UGA Management TEST 4
What the four ways team norms develop?
-Critical events in team's history -Primacy - first behavior precedents -Carryover from other experiences -Explicit statement from leader or member
What are acquired needs?
Certain types of needs are acquired during the individual's lifetime
Which of the following statements is high in directness and low in intensity? -I'd really like to see a different movie, but since you're insisting on having your own way, I guess we can watch your movie. -I'd really like to see Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge, why don't you tell me what you find appealing about watching it?
I'd really like to see Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge, why don't you tell me what you find appealing about watching it?
Four functions of a manager are...
Planning, organizing, leading, and controlling
What are extrinsic rewards?
Rewards received from outside the individual, are often given by another person, such as a manager, and include things such as pay raises, promotions, awards, and praise
As the charge nurse at American Hospital, you are responsible for assigning nurses to their tasks every day. There are six tasks that must be done for the hospital to run efficiently, and these tasks require two levels of skills. At the lower skill level, nurses must bathe, turn, and feed patients. At the higher level, nurses can modify treatments, plan patient care, and order tests. You have decided to assign each nurse to a particular job level. Nurses will do one job for a week and then move to another job at the same level. You can see an illustration of this assignment by clicking "Job Assignment" in the following figure. These employee assignments show a job design strategy of____
Rotation
Safety Needs
Safe and secure physical and emotional environment and freedom from threats. In an organization setting: job security, needs for safe jobs, and fringe benefits (ex.health insurance)
The Team Name example where they're arguing about what the team name should be a. Norming b. Storming c. Forming d. Performing
Storming
What are the member roles?
Task specialist and socioemotional
The team created to document procedures throughout the organization had several _____, or expectations of behavior: be on time for meetings, check email on evenings and weekends, and share cute animal videos found online.
Team norms
What is vision?
an attractive, ideal future that is credible yet not readily attainable
What is a cross-functional team?
composed of employees from roughly the same hierarchical level, but from different areas of expertise
What is the ERG theory?
existence, relatedness, growth
What are examples of a functional team?
financial analysis department, quality control department, engineering department, and a human resource department
What are faultlines?
hypothetical dividing lines that are based on one or more demographic characteristics of members, such as age, race, ethnicity, or on nondemographic characterisitcs, such as personal values or attitudes
What is relationship conflict?
interpersonal incompatibility that creates tension and personal animosity among people
Level 5 leaders are ____ ambitious for the company than themselves
more, usally egoless, set successors up for sucess when they decide to leave the company
What are the determinants of team cohesiveness?
team interaction, shared goals, personal attraction to team
What is skill variety?
the number of diverse activities that compose a job and the number of skills used to perform it
What is feedback?
when people get information about how well they are doing in progressing toward goal achievement
10 most common traits among great managers
- Strong work ethic - Honesty - Sense of humor - Confident - Positive attitude - Good decision-making skills - Recognizes good works of others - Passionate about his/her job - Knowledgeable - Good grasp of entire business (conceptual skill)
What is size?
-A team's productivity and performance peaked when it has about 5 members. -Adding members beyond 5 led to decreased motivation, increased coordination problems, and a general decline in performance. -Smaller teams typically perform better, best performing teams ranged in size from 3-6 members
Cumberland Farms, a convenience store chain based in Framingham, Massachusetts, has a reputation for empowering its employees. In part, the company does this through online apps that allow workers to give input to decisions. If Cumberland Farms wanted to take other actions to empower its workforce, which of the following should it consider? Check all that apply. -Adopt a compensation plan that pays employees more when the company meets its goals. -Communicate regularly about the firm's progress toward meeting its strategic objectives as well as the threats and weaknesses that pose challenges. -Encourage employees who want to improve their skills to pay for classes or leave the company to go back to school. -Allow employees to make more decisions about how they do their work without seeking approval from management.
-Adopt a compensation plan that pays employees more when the company meets its goals. -Communicate regularly about the firm's progress toward meeting its strategic objectives as well as the threats and weaknesses that pose challenges. -Allow employees to make more decisions about how they do their work without seeking approval from management.
The Situational Model explained (leader style model and follower readiness model)
-BELL CURVE IS PERSPECTIVE CURVE INDICATING WHEN EACH STYLE SHOULD BE USED -TELLING STYLE (S1): INVOVLES GIVING EXPLICIT INSTRUCTIONS ABOUT HOW TASKS SHOULD BE ACCOMPLISHED -SELLING STYLE (S2): THE LEADER EXPLAINS DECISIONS AND GIVES SUBORDINATES A CHANCE TO ASK QUESTIONS AND GAIN CLARITY AND UNDERSTANDING ABOUT WORK TASKS. -PARTICIPATING STYLE (S3): THE LEADER SHARES IDEAS WITH SUBORDINATES, GIVES THEM A CHANCE TO PARTICIPATE, AND FACILITATES DECISION MAKING. -DELEGATING STYLE (S4): PROVIDES LITTLE DIRECTION AND LITTLE SUPPORT BECAUSE THE LEADER TURNS OVER RESPONSIBILITY FOR DECISIONS AND THEIR IMPLEMENTATION TO SUBORDINATES S1 works for low readiness followers who are unable or unwilling to take responsibility for their own task behavior S2&3 work for followers at moderate-to-high readiness levels (people who lack education but are very interested and willing to learn)
What is diversity?
