Toxicology Q1
Xenobiotics
Chemical compound and it can be drug, pesticides, carcinogen or any chemical compound that is usually foreign to a living organism
Emetine and Strychnine
Magendie discovery
Toxin
refers to toxic substances that are produced by biological systems such as plants, animals, fungi, or bacteria
Antagonism
when two chemicals administered together inter ere with each other's actions or one interferes with the action of the other Interfere with others action
Toxicant
toxic substances that are produced by or are a by-product of human activities
Percival Pott
§ first report of polyaromatic hydrocarbon carcinogenicity § Recognized the role of soot
Dioscorides
- Made the first attempt at classifying poisons as plant, animal and mineral in his book DE MATERIA MEDICA which contains references to some 600 plants
Theoprastus
- Student of Aristotle - Included numerous references to poisonous plants in his famous writing DE HISTORIA PLANTARUIM
Mechanistic Toxicologist
- identifies the cellular, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms by which chemicals exert toxic effects on living organisms - Useful in the design and production of safer chemicals and in rational therapy for chemical poisoning and treatment of disease.
Descriptive Toxicologist
-Concerneddirectlywithtoxicitytesting oProvideinformationforsafetyevaluationand also regulatory requirement o TheyarelikepartoftheFDA
Tolerance
A state of decreased responsiveness to a toxic effect of a chemical resulting from prior exposure to that chemical or a structurally related chemical
Hippocrates
Added a number of poisons and clinical toxicology principles pertaining to bioavailability in therapy and overdosage
Catherine de Mecici
Carefullynotingtherapidityoftoxicinstants (onsets of action), the effectiveness of the compound (potency), the degree of response of the parts of the body (specificity and site of action) and the complaints of the victim (clinical signs and symptoms)
Side effect
Expected side effect in the pharmaceutical drug. It is always associated with therapeutic effects
Maimonides
Famous writings: TREATISE ON POISONS AND THEIR ANTIDOTES (Describe the subject of bioavailability, noting that milk, butter and cream could delay intestinal absorption. )
Archiv fur Toxicologie
First journal of experimental toxicology
King Mithridates VI of Pontus
Hedrunkregularlyamixtureofcompaction (includes 36 ingredients) to protect him from assassination. Their kingdom was captured by the enemies he drank a poison to protect himself but it failed because of his successful antidote concoction.
Functional antagonism
Occurs when two chemicals counterbalance each other by producing opposite effects on the same physiologic unction.
Paracelsus
On the Miner's Sickness and Other Diseases of Miners
"All substances are poisons; there is none that is not a poison. The right dose differentiates a poison from a remedy"
Paracelsus quote
Forensic toxicologist
Primarily focused on the medico legal on the harmful effects of chemical in humans and animals o Therefore they are the one who conduct autopsy on the poison victims o Hybrid of analytic chemistry and fundamental toxicologic principles
Orfila
Starts the Forensic toxicology - he used autopsy material and chemical analysis systemically as a Legal proof of poisoning
Toxicology
Study of adverse effects of xenobiotics on the living systems (in animals and also in human)
Book of Job
The arrows of the Almighty are in me, my spirit drinks in their poison; God's terrors are marshaled against me.
Maimonides
Treatise or make dissertations on the treatment of poisoning from the Insects, snakes and Mad dogs
Xenobiotics
chemical substance found within an organism that is not naturally produced or expected to be present within the organism
Clinical toxicology
concerned with disease cause by uniquely Toxic agents are classified depending on the interests and needs of the classifier. These agents may be discussed in terms of their target organs, use, source, and effects or manifestation to the victim TOXIN o refers to toxic substances that are produced by biological systems such as plants, animals, fungi, or bacteria o May be classified of their physical state, chemical stability or reactivity, general chemical structure, or poisoning potential o Toxic substances that are produced by biological systems such as plants, animals, fungi TOXICANT o toxic substances that are produced by or are a by-product of human activities o Toxic substances that are synthetically produced by human activity (pesticides, insecticides) associated by toxic substance. They focused more on identifying the disease such as manifestation of signs and symptoms for a o particular toxic substance
Environmental Toxicology
focused on the impact of different chemical pollutants on the environment especially in biological organisms
Idiosyncratic reaction
genetically determined abnormal reactivity to a chemical
Allergic reaction
immunologically mediated adverse reaction to a chemical resulting from previous sensitization to that chemical or to a structurally similar to a chemical that you are exposed to
Regulatory Toxicologist
involved in the establishment of standards or the amount of chemicals permitted in foods, drugs, ambient air, industrial atmospheres, and drinking water o directly involve with the FDA o Responsibility for deciding on the basis of data provided by descriptive and mechanistic toxicologist
Additive effect
most commonly observed when two chemicals are given together occurs when the combined effect of two chemicals is equal to the sum the effects of each agent given alone
Adverse effect
not common, Unexpected, undesirable effect. Not all patient is automatic can feel adverse effect
Dispositional antagonism
occurs when the absorption biotransformation, distribution, or excretion of a chemical is altered so that the concentration and/or duration of the chemical at the target organ are diminished
Synergistic effect
occurs when the combined effects of two chemicals are much greater than the sum of the effects of each agent given alone
Receptor antagonism
occurs when two chemicals that bind to the same receptor produce less of an effect when given together than the addition of their separate effects or when one chemical antagonizes the effect of the second chemical
Ebers papyrus
one of the oldest known writings - contains information pertaining to many recognized poisons, including hemlock, aconite, opium and metals such as lead, copper and antimony.
Potentiation
one substance does not have a toxic effect on a certain organ or system but when added to another chemical makes that chemical much more toxic
Copeland Bill in U.S
response to a tragic consequences of acute kidney failure after taking sulfanilamide in glycol solutions
Chemical antagonism
simply a chemical reaction between two compounds that produces a less toxic product
Developmental Toxicology
the study of adverse effects on the developing organism that may result from exposure to chemical or physical agents before o conception (either parent), during prenatal development, or postnatally until the time of puberty
Reproductive Toxicology
the study of the occurrence of adverse effects on the male or female reproductive system that may result from exposure to chemical or physical agents
Oswald Schmiedeberg
• Published much of the early work on the toxicity of narcotics, methanol, glycerol, acrolein, and chloroform. • Trained many students who later become toxicologist and pharmacologist around the globe
