Toxicology Final Exam

Stores bile

gall bladder

Filtering unit of the nephron

glomerulus

Functional unit of the liver that stores macromolecules

hepatocyte

Traps large particulates (greater than 10 um)

nasopharynx

Functional unit of the kidneys for removing waste

nephron

Area in kidney that reabsorbs ions, amino acids, conjugates

proximal tubule

First writings of chemicals used for hunting and warfare

Ebers Papyrus

Established the Food and Drug Administration

Theodore Roosevelt

Student of Aristotle who studied poisonous plants

Theophrastus

First law to combat poisoning in Rome

Lex Cornelia

Wrote the Treatise in Poisons and Their Antidotes

Maimonides

Performed autopsy and chemical analyses to prove poisonings

Orfila

Stated that the dose determined a poison from a remedy

Paracelsus

Related DDT with egg shell thinning in various species of birds

Rachel Carson

Wrote Silent Spring

Rachel Carson

Which of the following statements BEST characterizes synergism? a. Synergism occurs if two chemicals with a similar action, when given together, produce an effect that is greater in magnitude than the sum of the effects when the chemicals are given individually. b. Synergism occurs if a xenobiotic that lacks an effect of its own increases the effect of a second, active xenobiotic. c. Synergism occurs if two chemicals with the same effect, when given together, produce an effect that is equal in m

a. Synergism occurs if two chemicals with a similar action, when given together, produce an effect that is greater in magnitude than the sum of the effects when the chemicals are given individually.

The following are organs involved in pre-systemic elimination EXCEPT: a. brain b. kidney c. lungs d. liver

a. brain

The main function of the alveoli include: a. exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide b. removing particulates greater than 10 um c. capturing particulates by secreting mucus d. all choices are correct

a. exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

The following processes determine how much a chemical reaches its target site except: a. exposure b. tissue distribution c. metabolism by liver d. excretion

a. exposure

The blood/brain barrier prevents toxicants from entering the brain due to: a. tight junctions b. proteins present in the blood c. vesicles to trap toxicants d. abundance of pores between cells

a. tight junctions

Structure in lungs to allow gas exchange

alveoli

Metabolism or transformation of a chemical by an organism to detoxify usually include: a. converting to a more lipophilic compound than the parent compound b. converting to a more hydrophilic compound than the parent compound c. storing the compound d. increasing ability to pass cell membranes

b. converting to a more hydrophilic compound than the parent compound

Fibrosis involves the deposition of the following: a. growth factors b. extracellular matrix c. antibodies d. none of the above

b. extracellular matrix

The organ with the ability to biotransform chemicals and is the first organ to be exposed after absorption is: a. kidney b. liver c. brain d. lungs

b. liver

Translational science involves: a. technical and legal team setting rules for product approval b. researchers, clinicians, healthcare providers to assess drug efficacy c. team of computer scientists developing mathematical models d. none of the above

b. researchers, clinicians, healthcare providers to assess drug efficacy

The main function(s) of the liver include: a. gas exchange b. storage of clotting factors c. reabsorption of water d. none of the above

b. storage of clotting factors

Which best describes the fate of Sars-Cov-2 virus when inhaled? a. the virus quickly is trapped by the cilia present in the trachea b. the virus enters the alveoli c. the virus get trapped in the mucus of the nasopharyngeal area d. none of the above

b. the virus enters the alveoli

Drug safety is regulated by the following government entity: a. EPA b. USDA c. FDA d. FBI

c. FDA

What is the difference between LC50 and LD50? a. they are identical b. LC refers to the concentration in the body c. LD refers to the dose in the body d. LC refers to 50% mortality while LD refers to 50% alive

c. LD50 refers to the dose in the body

Who was instrumental in the establishment of the EPA? a. Theodore Roosevelt b. Rachel Delaney c. Richard Nixon d. Paracelsus

c. Richard Nixon

Systemic toxicity usually involves: a. distribution to immediate site of exposure only b. site of first contact c. absorption d. all of the above

c. absorption

The following are all true about the DOSE except: a. the occurrence of a chemical-induced biological effect is due to the dose b. the intensity of a chemical-induced biological effect is due to the dose c. animal models always serve as good predictors of human responses d. not all chemical-induced biological effects are harmful

c. animal models always serve as good predictors of human responses

The following type of interaction involves two agents that interfere with each other, reducing toxicity: a. synergism b. potentiation c. antagonism d. subtraction

c. antagonism

The fate of all toxicants once absorbed include the following EXCEPT: a. toxicity b. excretion c. bioactivation d. storage

c. bioactivation

The following are common liver injuries EXCEPT: a. retention of fats b. scarring c. blood pressure dysregulation d. fibrosis