-Because teams require a variety of skills, knowledge, and experience, it seems likely that the diverse intellectual resources of heterogeneous teams would produce more effective outcomes than homogeneous teams
What are some common methods to reduce perceived inequality?
-Change work effort - individuals who believed they are underpaid might choose to reduce their level of effort -Change outcomes- a union tries to improve conditions to match a comparable unions who's members make more money and work under better conditions -Change perceptions- people may change perceptions of equity if they are unable to change inputs or outcomes. -Leave the job- people who feel they are treated inequitably may decide to leave the job and expect a more favorable balance of rewards at their new job.
What are causes of conflict?
-Competiton over limited resources -Goal differences -Communication breakdown -Trust issues -Lack of nonverbal cues -Faultlines
Which of the following statements concerning the relationship between leader characteristics and leader performance are true? Check all that apply. -Early research found that there is only a weak relationship between leader performance and leader characteristics. -People have to have all of the leadership traits shown in the table in order to be effective leaders. -Few leaders have all of the traits commonly associated with leadership. -Traits can be more or less strongly linked to performance, depending on the leader's situation.
-Early research found that there is only a weak relationship between leader performance and leader characteristics. -Few leaders have all of the traits commonly associated with leadership. -Traits can be more or less strongly linked to performance, depending on the leader's situation.
What is the Situational Model of Leadership?
-Focus on followers rather than leader -Looked at characteristics of followers in determining appropriate leadership behavior
If a team leader wanted to help a team such as Becky's get through the forming stage of team development, he or she should take which of the following actions? Check all that apply -Give the groups the resources they need -Establish goals for the group -Determine how group members will coordinate their activities -Help the team evaluate its work
-Give the groups the resources they need -Establish goals for the group -Determine how group members will coordinate their activities
Managing a virtual team poses special challenges. How can a virtual team leader build relationships across distances? Check all that apply. -Recognize that some people are not online much and do not set standards for respomse times. -Highlight diverse skills and express appreciation of varying options -Encourage social networking in which team members share personal information -Make sure all team members have a way to stay up-to-date
-Highlight diverse skills and express appreciation of varying options -Encourage social networking in which team members share personal information -Make sure all team members have a way to stay up-to-date
What can you expect as a result of your job design strategy? Check all that apply. -Increased flexibility when scheduling jobs -Increased worker autonomy -Increased long-term employee satisfaction -An initial increase in employee stimulation
-Increased flexibility when scheduling jobs -An inital increase in employee stimulation
The University of Michigan wanted to help first-year students feel like they were truly part of the university, so it took an 8,000 person dorm and divided it into five 'neighborhoods.' Each neighborhood had a set of adults for everything from janitorial work to help with writing assignments, and each one of those adults constantly asked students to think about why they were going to school and what they wanted to do with their lives. These actions increased the engagement of students because they: Check all that apply. -Increased student connections at the school. -Rewarded students for coming to the school. -Increased the amount of time students spent studying. -Made students feel that their time at school was meaningful.
-Increased student connections at the school -Made students feel that their time at school was meaningful
What are the four leadership approaches?
-Level 5 Leadership -Interactive Leadership -Servant Leadership -Authentic Leadership
When pay is made public, people evaluate how equitable their pay is in light of the pay other people are receiving. The problem in this case is that Dwight and Guillermo have found out that others are getting paid more than they do for the same work. What are they likely to do under these circumstances? Check all that apply. -Quit the team -Come to more practices -Attend fewer practices -Try to convince the coach to give them more money
-Quit the team -Attend fewer practices -Try to convince the coach to give them more money
A interactive leader believes that his or her influence derives from _ rather than _ and _.
-Relationships -Postion Power & Formal Authority
If a manager uses positive reinforcers, such as money and gift certificates, to shape the behavior of his or her employees, what can the manager then expect? Check all that apply. -To see a long-term increase in the rewarded behaviors -To satisfy the employees' lower-level needs -To see a temporary increase in the rewarded behaviors -To satisfy the employees' affiliation needs
-To satisfy the employees' lower-level needs -To see a temporary increase in the rewarded behaviors
What is the personal dilemma of teamwork?
-We have to give up our independence -We have to put up with free riders -Teams are sometimes dysfunctional
What is engagement?
-emotional and mental state in which employees enjoy their work, contribute enthusiastically to meeting goals, and feel a sense of belonging and commitment to the organization −People feel that they are working toward something important −People feel connected to the company, to one another, and to their managers −People have the chance to learn, grow, and advance
What are motivators?
-focus on high-level needs and include achievement, recognition, responsibility, and opportunity for growth. Influence level of satisfaction. -When motivators are absent, workers are neutral toward work
What is the equity theory?
-focuses on individuals' perceptions of how fairly they are treated compared with others -A state of equity exists when the ratio of one person's inputs to outcomes = the ratio of another's inputs to outcomes
What is motivation?
