Tudor England Midterm

Pilgrimage of Grace summary

- A popular uprising in Yorkshire in the autumn of 1536 against Henry VIII's break with the Roman Catholic Church, the dissolution of the Monasteries, and the policies of the King's chief minister, Thomas Cromwell, and also other economic, political, and social grievances. The most serious of all Tudor Rebellions. - Many people in northern England disliked the way in which Henry VIII had cast of Catherine of Aragon. Anne Boleyn's trumped up adultery charge and subsequent execution did much to undermine the monarchy's prestige and the King's personal reputation. Aristocrats objected to the rise of Cromwell, as he was low-born. - The church - the local church was the center of community life. - Seen as failures, because England was never reconciled back to the Roman Catholic church except briefly under Mary I. - Led by lawyer Robert Aske. Mainly mad about the dissolution of the monasteries and overall increased government control. - Faith was strong in the north, and Henry began to close the monasteries. Monasteries made substantial contribution to the local economy (and helping the poor).

Field of the Cloth of Gold summary

- A site in Bellingham in the then-English Pale of Calais that hosted a summited in June 1520 between King Henry VIII and King Francis I of France. - The summit was arranged to increase the bond of friendship between the two kings following the Anglo-French treaty in 1514. - Occurred near Calais. Ornate, elaborate, displayed much cloth of gold.

rough wooing summary

- A war between Scotland and England. Following its break with Rome, England once again tried to conquer Scotland, partially to try to destroy the Auld Alliance in order to prevent Scotland being used as a springboard for future invasion by France. War was declared by Henry VIII in an attempt to force the Scots to agree to a marriage between his son Edward and the infant Mary, Queen of Scots, thereby creating a new alliance between Scotland and England - Edward VI, crowned 1547, continued the war until circumstances made it irrelevant in 1550. - Mary Queen of Scots' betrothal to Edward VI of England did not sit well with the Scots. The insistence that the Scots break the Auld Alliance with France may have been the final straw. The Scottish Parliament broke the treaty and the engagement soon after the infant Mary was proclaimed Queen of Scots. - Henry VIII's response was to begin a military campaign. He attacked Scotland with the intention of intimidating the Scots into accepting the marriage proposal. - Henry died in 1547 but his son Edward VI continued the harrowing of Scotland

anne boleyn significance

Anne Boleyn's marriage to Henry VIII was a cause of the Reformation in England, making her a key figure in the political and religious upheaval that was the Reformation. Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer nullified Henry and Catherine of Aragon's marriage and declared Anne and Henry's marriage valid in 1533.

Thomas Cranmer relevant dates

Archbishop of Canterbury (1532-1534)

Thomas Cromwell significance

Thomas Cromwell served as Chief Minister Henry VIII from 1532-1540. Cromwell played a significant role in the Reformation, figuring out a way to legally annul Henry's marriage to Catherine of Aragon so that he could marry Anne Boleyn. Henry failed to obtain the Pope's approval for the annulment in 1534, so Parliament endorsed the king's claim to be Supreme Head of the Church of England, giving him the authority to annul his own marriage. Cromwell was central to removing papal supremacy and giving it to the king. Additionally, Cromwell is credited with changing the course of British government and making it more beaurocratic.

Pilgrimage of Grace relevant dates

autumn of 1536

Court of Wards relevant dates

established in 1540

Recognizances relevant dates

n/a

tithes summary

the Dissolution of the Monasteries led to the transfer of many rights to tithe to secular landowners and the Crown - and tithes could be extinguished until 1577 under an Act of the 37th year of Henry VIII's reign; The Crown also acquired the monasteries' right to collect tithes

Bosworth Field significance

the significance of Bosworth Field is that it ushered in the Tudor Dynasty in 1485. The houses of Lancaster and York battled during the Wars of the Roses for the throne, and ultimately Henry tudor was victorious over Richard III, ultimately claiming the throne and setting the course of history.

