UIUC MCB 150 - Final Exam Review
A membrane protein that has a portion integrated into the hydrophobic region of the membrane is called a(n) ______ membrane protein.
integral protein
The three main types of macromolecules that make up the plasma membrane
lipids, carbs, and proteins
The proper term for an internal space of an organelle is a(n)
lumen
Acid hydrolases are found in which organelle?
lysosomes
What parameter of an optical instrument refers to its ability to make small objects appear larger?
magnification
A photograph taken by means of a microscope is called a(n)
micrograph
A magnification tool that enables researchers to study the structure and function of cells is the
microscope
Which of these is an optical instrument that allows researchers to view and study very small objects, such as cellular structures? Multiple choice question.
microscope
The production of ATP takes place in which of the following organelles?
mitochondria
The semiautonomous organelles of eukaryotic cells are the
mitochondria and chloroplasts
The endosymbiosis theory proposes that _________ and _________ originated from bacteria that took up residence within a primordial eukaryotic cell.
mitochondria, chloroplasts
What property do flagella provide to bacterial cells?
motility
The class of proteins that use ATP as a source of energy to promote various types of movements is called
motor proteins
The double membrane structure that surrounds the nucleus is the ______.
nuclear envelope
In eukaryotic cells, most of the DNA is housed in an internal compartment, or organelle, called the
nucleus
Where is most of the DNA located in a eukaryotic cell?
nucleus
Prokaryotes differ from eukaryotes because they lack a membrane-enclosed _________ which houses the DNA.
nucleus / nuclei
What do prokaryotes lack?
nucleus and membrane bound organelles
What is the main difference between a light and electron microscope?
the source of illumination
In terms of cell size, the majority of cells are
too small to be seen with the unaided eye
True or false: The resolution of an electron microscope is far better than that of a light microscope.
true
Specialized cellular compartments that are filled with fluid, sometimes solids, are called ______.
vacuoles
From a systems biology approach, a system can be which of the following? Cell Enzyme DNA Metabolic Pathway Organ
Cell, Metabolic Pathway, Organ
What best explains why most cells are small?
Cells must be small to be able to take up nutrients efficiently.
The membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum form which of the following? Cylindrical tubules Cisternae Ribosomal Subunits Fluid-filled tubules
Cisternae, fluid filled tubules
A statement best describes motor proteins
A category of proteins that use ATP as a source of energy to move.
Which statement best describes the cytosol? A central region that contains the genetic material An external region that aids in cell movement An external region that protects the cytoplasm A central region that coordinates many metabolic activities
A central region that coordinates many metabolic activities
Describe a lipid-anchored protein
A lipid molecule is covalently attached to an amino acid side chain of the membrane protein.
Describe a transmembrane protein
A segment of amino acids is inserted into the phospholipid bilayer.
Why are transmembrane proteins able to span the hydrophobic portion of the bilayer?
Because these proteins have stretches of nonpolar amino acids
Which of the following are found in bacteria, animal cells AND plant cells? Nucleus Cytoplasm Endomembrane System Cell Wall Plasma Membrane Ribosomes
Cytoplasm, Plasma Membrane, Ribosomes
The interaction of which of the following macromolecules plays an important role in the formation of living cells? DNA Lipids Carbs RNA Proteins
DNA, RNA, Proteins
True or false: The theory of endosymbiosis suggests that all membrane-bound organelles originated from bacteria that took up residence within a primordial eukaryotic cell.
False: Recall that endosymbiotic theory does not apply to all membrane-bound organelles.
Which of the following statements is correct about a biological membrane that is fluid?
Individual molecules can move within the membrane.
Which of the following is the best reason for cells being small? Larger cells would not be able to get necessary gases and nutrients quickly enough. Larger cells would require more nutrients and there is usually a limited supply. The cell membrane can only stretch so much and so cannot accommodate the larger size. Larger cells would create too much heat and enzymes will denature.
Larger cells would not be able to get necessary gases and nutrients quickly enough.
Why is it more appropriate to describe membranes as semifluid rather than fluid?
Molecules move laterally within the membrane leaflet. Phospholipids usually move in two dimensions.
Describe a peripheral membrane protein
Noncovalent associations form with phospholipids or other membrane proteins
Which of the two types of ER inserts certain proteins into its membrane? Neither rough nor smooth ER Only rough ER Only smooth ER Both rough + smooth ER
Only rough ER
How would early cells benefit from DNA replacing RNA as the information storage molecule?
RNA would have more flexibility in its catalytic functions. Information would be stored in a more stable molecule.
The German botanist who speculated in 1838 that cells are living entities and that plants are aggregates of cells was
Schleiden
Who speculated that cells are living entities and plants are aggregates of cells?
Schleiden
Which scientists are credited with the cell theory?
Schleiden and Schwann
A eukaryotic cell can be viewed as a system with four interacting parts:
The cytosol, the nucleus, semiautonomous organelles, and the endomembrane system
What are the two main types of electron microscopy?
Transmission and Scanning electron microscopy
Who proposed that all cells originate from other cells?
