Tree Structure/Function/Anatomy

Angiosperm Xylem Structure

-Build Vessel Xylem -Larger diameter -Susceptible to cavitation -Faster water transport -Not present in Boreal regions

Gymnosperm Xylem Structure

-Builds Tracheid Xylem -Smaller in diameter -Less Susceptible to Cavitation -Slower water transport

Heartwood

-Dead xylem tissue found at the center of the tree -Functions as support

Secondary Plant Growth

-Expansion of stem and roots -Only woody plants have this growth

Phloem

-Food conducting tissue -Found in the inner most layer of the bark in trees

Pneumataphores (Knees)

-Found in Riparian forests -Grow out of lateral roots

Ectomycorrhizae

-Less common, easier to see -Found typically on gymnosperms

Sapwood

-Living tissue found outside heartwood -Transports water as it's living xylem

Endomycorrhizae

-Most common mycorrhizae -Hyphae directly penetrate cortical cells

Shoots

-Part of plant responsible for CO2 assimilation

Cambium-meristematic region

-Produces Xylem inwardly and phloem outwardly -As tree grows cambium grows through division of new cells -Sapwood and heartwood are both xylem

Course Roots

-Roots that anchor tree to the ground -Store some carbohydrates and nutrients

Lateral Roots

-Roots that extend laterally to explore soil for nutrients

Primary Plant Growth

-Shoot elongation (All plants have primary growth)

Mycorrhizae

-Symbiotic relationship between root and fungi -All plants appear to have this for survival -Plant provides carbohydrates while fungus helps plant absorb nutrients and water from soil -Plants can't take up pure nitrogen so fungus degrades nitrogen into nitrate and ammonia

Decurrent Tree Canopy

-Terminal shoots does not maintain apical dominance over lateral shoots -Common in Deciduous trees -Common in lower altitudes

Excurrent Tree Canopy

-Terminal shoots exert apical dominance over lateral shoots -Common in conifers -Better at expelling snow and ice -Common in N. altitude

Sun leaves

-Top of canopy -Smaller and more lobed to prevent overheating

Xylem

-Transports water -Divided into live tissue (Sapwood) and dead tissue (Heartwood)

Fine Roots

-Water and nutrient absorption -Most occur in 30cm of soil -Growth occurs when ground is not frozen and damp

apical bud

A bud at the tip of a stem, where growth occurs to lengthen the stem. terminal bud on a stem

conifer

A gymnosperm, or naked seed plant, that produces cones. cone-bearing tree or other plant that has its seeds in a structure called a cone

axillary bud

A structure that has the potential to form a lateral shoot, or branch. The bud appears in the angle formed between a leaf and a stem. bud in the axil of a leaf; lateral bud

Parenchyma

Fundamental tissue composed of thin-walled living cells that function in photosynthesis and storage.

carbohydrate

Main source of energy, compound, combining carbon and water, produced by plants during photosynthesis

transport longitudinally

Movement of water and photosynthate through the xylem and phloem longitudinally.

CODIT

The defense by which trees react to invasion where trees compartmentalize the area that is decaying

Ring porous

Trees like Elm, Oak, and Ash that form wide vessels early in the season and narrower vessels later.

anthocyanins

Water soluble pigments located in the vacuole that give red, purple, blue and pale yellow colors to berries, grapes, apples, red cabbage, radishes, eggplant

carotenoids

What is responsible for the yellow-orange coloration of leaves in the fall?

symbiosis

a mutually beneficial association of two different types of living organisms Any relationship in which two species live closely together

reaction zone

a natural boundary formed by a tree to separate wood infected by disease organisms from healthy wood; important in the process of compartmentalization Walls 1-3: strong chemically but weak structurally

sink

a plant part toward which carbohydrates and nutrients move from a source

mycorrhizae

a symbiotic association between a fungus and the roots of a plant Association between a fungus and plant roots

palms

any of several species of tropical and subtropical, monocotyledonous trees and shrubs When providing a scalp massage, use the length of the fingers, fingertip balls, and the cushions of the:

abscission zone

area at the base of the petiole where cellular breakdown leads to leaf drop

branch collar

area where a branch joins another branch or trunk created by the overlapping xylem tissues

adventitious buds

arise from any part other than terminal, lateral or latent buds or stems, buds that arise from a place other than a leaf axil

epicormic

arising from dormant or adventitious buds Buds that lie under the bark of some plants.