-refers to the forces either within or external to a person that arouse enthusiasm and persistence to pursue a certain course of action. -High employee motivation goes hand in hand with high organizational performance and profits -A simple model of motivation includes: Needs to Behavior to Rewards to Feedback back to Needs
What do contributions of teams lead to?
-stronger competitive advantage and higher overall organizational performance and −Improved creativity and innovation, quality, speed of response, higher productivity and lower costs, and enhanced motivation and satisfaction
Leadership has evolved due too....
-technology, economic conditions, labor conditions, and social and cultural expectations -response to turbulence and uncertainty of the environment
What is consideration?
-the extent to which the leader is mindful of subordinates, respects their ideas and feelings, and establishes mutual trust. -Supporting, developing, recognizing, and empowering
What are the five stages of team development?
1. Forming 2. Storming 3. Norming 4. Performing 5. Adjourning
What is negotiation?
A conflict management strategy whereby people engage in give-and-take discussions and consider various alternatives to reach a joint decision that is acceptable to both parties.
According to Jim Collins, ___ promotes high performance through a combination of drive to do what's best for the organization and humility about personal accomplishments.
A level 5 leader
What is the job characteristic model?
A model of job design that considers core job dimensions, individuals' critical psychological states, and employee growth-need strength
Sometimes Jonathan works very hard and proposes new ideas, while other times he does just enough to get by. Jonathan is ______ , contributing as much as possible when he thinks the effort will be rewarded and keeping his head down when he thinks that's in his best interest.
A pragmatic survivor
What is the Accommodating Style
A style for managing conflict that represents a high concern for the other party but a low concern for the self.
What is the Collaborating Style
A style for managing conflict that represents a high concern for the self and for the other.
What is the Compromising Style
A style for managing conflict that represents a moderate concern for everyone's needs and desires.
What is the Maslow's Hierarchy of needs?
A theory proposed by Abraham Maslow saying that people are motivated by five categories of needs—physiological, safety, belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization—that exist in a hierarchical order.
What is the social learning theory?
A theory that proposes that an individual's motivation can result not just from direct experience of rewards and punishments but also from thoughts, beliefs, and observations of other people's behavior.
Niranjana sat at the kitchen table with her mother-in-law, Paramita. The two women were engrossed in the movie guide spread in front of them. "Bollywood Retrospective!" read the headline. Niranjana wants to see Panga, but Paramita wants to see Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge. Seeing Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge seems to be really important to Paramita, and Niranjana wants to continue her amicable relationship with her husband's mother. The _____ conflict-handling technique is most appropriate in this situation.
Accommodating
Members hold one another responsible rather than relying on managers as the source of responsibility a. Commitment b. Accountability c. Trust d. Results orientation
Accountability
High Need for? Christopher, your manager, wants everyone to like him, so he brings lunch for everyone in the office on Fridays.
Affiliation
What is work redesign?
Altering jobs to increase both the quality of employees' work experience and their productivity.
Key Characterisitcs of Authentic Leadership
Authentic leaders pursue their purpose with passion. Authentic leaders practice solid values: Stand for what they believe in, even during hard times. Authentic leaders lead with their hearts as well as their heads. Authentic leaders establish connected relationships. Authentic leaders demonstrate self-discipline.
What is authentic leadership?
Authentic leaders say what they think and do what they say, that is why people trust them. Very open and authentic, while inspiring others to be open and authentic as well.
The key to_____ is believing and practicing high ethical values, exercising self-discpline to avoid unethical behavior, and pursuing goals by building positive relationships and genuninely caring about other people
Authentic leadership
A doctor who can decide what medications a patient will be given is high on this dimension, whereas a nurse who must follow a doctor's orders is low.
Autonomy
Type of influence principle? A job candidate closes an interview by saying, "I'd really like this job, and I hope you will give it to me."
Be assertive- ask for what you want
What is humility?
Being modest rather than being arrogant
As we look ahead into the next century, leaders will be those who empower others
Bill Gates
What Effective Virtual Team Leaders Do
Build relationships & trust by: get involved in face-to-face interaction. -Shape team culture by: This involves creating a psychologically safe virtual environment in which people feel safe to express concerns, admit mistakes, share ideas, acknowledge fears, or ask for help. -Monitor progress by: Leaders stay on top of the project's development and make sure everyone knows how the team is progressing toward meeting its goals
Level 5
Builds excellence through dedication and humilty
Because all ideas are put on the table, people can eventually achieve genuine buy-in around important goals and decisions a. Commitment b. Results orientation c. Healthy conflict d. Trust
Commitment
Contemporary Leadership
Concept of leadership evolves as the needs of organizations change
Follower type? Olivia works as a licensed vocational nurse (LVN) for Happy @ Home, a home health care company. Olivia is careful to follow her managing RN's instructions exactly. As a result, she gets impressive performance reviews, and the RN sees her as a dedicated employee. But last week, Olivia had to leave a dying patient's side in order to meet her schedule for the day. Some of the other LVNs wonder whether Olivia made the right decision.
Conformist
A manager demonstrates ____ when he listens carefully to his subordinates and works to build trusting relationships.
