Types Of Network Topology

Ring Topology

A logical network topology where devices are connected in a logical circle.

Types of Networks

LAN, MAN, WAN and CAN

7 layers of the OSI model

1. Physical 2. Data Link 3. Network 4. Transport 5. Session 6. Presentation 7. Application

Advantages of the ring topology

- data is transferred quickly, as data only flows in one direction so there are no data collisons. -Cheap to install and expand. -Transmitting networkis not affected by hightraffic or by addingmore nodes, as onlythe nodes havingtokens can transmit data.

Features of Bus Topology

-It transmits data only in one direction. -Every device is connected to a single cable.

Features of Ring Topology

-Some repeaters are used forRing Topology with a large number of nodes, because if someone wants to send some data to the last node in the ring topology with 100 nodes, the data will have to pass through99 nodes to reach the 100thnode. Hence, to prevent data loss, repeaters are used in the network. -The transmission is unidirectional, but it can be made bidirectional by having two (2) connections between each network node. It is called Dual Ring Topology. -

Disadvantages of Ring Topology

-Troubleshooting is difficult. -Adding or deleting the computers disturbs the network activity. -Failure of one (1)computer disturbsthe whole network.

Disavantage of Bus Topology

1. Cables fails then whole network fails. 2. If network traffic is heavy or nodes are more, the performance of the network decreases. 3. Cable has a limited length. 4. It is slower than the ring topology.

Advantages of Bus Topology

1. Cost effective. 2. Cable required is least compared to otger network topology. 3. Used in small networks. 4. It is easy to understand. 5. Easy to expand joining two cables together.

Standards

Are documented agreements containing technical specifications or other precise criteria that stipulate how a particular product or service should be designed or performed.

Types of Network Topologies

Bus, Ring, Star, Mesh, Tree, Hybrid

Full Mesh Topology

Every node or device is connected to each other.

IETF Major Groups

ISOC, IAB, & IANA

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

In data Communications, the IEEE is probable best known for standardization of the LAN technologies.

Flooding

In flooding, all the network nodes transmit the same data. Hence, no routing logic is required. The network is robust, and it's unlikely to lose the data, but it leads to unwanted load over the network.

Routing

In routing, the nodes have a routing logic as per the network requirements.An example of this would be to direct the data to reach the destination using the shortest distance, or routing logic which has information about the broken links to a void those nodes, etc. We can even have routing logic to re-configure the failed nodes.

Partial Mesh Topology

In this topology, some of the systems are connected in the same fashion as mesh topology, but some devices are only connected to two (2) or three (3) devices.

Repeater

Is an electronic device that amplifies the signal it receives. You can think of repeater as a device which receives a signal and re transmits it at a higher level or higher power so that the signal can cover longer distances.

Hub

Is the passive central bus connection. It is a networking device which connects multiplenetwork hosts. A network hub is also used to do data transfer. The data is transferred in terms ofpackets on a computer network.

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

It also maintains a standard board that establishes its own standards and electronics and computer industries and contributes to the work of standards-setting bodies such as ANSI.

Telecommunications Industries Alliance (TIA)

It focuses on standards for information technology, wireless, satellite, fiver optics. and telephone equipment.

Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA)

It is a trade organization composed of representatives from electronics manufacturing firms across the United States.

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

It is an international society composed of engineering professionals. It aims to promote development and education in the electrical and computer science fields.

American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

It is an organization composed of more than one thousand representatives from industry and government who together to determine standards for electronics, industry and other fields such as chemical and nuclear engineering, health and safety, and construction.

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)

It is an organization that is responsible for the overall development of the internet and standardization of the inter-networking technologies.

Hybrid Topology

It is two (2) different types of topologies, which is a mixture of two (2) or more topologies

Types of Mesh Topology

Partial Mesh Topology and Full Mesh Topology

Network Devices

Repeater, Hub, Bridge, Switch, Router and Gateway

Bridge

Routes packets based on MAC addresses. If a router connects two (2) different types of networks, then the bridge connects two (2) sub networks as a part of the same network. You can think of two (2) different laboratories or two (2) different floors connected by a bridge.

2 techniques to transmit data over the Mesh Topology.

Routing and Flooding.

Organization for Standardization (ISO)

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is an International standards organization responsible for a wide range of standards, including many that are relevant to networking.

Telecommunications Industries Alliance (TIA)

The best known standards to come from the TIA/EIA alliance are its guidelines for how network cable should be installed in commercial buildings, known as the TIA/EIA

Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)

This is a LAN which works using wireless network technology like Wi-Fi. This type of networkis becoming more popular as wireless technology is further developed and is used more athome and by small businesses. This means that devices do not need to rely on physical cablesand wires as much and can organize their spaces more effectively.

Wide Area Network (WAN)

This is another of the original categories of network, and slightly more complex in nature.WAN networks connect computers over vast physical distances, remotely connecting the mover one (1) huge network and allowing them to communicate even when apart. The Internet is a WAN and connects computers all around the world.

Local Area Network (LAN)

This is one of the original categories of network and one of the simplest. LAN networks connect computers together over relatively small distances, such as within a single building or a small group of buildings.

System Area Network (SAN)

This network connects computers on an especially high-speed connection, in a configuration known as a cluster. This means that computers are connected to work as a single system and can be done as a result of very high-speed computers and new low-cost microprocessors. They usually improve performance and are used for cost efficiency.

Storage Area Network (SAN)

This network connects servers directly to devices which store amounts of data without relying on a LAN or WAN to do so. This can involve another type of connection known as Fiber Channel, a system similar to Ethernet that handles high-performance disk storage for applications on some professional networks.

Campus Area Network (CAN)

This network is larger than a LAN but smaller than a MAN. This is typical in areas such as a university, large school, or small business. It is typically spread over a collection of buildings which are reasonably local to each other. It may have an internal Ethernet as well as the capability of connecting to the Internet.

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

This network is larger than a LAN but smaller than a WAN and incorporates elements of both.It typically spans a town or city and is owned by a single person or company, such as a local council or a large company.

Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA)

This organization do not only set standards for its members, but also write ANSI standards and lobbies for legislation favorable to the growth of the computer and electronic industries.

American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

This organization is known for published standards such as American Standard for Code Information Interchange (ASCII) and Small Computer System Interface (SCSI)

Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)

This oversees Internet naming and Addressing; they are in charge of all "unique parameters" on the Internet including IP addresses.

Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG)

This oversees the activities of IETF and manages the process used to introduce or upgrade Internet standards.

Internet Society (ISOC)

This oversees the overall development on the internet.

Internet Architecture Board (IAB)

This serves as the technology advisory group to the Internet Society and responsible for the overall development of the protocols and architecture associated with the internet.

Tree Topology

This topology, also called hierarchical topology, has a root node and all other nodes areconnected to it forming a hierarchy. It should at least have three (3) levels to the hierarchy.

Bus Topology

a network type in which every computer and network device is connected to single cable.

Gateway

converts between protocols and networks. It is a network node that connects two (2)networks using different protocols together. While a bridge joins two (2) similar types of networks,a gateway joins two (2) dissimilar networks.

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)

is the one who sets standards for how system communicate over the Internet.

Switch

routes packets based on IP addresses. Like a hub, the switch also works at the layer of Local Area Network (LAN), but it is more intelligent than a hub. While the hub does the work of data forwarding, a switch does 'filter and forwarding' which is the more intelligent way of dealing with data packets.

Router

routes packets between networks. It is responsible for routing traffic from one (1) network to another. These two (2) networks could be a private company network to a public network. You can think of a router as a traffic police who directs different network traffics to different directions.