included bark

bark that becomes embedded in a crotch between branch and trunk or between codominant stems and causes a weak structure

tap root

central, vertical root that grows right below the trunk; growth of the tap root is often restricted or diverted Have one large primary root; found mostly in dicots

apical dominance

condition in which the terminal bud inhibits the growth and development of lateral buds on the same stem

cuticle

cutin or waxy leaf layer which prevents water loss, waxy layer outside the epidermis of a leaf

osmosis

diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane from a region of higher water potential to a region of lower water potential Movement of water

sinker roots

downward-growing roots that take up water and minerals; most are in the top 12 inches (30 centimeters) of soil Roots that grow downward off the lateral roots providing anchorage and increasing the depth of soil exploited.

tracheid

elongated, tapering xylem cell, adapted for structural support and transport of water and dissolved nutrients Which type of xylem cell dies at maturity, leaving a hollow tube water can freely flow through? hollow plant cell in xylem tissue with thick cell walls that resist pressure

fiber

elongated, tapering, thick-walled cell that provides strength

absorbing roots

fine, fibrous roots that take up water and minerals; most of them are within the top 12 inches (30 centimeters) of soil

photosynthate

general term for the products of photosynthesis chemical compound which is a product of photosynthesis

chlorophyll

green pigment of plants, found in chloroplasts; it captures the energy of the sun and is essential in photosynthesis

tropism

growth movement or variation of a plant as a response to an external stimulus such as light and gravity growth in response to a stimulus

turgidity

in a plant cell, the level of hydration. A turgid cell is fully hydrated to a normal state of distension. Stiffness of the plant due to water * Crispness due to water pressure in a plan

phototropism

influence of imbalanced or unequal lighting on one side of a plant on the direction of plant growth A plant's response to light

heartwood

inner, nonfunctional xylem tissues that provides structural support in the trunk of trees and frequently resistance to fungal decay and insects due to high content of extractives such as gums and resins No longer transports but provides support

cambium

layer(s) of meristematic cells that give rise to the phloem and xylem and allow for diameter increase in a tree

cork cambium

living cells of bark that produce new cork cells, meristematic tissue from which cork and bark develop to the outside

sieve cells

long, slender phloem cells in gymnosperms One type of cell that makes up phloem that actually carries out the transport The cells in the phloem that actually transport food

xylem

main water- and mineral-conducting tissue in trees and other plants; provides structural support and becomes wood after lignifying The vascular tissue through which water and nutrients move in some plants Transports water

apical

meristems at the tips of stems and roots, having to do with the tip

radial transport

movement of substances in a tree perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the tree One city dominates entire network

translocation

movement of sugars in the phloem The process by which organic substances move through the phloem of a plant

ray

narrow band of tissue, usually parenchyma cells, that extend radially across the xylem and phloem of a tree A part of a line that has one endpoint and goes on forever in one direction.

compartmentalization

natural process of defense in trees by which they wall off decay in the wood

lenticel

opening in the bark that permits the exchange of gas a small pore that allows air to enter a stem are for gas exchange or "breathing" but unlike stomata are always open.

sapwood

outer wood in a cross section of a tree trunk involved in transport of water and minerals lighter, still functioning xylem closest to cambium Layer of functioning Xylem right outside Heartwood. Where water transport occurs.

guard cells

pair of cells that regulate the opening and closing of a stomate due to a change in water content open and close stomata

companion cells

parenchyma cells associated with sieve tube members make up phloem vessels, along with sieve tube elements

ring porous

pattern of wood development in which the large-diameter vessels are concentrated in the earlywood Trees like Elm, Oak, and Ash that form wide vessels early in the season and narrower vessels later.