Consideration
Capable
Contributes talent, skills, knowledge
What is a team norm?
DEFINITION: informal operating guidelines that establish agreed-upon behaviors about how the team's work will get done and what members can expect from each other -Important norms for high team effectiveness include psychological safety(emotional expression and social sensitivity) and equal participation
What is empowerment?
DEFINITION: power sharing, the delegation of power and authority to subordinates in an organization -Employees receive information about company performance -Employees have knowledge and skills to contribute to company goals -Employees have the power to make substantive decisions -Employees are rewarded based on company performance
Of the four approaches in the diagram, which one would you as a manager use if you wanted your employees to have heartfelt commitment to their work over the long term? -Give employees bonuses when they meet their goals -Make sure employees know they can be replaced easily. -Design jobs so that employees get a sense of accomplishment from doing them. -Suspend employees without pay when they violate work rules.
Design jobs so that employees get a sense of accomplishment from doing them.
Esteem Needs
Desire for a positive self-image and the desire to receive attention, recognition and appreciation from others. In an organization setting: motivation for recognition, an increase in responsibility, high status, and credit for contributions to the organization
Belongingness Needs
Desire to be accepted by one's peers. In an organization setting: good relationships with coworkers, participation in a work group, and a positive relationship with supervisors
Styles of handling conflict
Dominating Compromising Accommodating Collaborating Avoiding
Talent is extremely important. It's like a sports team, the team that has the best individual player will often win, but then there's a multiplier from how those players work together and the strategy they will employ.
Elon Musk
After five years with his employer, Barth was excited to receive the notice that he was 100 percent "vested" in the retirement plan, meaning that the employer's contributions to his account were now fully his.
Extrinsic Reward
Yaniv Masjedi is the CMO of Nextiva, which provides cloud-based VoIP services to businesses. His company uses virtual teams, and he says, "If feasible, arrange for an in-person meet-up with virtual teammates — whatever you can do to ... make everyone feel part of the team." This is an example of which of the following practices for helping to create a virtual team? a. Monitoring progress b. Shaping team culture c. Finding ways to build trusts and relationships
Finding ways to build trust and relationships
Alexandra is the manager of the IT department and has 12 systems analysts reporting to her. Alexandra and her employees coordinate closely to accomplish the department's goals, and they are a___ a. functional team b. virtual team c. special-purpose team d. cross-functional team
Functional team
Obviously, since you do not manage your neighbors, you won't be using a ___ . But since all of your neighbors are connected to the Internet and prefer working via e-mail, you think that you might start with a _____. Whatever type of team you choose, you know that more diversity will bring you ____ ideas.
Functional team, virtual team, more
Which one is it? Lyle's manager just handed him a list of goals for the year. Because Lyle had no say in setting these goals, he isn't sure that they are the right ones for him, and as a result, he isn't very motivated to accomplish them. Goal Specificity? Goal difficulty? Goal Acceptance? Or Feedback?
Goal Acceptance
Which one is it? Vonda is frustrated with her manager, Glenda. Last week, when Vonda asked about Glenda's expectations, Glenda said, "Just do your best." But Vonda doesn't know exactly what to do, and as a result, she isn't very motivated. Goal Specificity? Goal difficulty? Goal Acceptance? Or Feedback?
Goal Specificity
What is position power and what are the 3 types of position power?
Hard power that stems from a person's postiton of authority and includes legitimate, reward, and coercive power.
Formal leadership
Have leadership authority based on their postiton, and are assigned to be leaders by their organization.
Who created the Situational model of leadership?
Hershey and Blanchard
Abigail does not feel that the company is paying her enough money to live on, despite the fact that she works hard. The quality of this ____ will make her dissatisfied with her work, according to Frederick Herzberg.
Hygiene Factor
What is job enrichment?
Incorporating high-level motivators, such as achievement, recognition, and opportunities for growth, into work.
Imagine you own a pro soccer team. You've been posting player salaries and guaranteed compensation online since 2007 as a result of an agreement with the Major League Soccer Players Union. You know that some salaries are a bit on the high side and some are on the low side. You've been trying to smooth things out, and overall, you think you're doing pretty well. But today, four of your players approached you on the field. Two of your best players, Dwight and Guillermo, start to talk for the group, and they don't sound happy. YOU: Hey, guys, what's going on? GUILLERMO: Dwight and I just got done looking at the latest pay postings. What do you think you're doing?! YOU: I thought things were coming along pretty well. Are you seeing a problem? DWIGHT: A problem? It's more than a problem, buddy. Why does everybody else on the team have a guaranteed salary of at least $30,000 more than their base pay? And you're giving us a measly $2,500? I'll say we have a problem! Our _____ are just as high as anybody else's on the team, and you know it! YOU: I'm sorry the league pay seems ____ to you. I compared the salaries in our club with the salaries in several other clubs, and, overall, the players on our team have higher ____ than the players on the other teams.
Inputs Inequitable Outcomes
Saketh loved teaching because he could tell right away when students "got it"—their faces would light up, and he'd know he had done his job well and helped them learn.