The Staple summary

the term "staple" refers to the entire medieval system of trade and its taxation; Under this system, the government or the ruler required that all overseas trade in certain goods be transacted at specific designated market towns or ports, referred to as the 'staple ports from 1363, Calais was designated the staple port for wool and leather exports. All wool sold overseas was taken first to Calais, then under English control. Under this system, Calais itself was called 'the Staple'. The trade was dominated by the Merchants of the Staple who, from 1363, had been granted the exclusive right to trade raw wool in Calais. - the English system remained in place for nearly two centuries, though it would decline in importance as exports of finished cloth were substituted for exports of raw wool. With the fall of Calais to the French, in 1558, the staple moved again to Bruges. From 1617, wool exports were stopped entirely, and only domestic staples would remain in England. - In January 1558 France (Henri II) regained control of Calais from England (Mary Tudor - "Calais engraved upon my heart") - Henry had no intention of sacrificing the staple, which had for long been the foster-child of the Crown; it was on the revenues of the Staple that the extremely expensive maintenance and protection of the English continental port of Calais depended. Henry VII

rough wooing relevant dates

December 1543-March 1551

Lambert Simnel historical significance

Henry VII had weak dynastic claim to the throne on the Lancastrian side. As first monarch of the Tudor Dynasty, he beat out Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field to win the Wars of the Roses and gain the throne. Henry needed to maintain sovereignty and supremacy in order to stay legitimate, and squashing pretenders to the throne was an important aspect of maintaining this legitimacy.

Recognizances significance

Henry saw money as a key way to keep the nobility under his control. To him, the more money he had, the more authority he gained over the nobility, some of whom were less than loyal in the early years of his reign.

Field of the Cloth of Gold relevant dates

June 1520

John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland relevant dates

1550 - 1553

Bosworth Field relevant dates

22 August 1485

Court of Wards summary

- Court established during the reign of Henry VIII. It's purpose was to administer a system of feudal dues. In addition to revenue collection, the court was responsible for wardship and livery issues. - Established in 1540 by two acts of Parliament 1) Court of Wards Act 1540 and 2) the Wards and Liveries Act 1541. The systems for the exploitation of royal feudal incident fell into decay by the 15th C, but following the accession of King Henry VII in 1485, and in order to replenish the royal treasury, put new importance on fully exploring such rights.

Thomas Cromwell summary

- Cromwell was one of the strongest and most powerful advocates of the English Reformation. He helped to engineer an annulment of the king's marriage to Queen Catherine of Aragon so that Henry could lawfully marry Anne Boleyn. Henry failed to obtain the Pope's approval for the annulment in 1534, so Parliament endorsed the king's claim to be Supreme Head of the Church of England, giving him the authority to annul his own marriage. Cromwell subsequently charted an evangelical and reformist course for the Church of England. - At the centre of the campaign to secure the annulment was the emerging doctrine of royal supremacy over the church. By the autumn of 1531, Cromwell had taken control of the supervision of the king's legal and parliamentary affairs, working closely with Thomas Audley, and had joined the inner circle of the Council. By the following spring, he had begun to exert influence over elections to the House of Commons. - In December, the King authorised Cromwell to discredit the papacy and the Pope was attacked throughout the nation in sermons and pamphlets. In 1534 a new Parliament was summoned, again under Cromwell's supervision, to enact the legislation necessary to make a formal break of England's remaining ties with Rome. Archbishop Cranmer's sentence took statutory form as the Act of Succession, the Dispensations Act reiterated royal supremacy and the Act for the Submission of the Clergy incorporated into law the clergy's surrender in 1532. On 30 March 1534, Audley gave royal assent to the legislation in the presence of the King Cromwell brought in a series of reforms at government level that moved Tudor government from being steeped in medieval practice, which a man like Cardinal Wolsey could exploit, to a modern form of government (major turning point in English politics). - Two reforms contributed: Whereas in the past, individuals who were never systematically audited and bound by procedures had received the king's income, Cromwell introduced a bureaucratic model. In the Thomas Cromwell model, departments received money from pre-specified sources - there was meant to be no overlapping - and paid out money for reasons that had to be sanctioned first. Each department was rigorously audited. They were run the same way as the Duchy of Lancaster was. This had been set up to administer the lands and rights that had come to the crown from the house of Lancaster. The two most famous departments (the Court of Augmentations and the Court of First Fruits and Tenths) were created to look after Henry's income from the Church following the dissolution of the monasteries. Because they had legal status to adjudicate over disputes, they were given the title 'court'. - The second major reform: the Privy Council. Previous to this, a council had existed that was made up of up to 100 men to advise the king. However, very few of them ever attended and the system usually ended up with one strong man dominating, such as Wolsey. The Privy Council was made up of twenty men who were specifically chosen to have responsibility for the day-to-day running of government. The ability of these men and the exclusivity of the Privy Council meant that, in theory, no individual could dominate it, as the men in the Council should have been more than able to 'hold their own'.

