Topic Test 11
A. evaluate the solution B. analyze the solution C. monitor the solution's progress D. implement the solution
Implement the solution
Evaluating the solution is the last step of the problem solving process. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F
True
The symbols used in language have no direct relationship between the word and the object or idea. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F
True
Anthony needs to buy a new phone, so he narrows down the list of possible phones by eliminating those that don't meet certain criteria. Which strategy is Anthony most likely using? A. fast and frugal heuristic B. elimination by aspects strategy C. theory of bounded rationality D. additive strategy
elimination by aspects strategy
Researchers have identified precisely 4,500 languages in the world. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F
false
There are 26 phonemes in the English language, one for each letter of the alphabet. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F
false
There is strong empirical support indicating that learning two languages interferes with effective cognitive development. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F
false
Working backwards is an example of using an algorithm to solve problems. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F
false
The ability to learn new words after being exposed to it once is __________. A. overregularization B. telegraphic speech C. underextension D. fast mapping
fast mapping
When a person's first language affects the pronunciation and grammatical pattern of the second language, it is called __________. A. underextension B. bilingualism C. linguistic interference D. overregularization
linguistic interference
The hypothesis that language shapes thought is known as __________. A. interactionist theory B. linguistic relativity C. language acquisition device D. nativist theory
linguistic relativity
John was asked to solve a series of six math problems. He was able to solve the first five problems using a specific sequence of operations. John got stuck on the sixth problem because the solution he used before did not work. John is most likely experiencing __________. A. mental set B. functional fixedness C. divergent thinking D. undirected thinking
mental set
Becoming aware of the multiple meanings of spoken or written language, such as recognizing metaphors and sarcasm, is __________. A. fast mapping B. multiple word comprehension C. metalinguistic awareness D. semantic awareness
metalinguistic awareness
The tendency to have more confidence in judgment and decisions than one should, based on probability or past experience is __________. A. belief bias B. overconfidence C. confirmation bias D. the availability heuristic
overconfidence
A child who says, "My toy car breaked," or "I runned up the hill," is demonstrating __________. A. overextension B. telegraphic speech C. overregularization D. fast mapping
overregularization
The smallest distinctive sound units in a language that an individual can distinguish are __________. A. semantics B. phonemes C. morphemes D. syntaxes
phoneme
In the decision-making process, the last step is to __________. A. brainstorm options B. analyze each option C. select the option D. eliminate options
select the option
__________ refers to the set of rules concerned with understanding the meaning of words and word combinations. A. Denotation B. Connotation C. Semantics D. Etymology
semantics
The rules of language dictating how phrases and sentences are constructed refers to the __________ property of language. A. generative B. structured C. symbolic D. random
structured
Semantics deals with understanding the meaning of __________ and __________. A. speech units . . . language structure B. words . . . word combinations C. language rules . . . development D. language skills . . . development
words... word combinations
The heuristic that allows one to see the problem from a different perspective and is most effective if there is a specific endpoint is __________. A. finding analogies B. hill climbing C. working backwards D. trial and error
working backwards
Which of the following statements about language is true? A. Languages have a set of rules that determine how sentences can be written. B. Language is structured and dictates which words can represent ideas. C. Only half of the world's languages have a set of rules or a set structure. D. The structure of a language is meant to limit the creation of unique phrases.
A
Which problem solving strategy looks at every possible alternative and could take a very long time? A. hill climbing B. algorithm C. trial and error D. working backwards
Algorithm
All of the following are parts of the second step (analyzing the solution) except __________. A. gathering information about the problem B. generating a variety of solutions C. distinguishing fact from opinion D. evaluating the cause of the problem
B
Some researchers suggest that primates are able to do all of the following except __________. A. master rules of syntax B. learn sign language C. create simple sentences D. comprehend spoken words
A
What should one do after the solution has been implemented? A. Monitor the solution's progress and make corrective adjustments if needed. B. Analyze and evaluate the solution's success by asking the Five W questions. C. Create a plan of action, detailing how the solution should be followed. D. Use the brainstorming process to create new and innovative solutions.
A
When does the confirmation bias occur? A. When an individual only researches information that is consistent with personal beliefs. B. When an individual only makes a decision after all perspectives have been evaluated. C. When an individual becomes more confident in one's judgments after researching alternative perspectives. D. When an individual believes that the odds of an event occurring increase if the event hasn't occurred recently.
