UAMS Parasitology Exam #4 - Sporozoans
Ingestion of oocyst from contaminated cat litter, food, or water, ingestion of tissue cyst from infected undercooked meat, blood transfusions, and congenital transfusions
What are the methods of infection for T. gondii?
P. falciparum, tertian.
Which plasmodium species has a fever spike every 36-48 hours and what is this called?
P. malariae
Which plasmodium species has a rosette formation and hemozoin?
P. falciparum
Which plasmodium species has crescent shaped gametocytes?
Cryptosporidium, sarcocystis, and toxoplasma gondii
What are the coccidian species?
Oocyst, tachyzoites, and tissue cyst with bradyzoites
What are the developmental stages for toxoplasma gondii?
P. falciparum
Which plasmodium species has multiple rings per RBC, double chromatin dots, appliques forms, and maurer's dots?
Paroxysm, due to release of merozoites in the blood, usually occurs in a cyclical pattern.
In malaria, what is the term for a fever spike? What is the fever spike due to?
P. malariae
Which plasmodium species has one ring per RBC, one chromatin dot, bands form present, and thick rings or basket forms?
P. vivax and P. ovale
Which plasmodium species have a dormancy phase that can give a false negative of disease and then re-establish infection?
P. vivax and P. ovale
Which plasmodium species have schuffner's dots?
P. knowlesi
Which plasmodium species is an emerging human pathogen where humans can serve as the intermediate hosts?
P. falciparum
Which plasmodium species is most severe and most drug resistant?
P. falciparum
Which plasmodium species is very sticky and can cause vessel blockage?
P. malariae
Which plasmodium species likes older RBCs?
P. ovale
Which plasmodium species may have fimbriated RBCs?
P. vivax
Which plasmodium species prefers younger RBCs?
Babesia
Which species does not have schizonts?
Babesia
Which species has a maltese cross?
Cystoisospora belli, ID with MAFS
Which species has ellipsoidal shaped oocysts? How is this species identified?
Cryptosporidium
Which species has the smallest oocysts?
Sarcocytis, ID with hematoxylin stain
Which species oocyst contains 2 sporocysts? How is this species identified?
Babesia
Which troph has extracellular forms?
Wheatley Trichrome stain. Iron hematoxylin stain.
For permanently stained smear, what stain is typically used? What stain is an alternative stain that is duller but helps distinguish the nuclei?
Look internally to see if parasite structures are seen
How can artifacts be determined from parasites?
Binary fission
How does Babesia species replicate?
They are unicellular, eukaryotic, no organelles for movement due to them being intracellular and carried by RBCs, and participate in both asexual and sexual reproduction.
What are the general characteristics of sporozoans?
Water and urine predominantly. Can be water, urine, dirt, mineral or caster oil, barium, and antibiotics
What are the interfering substances in stool samples?
ID tachyzoites or tissue cysts in tissue biopsy or TORCH serologic testing
What are the methods of diagnosis for T. gondii?
P. falciparum and P. knowlesi
Which plasmodium species does not have an RBC age preference?
Exo-erythrocytic - occurs in the liver; starts with mosquito taking blood meal and injecting sporozoites into the bite wound, schizogony occurs and results in merozoites. Erythrocytic - occurs in the peripheral blood; results in gametocytes.
What are the plasmodium stages of development?
Oocysts , within tissue cells
What contains the sporozoites in coccidian sporozoans? Where does these live?
Trophs or gametocytes
What forms are usually present in PB of P. falciparum?
Reinfection
What is new infection after previously being treated?
Schizont
What is rare to see in the PB smear for P. falciparum?
Flotation method, found floating on top of the supernatant. Zinc Sulfate flotation method. Risk of this method is that some chemicals weigh more than the parasite and can cause the parasite to sink. Also, ascaris lumbricoides is heavy and will sink to the bottom if present in the sample.
What is the alternative method for concentration procedures and where are the parasites found? What is the chemical name for this method? What is the risk of this method?
Felines, humans are accidental intermediate, and toxoplasmosis
What is the definitive host, intermediate host, and disease associated with toxoplasma gondii?
Tachyzoites or tissue cysts
What is the diagnostic stage for T. gondii?
Sporozoites
What is the infectious part of the sporozoan life cycle to humans?
Oocysts or tissue cyst
What is the infective stage for T. gondii?
Sporozoites, sporozoites injected when infected tick bites a human or a blood infusion, trophs and merozoites, and ID trophs and merozoites in PB
What is the infective stage, method of infection, diagnostic stage, and method of diagnostics for Babesia species?
Intermediate is human and definitive is mosquito. Malaria.
What is the intermediate host and definitive host for plasmodium species? What disease is associated with plasmodium species?
Sedimentation method, found in the sediment. Formalin Ethyl Acetate method
What is the method typically used for concentration procedures and where is the parasite found? What is the chemical name for this method?
Sporozoites, sporozoites injected into bite wound on human, trophs, schizonts, or gametocytes, and ID trophs, schizonts, or gametocytes in PB smear
What is the plasmodium species infective stage, method of infection, diagnostic stage, and method of diagnosis?
To get rid of water and fecal fat to increase the chances of finding a parasite in the fecal sediment
What is the principle of concentration procedures?
Relaspe
What is the reactivation of dormant merozoites in the liver?
Multiple fission
What is the reproduction method of schizogony in the plasmodium species?
1. Asexual portion - Schizogony - results in the production of merozoites and is the only part of the life cycle that occurs in the intermediate host, humans. 2. Sexual - Gametogony - results in the production of zygotes and occurs in the definitive host. 3. Sexual - Sporogony - results in the production of sporozoites and occurs in the definitive host.
What is the sporozoan life cycle?
Recrudescence
What is the term for the returning of symptoms due to inadequate response to medication?
Anopheles mosquito.
What is the vector for plasmodium species?
Deer tick, deer tick, human, and nantucket fever
What is the vector, definitive host, intermediate host, and disease associated with Babesia species?
MAFS
What is used when trichrome doesn't work properly?
P. malariae
What might P. knowlesi be confused with on a blood smear analysis?
SAF
What preservative is good for making permanently stained slides, wet mounts, and concentration procedures?
PVA, good for protozoan trophs and cysts
What preservative is used for permanently stained slides? What organisms is this stain good for?
10% formalin, good for protozoan cysts and helminth ova and larvae
What preservative is used for wet mounts and concentration procedures? What organisms is this stain good for?
Babesia
What species causes Nantucket fever?
P. falciparum
What species causes cerebral malaria and blackwater fever?
Babesia
What species causes tick borne disease and is common to the NE US?
P. falciparum
What species has a banana shaped gametocyte?
Obligate intracellular parasite. They have to be inside RBCs to survive. Than they can be in the liver for a little while but eventually have to live in RBCs.
What term can be used to describe Plasmodium species?
3 stools should be collected, one every 2-3 days. Some parasites could still be in the reproducing stage so they wouldn't be continually shed. Need multiple specimen samples to accurately make a diagnosis.
When collecting stool for a parasite analysis, when should specimen be collected and why is it done this way?
Liquid - within 30 mins, trophs usually found Semisolid - within 1 hour, both trophs and cysts found Solid - within 24 hours, cysts found
When dealing with stool consistency, when should liquid, semisolid, and solid stool be examined? What stage of parasite life cycle is found in each form?
10% formalin or SAF combined with saline or iodine, however, iodine will kill troph motility
When performing a wet mount, what must be used?
SE Asia
Where is P. knowlesi predominantly contracted?