Lambert Simnel relevant dates

- Crowned him King of England in Dublin by Irish nobles - 1487 - 16 June 1487 at the Battle of Stoke Field

Lambert Simnel summary

- During Henry VII, Lambert Simnel was a pretender to the English throne. Henry VII's dynastic claim to the throne was weak to begin with (lancastrian side). It was important to Henry to gain legitimacy and royal supremacy, so he would kill people and invent a lot of trumped up charges of treason to get people out of the picture (carefully keeping people prisoner). If you didn't like Henry VII, the way to oppose him was to find someone else who could make a claim to the throne - Lambert Simnel was a child, a pawn in the conspiracies to restore the Yorkist line - A young Oxford priest, Richard Symonds saw an alleged resemblance to the sons of Edward IV. In 1486, there was a rumour that the "princes in the Tower," Edward's children, were still alive, and Symonds planned to pass Simnel off as Richard, Duke of York. However, when he heard (false) rumours that the Earl of Warwick had died during his imprisonment in the Tower of London, he changed his mind. The real Warwick was a boy of about the same age and had a claim to the throne as the son of the Duke of Clarence, King Edward IV's brother. -Symonds took Simnel to Ireland where the Yorkist interest was strong. He was presented to the head of the Irish government, the Earl of Kildare. Kildare was willing to support the story and invade England to overthrow King Henry. Despite Henry VII's efforts (which included parading the real earl through the streets of London), the conspiracy spread. Simnel was crowned at Dublin as King Edward VI (1487). - Simnel's key backer was Margaret of Burgundy. Margaret collected 2,000 Flemish mercenaries and shipped them to Ireland. King Henry was informed of this and began to gather troops. They clashed with the King's army on 16 June 1487 at the Battle of Stoke Field and were defeated (overwhelming victory). - People didn't want Lambert as King, because they didn't want to restart the Wars of the Roses - Wars of Roses - series of wars for control of throne of England -Fought between Lancaster and York (1455-1487) Henry Tudor, Lancastrian Party, defeated Richard III at Battle of Bosworth Field.

Thomas Cranmer significance

- He helped build the case for the annulment of Henry's marriage to Catherine of Aragon, which was one of the causes of the separation of the English Church from union with the Holy See. Along with Thomas Cromwell, he supported the principle of Royal Supremacy, in which the king was considered sovereign over the Church within his realm. - Responsible for establishing the basic structures of the Church of England. - a leader of the English Reformation and Archbishop of Canterbury during the reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI and, for a short time, Mary I (1532-1534)

Recognizances summary

- Henry liked money - Because he liked to collect it (Henry 8th liked to spend it) Wealth in a general sense also, like land - Henry confiscated the land from wealthy nobles - Biggest land owner in the kingdom - His power can now reach into country - What he doesn't do much of is raise taxes - Thru parliament is the only way - It's simpler to raise money other ways - Recognizances are bonds - Henry gets people from posting bonds and forfeiting - This is not Tudor style govt, this is Henry govt - Henry bullied important noblemen and gentlemen into entering into agreements with him, promising to do his will or else to pay large fines. Roughly three in four nobles and thousands of gentlemen entered into bonds; and the sums involved were often extremely high. - Another tool Henry VII used to control the nobility were bonds and recognisances. These were legally-binding undertakings to act as Henry commanded or else forfeit a large fine. -While ordinary revenue was an annual feature for Henry VII, extraordinary revenue was not. Extraordinary revenue came to the crown only on specific occasions and for very particular reasons. Extraordinary revenue was made up of parliamentary grants, loans and benevolences, clerical taxes, feudal obligations and the French pension. -Henry also received money from bonds and recognisances. A bond was a written contract of good behaviour or for the individual to perform a specific task. If they failed in this, they lost the money associated with their bond. Bonds had been used for many years, primarily as a way of ensuring good service from those in customs and excise. However, Henry extended their use. Recognisances were formal acknowledgements of actual debts and other obligations owed to the Crown. This legal status tied individuals to Henry and they reneged on such debts at their peril. As courts were very much influenced by the Crown, any judicial decisions were almost certainly going to be in Henry's favour. Recognisances were seen as being so important by Henry VII that none could be issues without his explicit agreement. Immediately after the Battle of Bosworth, the Earl of Northumberland and the Viscount Beaumont of Powicke had to both pay £10,000 as guarantees of loyalty. If a court deemed that they had been disloyal to Henry after this, they would have lost the £10,000. Some merchants paid a bond to delay payment of customs dues. Less ethical, bonds were issued as a pardon for murder or to release a wealthy person from prison. Between 1485 and 1495, 191 bonds were collected. By 1493, they were earning Henry £3,000. By 1505, bonds were worth £35,000 a year. -henry used bonds and recognisances to keep people in check - especially the nobility. out of the 62 senior noble families in England in the reign of Henry, 46 were at one time or another financially tied to Henry - 7 were tied by attainder, 36 by bonds/recognisances and three by other means. Rather than being just simply greedy, Henry saw money as a key way to keep the nobility under his control. To him, the more money he had, the more authority he gained over the nobility, some of whom were less than loyal in the early years of his reign.