Intrinsic Reward
When Casey was promoted to head librarian of a small branch library, she really enjoyed the autonomy she had to hire employees, determine programming, and stock books that would best serve the local community.
Intrinsic Reward
It's all about influence. Nothing more. Nothing less.
John Maxwell
Leadership or management? Driving the organization to make changes
Leadership
What does leadership do?
Leadership inspires engagement and organizational change to meet new conditions
Type of power used? William, a manager, came into your office last week to complain about his employees. "I just don't get the respect I deserve," he whined. "Don't they understand that I'm their manager? My title alone should make them respect me more!"
Legitimate
A person with low growth-need strength will be ____ likely to be motivated by increased feedback and autonomy.
Less
Leadership or management? Making sure suppliers are paid on time
Management
What does management do?
Management promotes stability and efficient organizing to meet current commitments
Competent
Manages team members and assets to reach set objectives
As a manager seeks to develop their leadership skills, they should be aware that: -Many different styles of leadership can be effective -Leadership is primarily about personal efficiency -Leadership is first and foremost about establishing a personal bond with employees -There is one best leadership style to which all managers should aspire
Many different styles of leadership can be effective
Physiological needs
Most basic human needs such as water, food, and oxygen. In an organization setting: adequate heat, air, and base salary to ensure survival
Performance=
Motivation x Ability x Environment
What are growth needs?
Needs focusing on the development of human potential and the desire for personal growth and increased performance
Self-actualization Needs
One's own self growth
Follower type? Michael goes once a week to a Presbyterian church in a small town, but he doesn't take part in any other church activities. If the minister tells him to take up the collection, he'll do that, but he never asks for the responsibility or offers suggestions of any kind.
Passive Follower
Leaders focus on
People
What is the content theory of motivation?
People have a variety of needs that motivate specific behaviors in an attempt to satisfy the need
What kind of leaders do people want?
People want leaders who work hard, are honest and self-confident, and maintain a positive attitude.
Informal leadership
People who aren't assigned the role, but people choose to follow because of their personal qualities.
Effective leadership is not about making speeches or being liked; leadership is defined by results not attributes
Peter Drucker
High need for? Reshma Saujani, the founder of Girls Who Code, wants girls to have the same opportunities as boys in technology. She believes that both men and women can hold high positions in technology organizations.
Power
What is expert power?
Power that results from a leader's special knowledge or skill in the tasks performed by subordinates
What is referent power?
Power that results from characteristics that command subordinates' identification with, respect and admiration for, and desire to emulate the leader.
What is reward power?
Power that results from the authority to bestow rewards
What is coercive power?
Power that stems from the authority to punish or recommend punishment
Jim is the mayor of a small town in the southeast. As mayor, he chairs the monthly town hall meeting. Last week, Jim ejected two people from the meeting when they wouldn't stop talking. This week, Jim notices that those two people stopped talking immediately when their time was up. Jim is using ___ to modify the behavior of the people who attend town hall meetings.
Punishment
Responsible people thrive on freedom and are worthy of freedom. [They are] self-motivating, [pick] up the trash lying on the floor, [and behave] like an owner... Our model is to increase employee freedom as we grow rather than limit it.
Reed Hastings
Someone you see as a role model because of their high ethical standards and strong drive to succeed has ______ , because you desire to be like that person.
Referent Power
What three things is work team effectiveness based on?
Satisfaction, Productive Output, and Capacity to adapt and learn
What are the three team characteristics?
Size, Diversity, and Member Roles
You also remember that research shows: -Members of larger teams are more committed to the team than members of smaller teams -Smaller teams are more focused on team goals than larger teams -As a team increases in size, team members participate more actively -As a team decreases in size, it gains more in diversity
Smaller teams are more focused on team goals than larger teams
Gwen said, "I'd like to hear more about that, Amara. I think you're on to something. You always have such good ideas."
Socioemotional
As the team works together, Carol plays a_____, diffusing conflicts and helping everyone feel welcome to contribute ideas
Socioemotional role
What is the socioemotional role and what do they do?
Socioemotional role: member who supports team's social aspect -Encourage- Are warm and receptive to others' ideas -Harmonize- Help disagreeing parties reach agreement -Reduce tension- Tell jokes or diffuse emotions in other ways when the atmosphere is tense. -Follow- Agree to other team members' ideas -Compromise- Shift their own opinions to maintain team harmony
My job is to not be easy on people. My job is to take these great people we have and push them and make them even better.
Steve Jobs
Effective
Stimulates high standards; champions dedication to vision
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs and Alderfer's ERG Theory are similar because both of them: -Suggest that people can only be motivated by a reward from a need level that has not yet been met. -Suggest that individuals must meet their needs in order. -Suggest that individuals are motivated by a specific set of needs. -Suggest that punishment is more effective than rewards at motivating behavior.
Suggest that individuals are motivated by a specific set of needs
What is the frustration-regression principle?
Suggests that failure to meet a high-order need may cause a regression to an already satisfied lower-order need; thus, people may move down as well as up the needs hierarchy
Managers focus on
Systems and production
A baker who designs, bakes, and frosts her own cakes is high on this dimension, but the assembly line worker who installs door handles on cars all day is low.
