINEARLY related to the RECIPROCAL of the pressure (V = 1/P) --> Boyle's Law.
Know which values are exact and which are measured: 1 atmospheric pressure (1 atm) = 760 millimeters of mercury (760 mmHg) = 760 Torr = 29.9 inches of mercury (29.9 in. Hg) = 101 325 Pascal (101 325 Pa) = 101.325 kilopascal (101.325 kPa)= 14.7 pounds per square inch (14.7 lb/in.² or 14.7 psi)
EXACT: 1 atmospheric pressure (1 atm) = 760 millimeters of mercury (760 mmHg) = 760 Torr MEASURED: = 29.9 inches of mercury (29.9 in. Hg) = 101 325 Pascal (101 325 Pa) = 101.325 kilopascal (101.325 kPa)= 14.7 pounds per square inch (14.7 lb/in.² or 14.7 psi)
List the properties of gases Gases (like helium) fill the ______ volume of the balloon
Gases (like helium) fill the ENTIRE volume of the balloon
Define the Kinetic Theory of Gases
Kinetic theory of gases is a theoretical model that describes the molecular composition of the gas in terms of a large number of submicroscopic particles which include atoms and molecules. Further, the theory explains that gas pressure arises due to particles colliding with each other and the walls of the container. The kinetic theory describes a gas as a large number of submicroscopic particles (atoms or molecules), all of which are in constant, random motion. The rapidly moving particles constantly collide with each other and with the walls of the container
List the properties of liquids Liquid has a _____ volume but not a ______ shape
Liquid has a DEFINITE volume but NOT a DEFINITE shape
Lower temperature = _____ volume And Higher temperature = _______ volume
Lower temperature = SMALLER volume And Higher temperature = LARGER volume
One assumption in the kinetic molecular theory of gases is that a gas consists of _______ that move _______ with ______ velocities. The particles are constantly moving through space in _____. The gas particles exert _____ when they ____ with the walls of the container
One assumption in the kinetic molecular theory of gases is that a gas consists of SMALL PARTICLES (EITHER ATOMS OR MOLECULES) that move RANDOMLY with HIGH velocities. The particles are constantly moving through space in STRAIGHT LINES. The gas particles exert PRESSURE when they COLLIDE with the walls of the container
What is the formula for Gay-Lussac's law?
P1/T1 = P2/T2
What is the formula equation for Boyle's Law?
P1xV1 = P2xV2 P x V = Constant (temperature constant)
Since most of the volume is empty space, gases are easily _____. Essentially, this means that the volume of the gas can be _____ under pressure.
Since most of the volume is empty space, gases are easily COMPRESSED. Essentially, this means that the volume of the gas can be REDUCED under pressure.
Standard temperature and pressure (STP) are considered to be ____ K and ______atm.
Standard temperature and pressure (STP) are considered to be 273 K and 1.0 atm.
Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP)
Standard temperature and pressure (STP) are standard sets of conditions for experimental measurements to be established to allow comparisons to be made between different sets of data. Standard temperature and pressure (STP) refers to the nominal conditions in the atmosphere at sea level. These conditions are 0 degrees Celsius and 1 atmosphere (atm) of pressure. A temperature of 273 K and a pressure of 1.00 atm
The ________ explains the behavior of gases
The KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY OF GASES explains the behavior of gases
If a balloon is filled with helium gas at a partial pressure of 1.0 atm. How would the balloon look if the temperature is decreased from 200K to 100K? Explain why
The balloon would shrink in size. This is due to the fact that the helium molecules would move more slowly and with less energy. With the decrease in temperature, the gas particles would hit the sides of the balloon with less force resulting in a smaller balloon.
What is R in the Ideal Gas Law?
The constant
The final assumption in the kinetic molecular theory of gases, is that the average kinetic energy of gas molecules is _____ to the temperature in ______. In other words, the gas particles move _____ as the temperature ______
The final assumption in the kinetic molecular theory of gases, is that the average kinetic energy of gas molecules is PROPORTIONAL to the temperature in KELVIN. In other words, the gas particles move FASTER as the temperature INCREASES
What is the formula equation for Charles's Law?
V1/T1 = V2/T2
Predict which of the following changes will cause the volume of the balloon to increase or decrease assuming that the temperature and the gas filling the balloon remain unchanged: Balloon filled with helium at STP is submerged under water where the pressure is 1.25 atm
Volume decreases (1.0 --> 1.25 atm)
Predict which of the following changes will cause the volume of the balloon to increase or decrease assuming that the temperature and the gas filling the balloon remain unchanged: Balloon filled with helium under water at STP floats into the atmosphere where the pressure is 0.5 atm
Volume increases (1.0 atm --> 0.5 atm)
Predict which of the following changes will cause the volume of the balloon to increase or decrease assuming that the temperature and the gas filling the balloon remain unchanged: Balloon filled with helium under water at 1.15 atm is released and floats to the surface, which is at STP
Volume increases (1.0 atm --> 1.15 atm)
Predict which of the following changes will cause the volume of the balloon to increase or decrease assuming that the temperature and the gas filling the balloon remain unchanged: Balloon filled with helium at STP floats into air where the pressure equals 1 atm.
Volume is unchanged (still at 1.0 atm)
You may have observed Boyle's law in action if you have seen a syringe being filled. When the stopper is pulled back, the volume in the syringe _______, which causes a ______ in pressure within the tube. This pressure change can be used to pull liquid into the tube.
You may have observed Boyle's law in action if you have seen a syringe being filled. When the stopper is pulled back, the volume in the syringe INCREASE, which causes a DECREASE in pressure within the tube. This pressure change can be used to pull liquid into the tube
The kinetic molecular theory of gases consists of...?
a series of assumptions that account for the observed properties of gases.
What is a barometer?
an instrument measuring atmospheric pressure, used especially in forecasting the weather and determining altitude
Atmospheric pressure is commonly measured with a ______
barometer
According to the kinetic-molecular theory, the collision of one particle with another (or with the walls of its container) is _____
completely elastic
Define "Pressure"
continuous physical force exerted on or against an object by something in contact with it.
List the properties of liquids Liquids takes the shape of...?
its container