A
Which of the following statements concerning bilingualism is not correct? A. Research indicates that bilingualism has serious negative effects on language development. B. Research indicates that bilingualism enhances cognitive processing. C. Laws that reduce the availability of bilingual education programs have led to increased controversy over bilingualism. D. Bilingualism is more common in Europe than in the United States.
A
The inability to see a problem from a new perspective is __________. A. functional fixedness B. fixation C. mental set D. undirected thinking
B
Which of the following statements is true about prairie dogs? A. Prairie dogs have a specific call to indicate the intelligence of the predator. B. Prairie dogs vary their call depending on the characteristics of a predator. C. Prairie dogs vary their call only when their community is out of danger. D. Prairie dogs have one basic call that indicates the presence of predators.
B
Erica and Ryan are both taking a linguistics class in which their professor was discussing how the words "spinach" or "heart" could have been used to represent the idea of "love." They are most likely discussing the __________ property of language in their class. A. generative B. symbolic C. structured D. generational
B. symbolic
Individuals who have difficulty using a tool for anything other than its proper use may have difficulty solving a problem due to __________. A. experiencing mental set B. imposing unnecessary constraints C. experiencing functional fixedness D. focusing on irrelevant information
C
Mark is 6'4, weighs 200 pounds, and is very muscular. People who think that Mark is more likely to be a football player than an engineer are victims of __________. A. the recognition heuristic B. confirmation bias C. the representativeness heuristic D. belief bias
C
Which of the following examples best illustrates functional fixedness? A. Adam needs to keep the door open, so he uses his psychology book as a door stop. B. Trey wants to nail a poster up in his room, so he uses his shoe as a hammer. C. Julie lost her earring back, so she throws the earring away instead of using a pencil eraser. D. Morgan uses a wrench as a paper weight while she writes her essay for psychology outdoors.
C
Which of the following statements is true about animal communication? A. Most researchers agree that animals lack the ability to communicate. B. Most research shows that animal brains are not equipped to communicate. C. Most researchers agree that animals have the capacity to communicate. D. Most research shows that animals have to be taught how to communicate.
C
The belief that the odds of two events occurring together are greater than the odds of either event occurring alone is the __________. representativeness heuristic gambler's fallacy availability heuristic conjunction fallacy
D
Which of the following cognitive skills have not been displayed by animals? A. using tools B. forming concepts C. transmitting culture D. using syntax
D
A representativeness heuristic involves making a prediction about an event based on how different it is from the norm. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F
False
Adults are less affected by functional fixedness than younger children. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F
False
B. F. Skinner claimed that the nativist theory accurately explains the process of language development. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F
False
Confirmation bias is the tendency to solve problems using one specific approach, even if other ways might be better. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F
False
Convergent thinking utilizes creativity to generate possible solutions. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F
False
Evaluating alternative options and choosing one option among them is called the theory of bounded rationality. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F
False
Humans are the only animals capable of communication. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F
False
Primates are able to acquire language about as fast as speaking children can. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F
False
Reproductive thinking produces solutions that are novel and creative. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F
False
The availability and representativeness heuristics are not useful and should be entirely avoided. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F
False
The mean length of utterance (MLU) decreases with age. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F
False
The only modes of communication are through the spoken and written word. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F
False
Underextension in language occurs when a child incorrectly uses one word to describe other objects or actions that are similar to that word. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F
False
ndividuals tend to make decisions with the elimination-by-aspects strategy as choices become more simple. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F
False
In relation to potato chips, consumers respond better to advertisements that describe them as being 75 percent fat free than having 25 percent of fat. This illustrates the concept of __________. A. flip-flopping B. loss aversion C. framing D. risky decision making
Framing
According to the __________ theories, nature and nurture are both important to language development. A. behaviorist B. nativist C. evolutionary D. interactionist
Interactionist
Which of the following statements about language is true? There is a direct relationship between a specific word and the object or idea it represents. All the languages in the world are symbolic except for Asian languages. Languages use spoken sounds, written words, and signs to represent ideas and events. The symbols in a language are fixed and can have only one meaning.
Languages use spoken sounds, written words, and signs to represent ideas and events.