Task Identity
Ethan said, "Folks, I've just had a brainstorm! We could get the people in sales to communicate our message to customers. They'll be good at it, they'll enjoy it, and the message will get out really fast."
Task specialist
What is the task specialist role and what do they do?
Task specialist role: member who helps the team reach its goal -Initiate ideas- propose new solutions to team problems -Give opinions- offer judgements on task solutions -Seek information- ask for task-relevant facts -Summarize- Relate various ideas to the problem at hand -Energize- Stimulate the team into action when interest drops
Gary has just been hired as a the new chief legal counsel for a public utility. He will be supervising a group of experienced lawyers. Gary's first action is to meet with each lawyer individually; he wants everyone on his team to account for the smallest details of his or her work. Gary's ____leadership behavior is likely to be ____ , because _____ ______ this leadership behavior.
Task-oriented Ineffective Low position power Neutralizes
Leadership
The ability to influence people toward the attainment of goals
When discussing influence tactics with your managers, you should tell them that: -The best managers use a variety of influence tactics -The best managers use hard tactics, such as asking for what they want and using rational persuasion -The best managers use soft tactics, such as making people like them and developing allies -The best managers avoid the use of influence tactics
The best managers use a variety of influence tactics
What is the need for power?
The desire to influence or control others, be responsible for others, and have authority over others
What is adjourning?
The stage during which members of temporary teams prepare for the team's disbanding
What is norming?
The stage of team development in which conflicts are resolved and team harmony and unity emerge
What is storming?
The stage of team development in which individual personalities emerge and people become more assertive in clarifying their roles and what is expected of them.
What is performing?
The stage of team development in which members focus on problem solving and accomplishing the team's assigned task
What is forming?
The stage of team development involving a period of orientation and getting acquainted.
What is Herzberg's two-factor theory?
There are factors in the workplace that cause job satisfaction while a separate set of factors cause dissatisfaction, all of which act independently of each other. -JOB DISSATISFACTION IS NOT THE OPPOSITE OF JOB SATISFACTION!!
Not so long ago, one of your good friends invited you to attend National Night Out, a neighborhood celebration designed to foster police-community relationships and make the United States a safer place to live. After eating fabulous barbecue, chatting with your local sheriff, and seeing several exhibits on crime and drug prevention, you decide to form a Neighborhood Watch Group. You excitedly contact the National Association of Town Watch and the National Neighborhood Watch Institute, and soon afterward you get several packets in the mail containing signs and pamphlets on starting a Neighborhood Watch program. After reading the literature carefully, you realize that every booklet has the same message: It's easier to run a Neighborhood Watch program if you have a team. Now you have to get to work. Your first thought is to have seven members on the team, but management research indicates that seven members would be ____ . It would be better to have ____ people on the team.
Too many & three to six
•A strong work ethic •Honesty •A sense of humor •Confidence •Passion •Knowledge This list provides six leadership characterisitcs, or _____
Traits
Sirah runs a housecleaning service. She wants her employees to be highly efficient, cleaning a certain number of houses each day, and perform their work according to established checklists of tasks that have proven to satisfy clients. What is the more appropriate style of leadership, given Sirah's objectives for her housekeepers? -Either transactional or transformational -Transformational -Transactional
Transactional
Transformative or transactional? When Sascha hires a new employee, she explains that there is a probationary period of six weeks and after that, if the employee's performance is satisfactory, a $1 an hour raise will be given.
Transactional
James is an agreeable and emotionally stable person. A ____ , he inspires his employees to believe in the changes he wants to make to the organization.
Transformational leader
Transformative or transactional? Jackson takes time to get to know each one of his subordinates, especially their needs for achievement, growth, and support, and he seeks to create work experiences that will meet those needs.
Transformative
Members connect with one another on a deep emotional level; they feel comfortable being vulnerable with one another a. Commitment b. Results orientation c. Healthy conflict d. Trust
Trust
Leadership is a combination of strategy and character. If you must be without one, be without the strategy.
U.S. General H. Norman Schwarzkopf
Stacie was disappointed in Maggie's habit of _____ , because while Maggie followed orders readily, she never thought about how her actions would impact the organization's performance or whether there might be a better course of action.
Uncritical Thinking
Type of influence principle? A manager presents a report to a CEO outlining projected sales for a new store location.
Use rational persuasion
To develop a new curriculum to address state standards, the school district superintendent led a _____ of principals and teachers, school counselors and librarians, parents, and education program faculty at colleges around the state. Team members exchanged ideas via email and had regular videoconferences. a. global team b. functional team c. virtual team d. self-managed team
Virtual team
You are an experienced manager, and you fortunately have the ability to use all four managerial styles: directing, coaching, supporting, and delegating. You are currently working at the research and development department of the Applerose Seed Company. Your team consists of very experienced botanists who love their work and their jobs. Your boss has given you 2 months to create a research plan for the development of a new grape that is resistant to grape leafroll disease. Based on Situational Leadership II, what should you do? -You should work with the botanists to create the plan. Show them how to prepare the documents, and set aside time to offer them praise and support as they are working on the project. -You should work with the botanists to create the plan, showing them the work you have done in the past. -You should let the botanists come up with the plan but offer them whatever support they need while doing it, including frequent praise for a job well done. -You should turn the work over to the botanists and have them create their own plan. They are sure to come up with something good.