diffuse porous

pattern of wood development in which the vessels are distributed evenly throughout the annual ring Trees like Maple and Poplar the produce uniform vessels throughout the season

drip line

perimeter of the area under a tree delineated by the crown An imaginary line on the ground described by the outermost branches of a tree.

geotropism

plant growth produced as a response to the force of gravity; it can be positive as in the roots, or negative as in the shoots Response to gravity

auxin

plant hormone or substance that promotes or regulates the growth and development of plants; it is produced at sites where cells are dividing, primarily in the shoot tips

cytokinin

plant hormone produced in growing roots and in developing fruits and seeds, plant hormone involved in cell division a plant hormone produced in root tips

gymnosperm

plant in which the ovules are not enclosed in an ovary, but instead occur on the upper surface of the cone scales. After fertilization the cone scales close to allow development of the seed. "Naked seeds", such as pine cones and other conifers.

source

plant part that produces carbohydrates; mature leaves are sources

phloem

plant vascular tissue that conducts photosynthates and other organic compounds; situated between the bark and the vascular cambium

respiration

process by which carbohydrates are converted to carbon dioxide and water with the release of energy in a form useable for physiological processes in trees and other plants Inhalation and exhalation of air.

differentiation

process in the development of cells in which they become specialized for various functions

tyloses

protrusions from parenchyma cells that enter xylem vascular cells when those cells become inactive or injured

growth rings

rings of xylem, usually one produced each year, visible in a cross section of the trunk and branches of most trees annual layers from trees or shells

decurrent

rounded or spreading growth habit of the crown of a tree

lateral roots

side-branching roots that grows horizontally branch roots Roots coming off of the primary root

node

slightly enlarged portion of a stem where leaves and buds arise A point along the stem of a plant at which leaves are attached.

bud

small lateral or terminal protuberance on the stem of a plant that may develop into a flower or shoot; undeveloped flower or shoot

stomata

small pores between two guard cells on leaves and other green plant parts through which gases are exchanged Small openings on the underside of a leaf through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move

chloroplast

specialized organelle found in some cells; the site of photosynthesis

sieve tube members

specialized phloem cells involved in photosynthate transport found in angiosperms phloem cells contain cytoplasm

vessels

stacked, tubelike, water-conducting cells in the xylem

dormant

state of reduced physiological activity in the organs of a plant Inactive; in a state of suspension; sleeping

antitranspirant

substance sprayed on plants to reduce water loss through the foliage

terminal bud

the bud on the end of a twig or shoot The location from which a tree grows in length bud at tip of a stem responsible for terminal growth allows the stem to grow in length

latewood

the denser, smaller-celled portion of an annual growth ring formed during the latter part of a growing season xylem formed late in growing season (summer/fall), slower growth, more dense

earlywood

the less dense, larger-celled portion of an annual growth ring formed during the early part of a growing season Rings grow during spring

photosynthesis

the process in green plants (and in some bacteria) by which light energy is captured in the chemical bonds of organic compounds produced from water and carbon dioxide

internode

the region of the stem between two successive nodes The portion of a plant stem between two nodes. Region of the stem between two nodes

petiole

the stalk or support axis of a leaf the slender stem that supports the blade of a leaf

parenchyma cells

thin-walled, living cells essential in photosynthesis and storage ground tissue cells that have small vacuoles, and thin walls and cytoplasm

branch bark ridge

top area of a tree's crotch where the growth and development of the two adjoining limbs push the bark into a ridge

excurrent

tree growth habit with pyramidal crown and a central leader

deciduous

tree or other plant that loses its leaves sometime during the year and stays leafless generally during the cold season

evergreen

tree or plant that keeps its needles or leaves year round; this means for more than one growing season a tree that does not lose its leaves in the winter and stays green all year round

hardwood

typically refers to broad-leaved tree species, most of which are angiosperms and deciduous; as opposed to conifers Wood that comes from trees that lose their leaves annually (deciduous trees):

meristem

undifferentiated tissue in which active cell division takes place Actively dividing cells that give rise to other cells such as xylem and phloem

transpiration

water vapor loss through the stomata of leaves Evaporation of water from plants Evaporation of water from plant leaves