Topic 9

Most of the war had taken place in the South.

"It seemed...as if I had been away only a day or two and had just taken up...where I had left off." —Union soldier, on returning home at the end of the Civil War Which of the following factors contributed to the experience described by this soldier?

In Georgia and South Carolina, sharecropping was more common in inland areas than coastal areas.

. What pattern can you find in sharecropping as shown on this map?

It insists that all citizens are equal before the law.

According to Justice Harlan in the following excerpt, how does the legal system view discrimination according to the Constitution? But in view of the Constitution, in the eye of the law, there is in this country no superior, dominant, ruling class of citizens. There is no caste here. Our Constitution is color-blind, and neither knows nor tolerates classes among citizens. In respect of civil rights, all citizens are equal before the law. —Justice John Harlan, dissenting opinion, Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

permitted southern legislatures to pass black codes.

According to the criticisms of Radical Republicans shown in this table, Andrew Johnson's Reconstruction plan

New methods were found to prevent African Americans from voting.

According to the following excerpt, what happened after the Fifteenth Amendment was passed? It was the 15th Amendment, ratified in 1870, which finally gave African Americans the right to vote. It states that the right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. In practice, however, it took almost 100 more years and the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 to remove barriers such as poll taxes, literacy tests, and intimidation that prevented African Americans and other people of color from freely exercising their right to vote. Note that the 15th Amendment makes no mention of sex. It was not until the passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920 that women were explicitly given the vote. —America'sLibrary

most of the railroad tracks in the South had been destroyed.

After the war, transportation in the South suffered most because

agriculture

Based on the graph, which industry's decline would hurt the southern economy the most?

education

In which of the following areas did Reconstruction have the most positive effect?

gave Congress too much control over southern states.

Read the following excerpt: Even after the Emancipation Proclamation, two more years of war, service by African American troops, and the defeat of the Confederacy, the nation was still unprepared to deal with the question of full citizenship for its newly freed black population. The Reconstruction implemented [put into use] by Congress, which lasted from 1866 to 1877, was aimed at reorganizing the Southern states after the Civil War, providing the means for readmitting them into the Union, and defining the means by which whites and blacks could live together in a nonslave society. The South, however, saw Reconstruction as a humiliating, even vengeful imposition [annoyance] and did not welcome it. During the years after the war, black and white teachers from the North and South, missionary organizations, churches and schools worked tirelessly to give the emancipated population the opportunity to learn. Former slaves of every age took advantage of the opportunity to become literate. Grandfathers and their grandchildren sat together in classrooms seeking to obtain the tools of freedom. According to the text, many southerners disagreed with Reconstruction because it

The Dred Scott decision declared that African Americans were not citizens, so the amendment defined citizenship to include them.

Reread the following paragraph from the text about the Fourteenth Amendment: Republicans feared that the Supreme Court might use its power of judicial review to declare the Civil Rights Act unconstitutional. In the Dred Scott decision of 1857, the Court had ruled that African Americans were not citizens. To avoid a similar ruling, Republicans proposed the Fourteenth Amendment. It defined citizens as "all persons born or naturalized in the United States." (The amendment did not apply to most Native Americans.) It guaranteed citizens "equal protection of the laws" and forbade states to "deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law." Thus, states could not legally discriminate against a citizen on unreasonable grounds, such as race. The Fourteenth Amendment was proposed in 1866. According to this passage, how did the Dred Scott decision help inspire the Fourteenth Amendment?

The state would have less political power.

Reread the following passage from the text about the Fourteenth Amendment: Under the Fourteenth Amendment, any state that denied any male citizen age 21 or older the right to vote would have its representation in Congress reduced. Republicans believed that freedmen would be able to defend their rights if they could vote. Republicans hoped the impact of the amendment on life in the United States would be to secure basic political rights for African Americans in the South. That goal would take a century to achieve. What would happen if a state refused to comply with the Fourteenth Amendment?

working to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment

Reread the following passage from the text: Radical Republicans had two main goals. First, they wanted to break the power of wealthy planters who had long ruled the South. Second, they wanted to ensure that freedmen received the right to vote. They used legislative reforms, or changes in laws, to achieve their goals. Which of the following is an example of how Radical Republicans sought to achieve their goals?

Other countries were growing the same crops by then.

Reread the following passage from the text: When the war ended and southern farmers returned to the market, they faced much greater competition from foreign producers, resulting in lower prices according to the laws of supply and demand. Meanwhile, the war had destroyed many of the South's cities and factories. Southern planters had lost their enslaved workers, who were often planters' main investment. The South had little money to invest in industry. As a result, it remained dependent on farming at a time when farming brought less income. Why was southern agriculture less profitable after the Civil War?

Reconstruction Acts.

This image of the South Carolina legislature illustrates the impact of the

The end of Reconstruction hurt Republicans in South Carolina.

What happened in 1876 that caused the dramatic change shown on this graph?

It provided education to people of all ages.

Which of the following conclusions about the Freedman's Bureau is best supported by the illustration?

a supporter of Radical Reconstruction

Which of the following most likely describes the perspective of the person who made this illustration? Which of the following most likely describes the perspective of the person who made this illustration?

too lenient

Which of the following phrases might a Republican congressman have used to describe President Johnson's Reconstruction plans?

Scalawags were southerners.

Which of the following was a key contrast between scalawags and carpetbaggers?

the cooperation of moderate Republicans

Which of the following was most helpful in advancing the Reconstruction reforms of Radical Republicans in Congress?

a cycle of debt

Which shared problem caused by the sharecropping system best completes the diagram?

They disagreed over plans for Reconstruction

Why did Republicans in Congress attempt to impeach President Andrew Johnson?

to support Radical Reconstruction

Why did southern states adopt literacy tests, poll taxes, and grandfather clauses?