You should turn the work over to the botanists and have them create their own plan. They are sure to come up with something good.
What is willingness?
a combination of confidence, commitment, and motivation, and a follower may be high or low on any of these three variables
What is a global team?
a cross-border team made up of members of different nationalities whose activites span multiple countries.
What is a virtual team?
a group made up of geographically or organizationally dispersed members who are linked primarily through advanced information and telecommunications technologies
What is a task force?
a group of employees from different departments formed to deal with a specific activity and existing only until that task is completed
What are contingecy approaches?
a model of leadership that describes the relationship between leadership styles and specific situations
You are trying to convince a group of volunteers to show up at the library for their scheduled hours of work. Unfortunately, people tend to come in late on a regular basis, and this makes it difficult to get the books back on the shelves in a timely manner. You decide to give the volunteers ____ . Anyone who is on time for two weeks gets a $5 gift card from Starbucks. Soon, all of the volunteers are showing up for their shifts right on time.
a positive reinforcer
What is conflict?
a serious disagreement or argument in which one party attempts to block the intentions or goals of another
What is the Avoiding Style
a style for managing conflict that represents a low concern for both the self and the other party
What is a special-purpose team?
a team created outside the formal structure to undertake a project of special importance, such as developing a new product
What is a free rider?
a team member who attains benefits from team membership but does not actively participate in and contribute to the team's work
What is a self-managed team?
a team that consists of multiskilled employees who rotate jobs to produce an entire product or service, often led by an elected team member
What is the reinforcement theory?
a theory based on the relationship between a given behavior and its consequences
What is a team?
a unit of two or more people who interact and coordinate their work to accomplish a common goal to which they are committed and hold themselves mutually accountable
What is reinforcement?
anything that causes a certain behavior to be repeated or inhibited.
What are strengths?
are natural talents and abilities that have been supported and reinforced with learned knowledge and skills
What are traits (leadership)?
are the distinguishing personal characteristics of a leader, such as intelligence, honesty, self-confidence, and even appearance.
What are the two leadership behaviors?
attention to tasks (initiating structure) and attention to people (consideration)
What is a charismatic leader?
based on articulating a clear, appealing vision, exerting idealized influence, and providing inspirational motivation to stimulate people to do more than they would normally do, despite obstacles and personal sacrifice.
Megan wants to be promoted next year. In order to get her promotion, she is working extra hard this year, and she has already finished five major projects for her boss. If Megan's _____ helps her to get her promotion, it will make her more motivated to work hard in the future.
behavior
What is extinction?
behavior that is not positively reinforced will gradually disappear
What is a functional team?
composed of a manager and his or her subordinates in the formal chain of command
Contributing
contributes individually; works well in group
What is task conflict?
disagreements among people about the goals to be achieved or the content of the tasks to be performed
What is goal acceptance?
employees have to buy into the goals and be committed to them
What are process theories?
explains how people select behavioral actions to meet their needs and determine whether their choices were successful
What is goal difficulty?
hard goals are more motivating than easy ones
What is the Dominating style
have a high concern for self and low concern for others
What are intrinsic rewards?
internal satisfactions and positive feelings that a person receives in the process of performing a particular action.
Ruby Harper is the grants and services director for the Greater Columbus Arts Council. Recently, she posted to her blog that she loves her job because it is something she's good at, it changes often, and "the possibilities feel immense." These ____ are intangible but provide personal satisfaction of great value to her.
intrinsic rewards
What is integrative negotiation?
is a collaborative approach that is based on a win-win assumption, whereby the parties want to come up with a creative solution that benefits both sides of the conflict.
What is distributive negotiation?
is a competitive and adversarial approach in which each party strives to get as much as it can, usually at the expense of the other party
What is idealized influence?
is derived from the leader appealing emotionally and symbolically to followers' desire to achieve a clear, attractive vision of higher purpose
When a manager uses relationships and formal authority to cause other people in the organization to change their behavior, the manager ____
is excercising influence
What is influence?
is the effect that a person's actions have on the attitudes, values, beliefs, or behavior of others
What is behavior modification?
is the name given to the set of techniques by which reinforcement theory is used to modify human behavior
What are five common dysfunctions of teams?
lack of trust, fear of conflict, lack of commitment, avoidance of accountability, inattention to results
This description of Reed Hastings shows him playing the role of a strong _____ as he shares his vision for the company.
leader
What are transformational leaders?
leaders distinguished by a special ability to bring about innovation and change by creating an inspiring vision, shaping values, building relationships, and providing meaning for followers.
What are transactional leaders?
leaders who clarify subordinates' roles and task requirements, initiate structure, provides rewards, and display consideration for followers
Job-centered leaders (task) are
less concerned with goal achievement and human needs in favor of meeting schedules, keeping costs low, and achieving production efficiency.