__________ was a nativist theorist who believed that individuals were born with an innate device or process that assisted in language development. A. B. F. Skinner B. Noam Chomsky C. Herbert Simon D. Steven Pinker
Noam Chomsky
Which type of thinking uses creativity and yields solutions that are original and creative? A. directed B. undirected C. reproductive D. productive
Productive
A word's meaning consists of denotation and connotation. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F
T
Once beliefs are formed, it often takes stronger evidence to change them than it did to create them. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F
T
Overregularization of words is a common error among children. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F
T
A word's meaning consists of denotation and connotation. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F
True
Belief bias may cause one to make invalid conclusions seem valid or vice versa. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F
True
Fast and frugal heuristics allow one to make quick decisions with limited information. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F
True
Focusing on irrelevant information can negatively impact the ability to reason and problem solve effectively. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F
True
How an issue is framed has an effect on decision making. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F
True
Humans are able to recognize about 100 basic phonemes. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F
True
One barrier to problem solving is the tendency to impose constraints that don't exist. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F
True
Research indicates that individuals often assume that all numerical information included in a problem should contribute to the solution. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F
True
Research indicates that infants can distinguish more phonemes from languages all over the world than adults. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F
True
Some researchers assert that the evolution of language is a result of natural selection. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F
True
What heuristic estimates the probability of something occurring based on how easily one recalls relevant occurrences of the event? representativeness expected value subjective utility availability
availability
Daniel has decided to drive to work instead of taking the bus because of a recent publicized bus crash that has caused him to overestimate the incidence of such disasters. His decision is most likely being influenced by the __________. A. confirmation bias B. availability heuristic C. overconfidence effect D. representativeness heuristic
availability heuristic
The ability to alternate between languages during a conversation, such as, "I like los dulces," is __________. A. overextension B. bilingualism C. code switching D. underextension
code switching
A __________ is an effort or strategy to achieve a goal or a solution to a problem that is not readily apparent. A. concept B. schema C. subgoal D. prototype
concept
Recent scientific research was released about global warming and climate change. Both defendents and opponents of the theory of global warming saw the information as supporting their own beliefs. Both sides fell victim to __________. A. availability heuristic B. loss aversion C. confirmation bias D. belief bias
confirmation bias
The tendency to search for information until finding something that matches one's own feelings is referred to as _________ . A. confirmation bias B. overconfidence C. belief bias D. belief perseverance
confirmation bias
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful is __________. A. creativity B. insight C. fixation D. cognition
creativity
When individuals attempt to use old strategies that do not work when solving new problems, they are __________. focusing on irrelevant information inferring unnecessary constraints experiencing functional fixedness experiencing mental set
experiencing mental set
All languages are comprised of the same phonemes. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F
false
An algorithm is a guiding rule used to solve problems or make decisions. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F
false
Morphemes are the smallest distinctive sound units in a language. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F
false
Having a lot of choices when making a decision could cause someone to __________. A. feel underwhelmed B. choose exactly what they want C. feel post-decision regret D. be completely happy with one's choice
feel post-decision regret
How many phonemes are there in the word "dogs"? A. four B. three C. two D. one
four
Losing 50 dollars may affect one's level of happiness more than winning 50 dollars. This illustrates the concept of __________ aversion. A. loss B. preference C. risk D. decision
loss
The smallest units in a language that carry meaning, such as "the," are called __________. A. phonemes B. semantics C. grammar D. morphemes
morphemes
Problem solving is an active effort to attain a goal that is __________. A. physically but not cognitively attainable B. impossible to solve C. not readily attainable D. easily attainable
not readily attainable
The use of spoken sound and written words to represent objects, ideas, and events refers to the __________ property of language. A. generative B. structured C. symbolic D. random
symbolic
Roxanne's Italian teacher was talking about how adjectives are placed after the noun, unlike in English. The teacher is instructing the students in the __________ of Italian.
syntax
__________, which varies among languages, is the set of rules for arranging words into sentences. A. Semantics B. Phonology C. Syntax D. Phonetics
syntax
A child who says, "Give cookie," rather than "Will you give me a cookie?" is demonstrating __________. A. underextension B. telegraphic speech C. overregularization D. fast mapping
telegraphic speech
The English language has about 40 distinct phonemes. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F
true
How many morphemes are there in the word "bats"? A. one B. two C. three D. four
two
Risky decision making occurs when an individual makes a decision __________. A. among preferences B. under uncertain conditions C. based on a known outcome D. by eliminating unwanted outcomes
under uncertain conditions
When a child uses the word "cat" to refer to the family cat but not any other cats, __________ occurs. underextension overextension telegraphic speech overregularization
underextension
When one uses intermediate steps or tasks to reach a goal, he or she is using the heuristic strategy of __________. A. trial and error B. working backwards C. using subgoals D. problem representation
using subgoals