Virchow
What is the basic structure of the plasma membrane?
a phospholipid bilayer
An unknown cell type contains a nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, and ribosomes. Given only this information, this cell could be from: a plant or animal an animal a bacterium a plant a plant, animal, or bacterium
a plant or animal
Which of these statements is not a part of the cell theory? All cells are replaced All living organisms are composed of one or more cells new cells come only from pre-existing cells by cell division cells are the smallest units of life
all cells are replaced
Identify the two categories that prokaryotes can be divided into from an evolutionary perspective.
archaea and bacteria
Prokaryotes consists of two categories of organisms:
bacteria and archaea
What is the function of the lysosome?
breakdown of macromolecules
The rough ER attaches ______ to proteins and lipids.
carbohydrates
Nearly all species of archaea and bacteria have rigid _______________ that supports and protects the plasma membrane and cytoplasm.
cell walls
The field that involves the study of cells and how they interact with other cells is termed
cell/cellular biology/physiology
Which molecules keeps other proteins in an unfolded state so that they can be transported?
chaperone proteins
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of
cisternae
Proteins that are destined for the ER, Golgi, lysosome, plasma membrane or secretion are first directed to the ER. This is called _________ because the first step in the sorting process begins while the proteins are being synthesized.
co-translational sorting
The smooth ER is ______ the rough ER.
continuous with
The ability to visualize a particular cell structure based on how different it looks from an adjacent structure is called
contrast
Which of these refers to the ability to visualize a particular cell structure and may involve staining?
contrast
In a bacterial cell, the region of the cell contained within the plasma membrane is called the
cytoplasm
The area of the cell that is surrounded by the plasma membrane is called the ______.
cytoplasm
Intermediate filaments and actin compose this cell structure:
cytoskeleton
What term describes the region of a eukaryotic cell that is outside the membrane-bound organelles but inside the plasma membrane?
cytosol
Peroxisome enzymes perform a variety of functions including (answer all that apply) detoxification fat metabolism protein synthesis amino acid metabolism
detoxification, fat metabolism, amino acid metabolism
The resolution of this microscope is better than a light microscope:
electron microscrope
The plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells is part of the ______.
endomembrane system
Based on cell structure, all life forms can be placed into two categories called
eukaryotes and prokaryote
True or false: Vacuoles are prominent organelles in animal cells, and rarely found in plants cells. True false question.
false: Vacuoles are much more prominent in plant cells than animal cells.
Peroxisomes are involved in detoxification as well as the metabolism of amino acids and ________
fatty acids
Appendages used by prokaryotic cells to move are called
flagella
What is used by prokaryotes to move?
flagella
_________ are long, threadlike structures, which are used to provide motility to bacterial cells.
flagella
In a mitochondrion, the chromosomes are known as the mitochondrial ______.
genome
The chromosomes found in chloroplasts are referred to as the chloroplast
genome
The complete set of genetic material present in a cell or organism is called its ______.
genome
The entire complement of the genetic material of a species is its
genome
The function of a chloroplast is to capture the light energy necessary for the synthesis of which organic molecules in the process of photosynthesis.
glucose
The processing (ie: modification), sorting and secretion of cellular molecules are carried out by an organelle in the cell called the
golgi apparatus
The different chemical properties of amino acids have given proteins ______ catalytic ability than RNA molecules.
greater
Proteins that associate with the plasma membrane through non-covalent interactions with phospholipids or transmembrane proteins are called _________ membrane proteins.
peripheral (extrinsic)
The plasma membrane consists of a(n) ______ bilayer
phospholipid bilayer
A phospholipid bilayer that forms a barrier between a cell and its external environment is the
plasma membrane
What is the phospholipid bilayer barrier between the cell and its external environment called?
plasma membrane
Following protein synthesis, ______ sorting can route proteins to the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and peroxisomes.
post-translation synthesis
Which of the following are the overlapping functions of the Golgi apparatus? Protein... processing synthesis sorting secretion
processing, sorting, secretion
Rough ER selectively inserts newly-made ________ into the membrane of the ER.
proteins
Which macromolecule forms the foundation for the structure and activities of living cells? Multiple choice question.
proteins
The ability to observe two adjacent objects as distinct from one another, a measure of clarity, is called
resolution
What are the three important parameters of microscopy? Multiple select question.
resolution, contrast, magnification
The outer surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum is studded with _________ which give it a bumpy appearance.
ribosomes
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER) lacks ______.
ribosomes
The cell walls of most bacteria and archaea are ______.
rigid
The ER signal sequence is a sorting signal that directs a polypeptide to the ______.
rough ER
The attachment of carbohydrates to proteins and lipids is a function of the
rough ER
The surface of which organelle is studded with ribosomes?
rough endoplasmic reticulum
A polypeptide with an ER ______ sequence is directed to the ______ endoplasmic reticulum.
signal, rough
The organelle that consists of an extensive network of membranes which provides a large surface area for enzymes that play important metabolic roles is the
smooth ER
The process that selectively labels individual components of a cell and may greatly improve contrast is the application of a(n)
stains (staining)
A way of looking at organisms in terms of the complex interactions of its components rather than the properties of each component separately is called a(n) _________ biology approach.
systems