c. blood pressure dysregulation

One difference between necrosis and apoptosis pathologically is: a. cells deplete ATP in apoptosis b. inflammation present in apoptosis c. cells swell in necrosis while shrink in apoptosis d. cells shrink during necrosis, forming membrane-bound fragments

c. cells swell in necrosis while shrink in apoptosis

There is an abundance of the following enzymes in the liver that assist in detoxifying by serving as oxidases: a. albumin b. glutathione c. cytochrome p450 enzymes d. cytokines

c. cytochrome p450 enzymes

Caffeine is considered a xenobiotic because it: a. has specific receptors in the human body and therefore, is very toxic. b. is produced in the human body and therefore is endogenous. c. is produced outside of the human body and therefore is considered foreign. d. has effects only on the nervous system.

c. is produced outside of the human body and therefore is considered foreign.

Macrophages function by: a. serving as metabolizers b. increasing secretion of toxicants to the exterior of the cell c. phagocytosis of toxicants d. inhibition of ATP synthesis

c. phagocytosis of toxicants

The Delaney Clause is an amendment that ensured that the following were banned: a. illegal drugs b. harmful insecticides c. potential carcinogens d. harmful cosmetics

c. potential carcinogens

Toxicology may be defined as the study of: a. the degradation of biological warfare agents. b. the cost of toxicity testing. c. the adverse effects of chemicals on living systems. d. the regulation of chemicals in the home.

c. the adverse effects of chemicals on living systems.

Collects and concentrates urine

collecting duct

The following is an example of a chemical that has a toxic effect when there's too little in the body or when there's too much in the body, i.e. the dose response is a U-shaped curve: a. water b. vitamin A c. aspirin d. a & b only

d. a & b only

The following xenobiotics target the lungs EXCEPT: a. carbon monoxide b. silica c. SARS-Cov-2 d. alcohol

d. alcohol

The following xenobiotics target the lungs EXCEPT: a. silica b. carbon monoxide c. sulfur dioxide d. alcohol

d. alcohol

Cirrhosis results from: a. inflammation b. severe scarring c. deposition of excess collagen d. all of the above

d. all of the above

The fate of chemicals once released to the environment include: a. lakes b. air c. farm land d. all of the above

d. all of the above

The following are the types of functions that toxicologists perform: a. determine risk associated with chemicals b. ensure food is safe c. ensure drugs are safe d. all of the above

d. all of the above

The following is considered a type of chemical that is potentially toxic: a. copper b. water c. oxygen d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Xenobiotics can be stored by: a. binding to adipose tissue b. binding to plasma protein c. binding to liver enzymes d. all of the choices are correct

d. all of the choices are correct

Your skin allows entry of xenobiotics through? a. the sebaceous glands b. sweat glands c. hair follicles d. all of the choices are correct

d. all of the choices are correct

Molecular targets of xenobiotics are usually NOT: a. proteins b. lipids c. nucleic acids d. carbohydrates

d. carbohydrates

An example of in vivo toxicity testing include: a. cultured animal cells b. testing DNA interactions c. generating computer models d. exposing animals to various doses of a chemical

d. exposing animals to various doses of a chemical

Factors that determine the likelihood of a toxic response include the following EXCEPT: a. lipophilicity of the chemical b. route of exposure c. age of the organism exposed d. hydrophilicity of the chemical

d. hydrophilicity of the chemical

Xenobiotics are excreted via the following EXCEPT: a. kidney as excreted in urine b. skin as excreted in sweat c. mouth as excreted in saliva d. lungs as excreted in blood

d. lungs as excreted in blood

Biotransformation reactions generally produce a product that is: a. more likely to distribute intracellularly. b. more likely to cause more damage. c. more lipophilic than the original chemical. d. more hydrophilic than the original chemical.

d. more hydrophilic than the original chemical.

Particles approximately 20 um in diameter typically deposit in the: a. alveolus b. bronchus c. trachea d. nasopharyngeal region

d. nasopharyngeal region

Common functions of the kidneys include the following EXCEPT: a. activating hormones to regulate blood pressure b. secrete erythropoietin c. regulate calcium d. produce bile

d. produce bile

The following type of exposure exposes the organism to a xenobiotic for up to a month: a. chronic b. sub-chronic c. acute d. subacute

d. subacute

Lipophilic chemicals are potentially toxic because of the following EXCEPT: a. they are persistent b. they bioaccumulate c. they bioactivate d. they convert to hydrophilic substances

d. they convert to hydrophilic substances

Reabsorbs water and ions in kidneys

distal tubule

Secretes saliva and enzymes to start digestion of food

salivary glands

Incident that shed light on species specificity of drugs and teratogenicity

thalidomide