Thomas Cromwell relevant dates

- Key decade 1530s - served as chief minister to King Henry VIII of England from 1532 to 1540.

Thomas Cranmer summary

- King Henry 8 wanted to annul his marriage with Catherine of Aragon - Grounds: she only produced a daughter, no sons The pope will let you marry your deceased brother's widow (Catherine of Aragon was the widow) When the pope dispenses from the canonical impediment, that's a perfectly normal thing to happen - Henry called the pope's dispensation illegal - Henry think he's being punished for violating divine law (lack of son), but really he wants to marry another woman - Wolsey - what you need to do is get the pope to agree - Thomas Cranmer - prof at cambridge - Suggested that Henry gets legal opinions from law professors - Other option - deny pope's jurisdiction entirely Henry not sympathetic to Protestantism, wrote book denouncing Martin Luther - a leader of the English Reformation and Archbishop of Canterbury during the reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI and, for a short time, Mary I. - He helped build the case for the annulment of Henry's marriage to Catherine of Aragon, which was one of the causes of the separation of the English Church from union with the Holy See. Along with Thomas Cromwell, he supported the principle of Royal Supremacy, in which the king was considered sovereign over the Church within his realm. - Responsible for establishing the basic structures of the Church of England.

anne boleyn relevant dates

- Queen of England from 1533 to 1536

anne boleyn summary

- Queen of England from 1533 to 1536 as the second wife of King Henry VIII - Henry's marriage to Anne, and her subsequent execution by beheading, made her a key figure in the political and religious upheaval that was the start of the English Reformation. - Henry and Anne married on 25 January 1533, after a secret marriage on 14 November 1532. On 23 May 1533, newly appointed Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer declared Henry and Catherine's marriage null and void; five days later, he declared Henry and Anne's marriage valid - Henry had Anne investigated for high treason in April 1536. On 2 May she was arrested and sent to the Tower of London

John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland summary

- an English general, admiral, and politician, who led the government of the young King Edward VI from 1550 until 1553, and unsuccessfully tried to install Lady Jane Grey on the English throne after the King's death.

Bosworth Field summary

- the last significant battle of the Wars of the Roses, the civil war between the Houses of Lancaster and York that raged across England in the latter half of the 15th century. Fought on 22 August 1485, the battle was won by the Lancastrians. Their leader Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond, by his victory became the first English monarch of the Tudor dynasty. His opponent, Richard III, the last king of the House of York, was killed in the battle. Historians consider Bosworth Field to mark the end of the Plantagenet dynasty, making it a defining moment of English and Welsh history.

Kildare family significance

...Following a failed rebellion against the crown by Silken Thomas, the Earl of Kildare, in the 1530s, Henry VIII was declared King of Ireland by statute of the Parliament of Ireland, with the aim of restoring such central authority as had been lost throughout the country during the previous two centuries.

House of Lords summary

Parliament was thus active under the Tudors, and exceptionally active in the reign of Henry VIII.

Kildare family summary

The Tudor conquest (or reconquest) of Ireland took place under the Tudor dynasty, which held the Kingdom of England during the 16th century. Following a failed rebellion against the crown by Silken Thomas, the Earl of Kildare, in the 1530s, Henry VIII was declared King of Ireland by statute of the Parliament of Ireland, with the aim of restoring such central authority as had been lost throughout the country during the previous two centuries.