Hannah is acting as a _____ when she establishes her department's work schedule for the next month.
manager
What is the goal-setting theory?
managers can increase motivation and enhance performance by setting specific, challenging goals, and then helping people track their progress toward goal achievement by providing timely feedback
What are the consequences of team cohesiveness?
morale and productivity
Employees who are enthusiastic about their work and willing to keep at their work until it is done are said to be___
motivated
What are existence needs?
need for physical well being
What are relatedness needs?
needs for satisfactory relationships with others
What is vicarious learning?
occurs when a person sees others perform certain behaviors and get rewarded for them
What are hygiene factors?
oinvolves the presence or absence of job dissatisfiers, such as working conditions, pay, company policies, and interpersonal relationships. Influence level of dissatisfaction
What is productive output in terms of team effectiveness?
performance and the quality and quantity of task outputs as defined by team goals
What is satisfaction in terms of team effectiveness?
pertains to the team's ability to meet the personal needs of its members and hence maintain their membership and commitment
What is legitimate power?
power that stems from a manager's formal position in an organization and the authority granted by that position
What influence cohesiveness?
presence of competition & team success
What is ability?
refers to the amount of knowledge, experience, and demonstrated skill that a subordinate brings to the task
What is Level 5 Leadership?
refers to the highest level in a hierarchy of manager capabilities, goes from capable to contributing to competent to effective to level 5.
Six leadership competencies
shared vision, communication, relationships, community, guidance, and character (informal leaders ranked higher in every area than formal)
What is the law of effect?
states that behavior that is positively reinforced tends to be repeated, and the behavior that is not reinforced tends not to be repeated
What is the expectancy theory?
suggests that motivation depends on individuals expectations about their ability to perform taks and receive desired rewards.
What is "capacity to adapt and learn" in terms of team effectiveness?
the ability of teams to bring together greater knowledge and skills to job tasks and enhance the organization's ability to respond to new threats or opportunities in the environment
What is job design?
the application of motivational theories to the structure of work for improving productivity and satisfaction
What is task identity?
the degree to which an employee performs a total job with a recognizable beginning and end
What is goal specificity?
the degree to which goals are concrete and unambiguous
What is task significance?
the degree to which the job is perceived as important and having an impact on the company or consumers
What is autonomy?
the degree to which the worker has freedom, discretion, and self-determination in planning and carrying out tasks
What is the need for achievement?
the desire to accomplish something difficult, attain a high standard of success, master complex tasks, and surpass others
What is the need for affiliation?
the desire to form close personal relationships, avoid conflict, and establish warm friendships
What is P to O expectancy?
the expectancy that high performance of a taks will lead to desired outcome
What is E to P expectancy?
the expectancy that putting effort into a given taks will lead to high performance
What is feedback?
the extent to which doing the job provides feedback to the employees about his or her performance
What is team cohesiveness
the extent to which members are attracted to the team and motivated to remain in it
Servant leaders work for
the fulfillment of their subordinates' goals and needs for the realization of the larger purpose or the mission of their organization.
What is positive reinforcement?
the implementation of a pleasant and rewarding consequence following a desired behavior
What is punishment?
the imposition of an unpleasant outcome following an undesirable behavior
Employee-centered leaders (people) are
the most effective supervisors were those who established high performance goals and displayed supportive behavior toward subordinates
What is power?
the potential ability to influence the behavior of others
What is avoidance learning (negative reinforcement)?
the removal of an unpleasant consequence once a behavior is improved, thereby encouraging and strengthening the desired behavior
What is social facilitation?
the tendency for the presence of others to enhance one's own performance
What is valence?
the value of outcomes (rewards) to the individual
What are content theories?
theories that emphasize the needs that motivate people
Great man approach
theory that history can be explained by the impact of great men, or heroes who are highly influential and unique and because of their natural abilities including excellent leadership skills have a divine inspiration and major impact on history.
How to strive for a win-win solution?
§Separate the people from the problem § Focus on underlying interests, not current demands § Listen and ask questions §Insist that results be based on objective standards
What is interactive leadership?
•A leadership style characterized by values such as inclusion, collaboration, relationship building, and caring.
What is servant leadership?
•A servant leader transcends their own interests to serve others, the organization, and society
What is the idea of behavioral approaches?
•Leaders' traits alone don't explain effective leadership •Instead of focusing on traits - focus on actual leader behaviors
Great Man Approach concept
•The idea of the great man approach was to find out what made these "great men" great and select future leaders who exhibited similar traits or could learn to develop them.
When it comes to interactive leadership, which gender is more preferred?
•Women rated higher in almost every category when it comes to interactive leadership than men. Ex. Developing others, driving for results, inspiring and motivating others, and building relationships.
What is personal power and what are the 2 types of personal power?
−Soft power includes expert power and referent power, which are based on personal characteristics and relationships
Source of Charismatic leader's impact:
−Starting a lofty vision of imagine future that employees identify with, −Displaying an ability to understand and empathize with followers, and −Empowering and trusting subordinates to accomplish results
What is will?
−fierce resolve to do what is best for the organization
What is initiating structure?
−the extent to which the leader is task orientated and directs subordinate work activities toward goal attainment. -Clarifying, planning, monitoring operations, and problem solving
