Ultimate AP World History Exam Review

Anastacio Somoza Garcia

!930's pres of Nicaragua, worked to improve relations with US. Condemed for kissing up to USA

Mahayana Buddhism

"Greater Vehicle" More ritual than Buddha wanted Buddha became godlike deity Bodhisattvas: achieved nirvana, but remain on Earth

Theravada (Hinayana) Buddhism

"Lesser Vehicle," "Way of the Elders" Meditation, simplicity, nirvana is renunciation of human consciousness

blitzkrieg

"Lighting war", typed of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland n 1939

Kristallnacht

"Night of the broken glass" when Hitler lets the SA destroy Jewish businesses

Pax Romana

"Roman Peace" State of comparative concord prevailing within the boundaries of the Roman Empire from Augustus to Marcus Aurelius

VE Day

"Victory in Europe Day" -- May 8, 1945

Blitzkrieg

"lightning war", total offensive, tanks and guns all over enemy used by the Germans; rapid attack through the use of armor and air power

The three key points about the Holy Roman Empire 1450-1750

(1) Lost parts of Hungary to the Ottoman Turks in the early 1500s (2) The Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) devastated the region and weakened the power of Holy Roman emperors, which led to the rise of nation-states in the 1800s. (3) By the 1700s, Prussia was gaining power

Hong Wu

(1368-1398) Chinese leader of the overthrow of the Yuan Dynasty, was emperor and put a lot of trust in the eunuchs

Ming rule

(1368-1644) During this time, the Chinese established a strong Confucian government, reinstated the civil service examination, and removed Mongol influence.

Ming Dynasty

(1368-1644) restoration of the Chinese culture: Confucianism, bureaucracy, civil service exams, traditional values returned "Ming" = "brilliant"

Olmecs

(1400 B.C.E. to 500 B.C.E.) earliest known Mexican civilization,lived in rainforests along the Gulf of Mexico, developed calendar and constructed public buildings and temples, carried on trade with other groups.

Yongle

(1403-1424) emperor during the Ming Dynasty that sent naval expeditions to spread Chinese territory through the Indian Ocean and eastern Africa, moved the capital form Nanjing to Beijing

Safavid Empire

(1500-1722) enemy with the Ottomans, defeated in war with the Ottomans, doesn't expand anywhere

Shah Ismail

(1501-1524) converted all Persians to Shia, started Twelver Shiism

Sultan Salim the Grim

(1515) expanded to Egypt, Syria, and Baghdad, builds strong military in the Mediterranean

Suleyman the Magnificent

(1520-1566) promoted Ottoman expansion in SW Asia and Europe

Mughal Empire

(1526-1857) in India, expanded past the Sultante of Delhi, religiously tolerant

Matteo Ricci

(1552-1610) Jesuit that wanted to bring Christianity to China, was popular in the Ming court and studied Chinese traditions/language/religion

Akbar

(1556-1605) grandson of Zahir, destroyed Hindu opposition -- Muslim himself, divided Mughals into regional areas, came up with many architectural sites

Elizabethan Age

(1558-1603) When England saw a golden age in the arts and success in colonialism under the rule of Queen Elizabeth I.

Shah Abbas the Great

(1588-1629) revitalized the Safavid empire, moved the capital to center, encouraged trade, increased use of gunpowder weapons, led the Safavids to many victories

Tokagowa Ieyasu

(1600-1616) rules in Japan, was the head shogun, skeptical of foreigners

Tokagowa Shogunnate

(1600-1867) dynasty rule in Japan after the Shogun in the feudal, population growing but still agricultural

30 years war

(1618-1648) This Bourbon vs. Habsburg War resulted from a conflict between the Protestant Union and the Catholic League in the Holy Roman Empire

Qing Dynasty

(1644-1911) last of the Chinese Dynasties, expanded from Taiwan to the Caspian Sea, Manchurians were rulers from north "Qing" = "pure"

Qing (Manchu) dynasty

(1644-1912), Manchus were not ethnically Chinese; civil service exam gained new heights; Emperors like Kangxi and Qianlong were well well steeped in Chinese traditions (both were Confucian)

Aurungzeb

(1659-1707) not tolerant of Hinduism unlike Akbar, destroyed Hindu temples and raised taxes for them, tried to create a faith of himself

Kangxi

(1661-1722) ruler during the Qing, "enlightened", expanded China, was the "son of heaven"

Qianlong

(1736-1795) emperor during the Qing and helped the Manchus keep their hold on China, grandson of Kangxi, maintained the military in eastern Turkestan, and encouraged merchants to stay and stabilize, cancelled taxing, composed a hundred thousand poems

Ram Mohan Ray

(1772-1833) Bengali intellectual, "father of modern India", believed there should be a society of modern European science and Indian tradition

Kaiser Wilhem

(1797-1888) king of Prussia that appointed Otto von Bismark in 1862

Mahmud II

(1808-1839) launched own reform program, restored Ottoman military, massacred the jannissaries that protested, established academies

Charles Darwin

(1809-1882) English biologist that wrote "The Origin of Species" that said living species evolved from other things

Vladimir Lenin

(1810-1924) tension with royal family, annoyingly smart, develops own theory of Marxism, exiled several times, leader of the Red Revolution

Monroe Doctrine

(1823) document to claim that America has the Western Hemisphere and Europeans cannot come in and claim

Queen Victoria

(1837-1901) ruler of Britain in the beginning of the time when British took over India, assigned the administration of Britain in the colony India

Sino-Japanese War

(1844-1845) war between Chinese and Japanese over land, and the Japanese gained some land of China (also had Korea and other islands around)

Taiping Rebellion

(1850-1864) revolt from below in China, people wanted education and democracy

Tsar Alexander II

(1855-1881) Russian ruler that abolished slavery, but didn't change economy, forces industrialization on Russia

Woodrow Wilson

(1856-1924) a reelected president of the United States that wanted to be in the Great War, but the public did not

Sigmund Freud

(1856-1939) medical doctor from Vienna that focused on psychological rather than physiological explanation of mental disorders

Sepoy Rebellion

(1857) British don't take religion into consideration when hiring the sepoys and make the Buddhists/Hindu break the cartridges on guns, which is made of animal fat -- taboo in religions, sepoys kill British officers, but British strike back and take over

British Raj

(1858-1952) "Raj" = "reign", when the British were directly controlling India

Suez Canal

(1859-1869) new canal between Africa and Saudi Arabia that enhanced the effectiveness of steamships and shortened the trip from Europe to Asia

Rudyard Kipling

(1864-1936) English writer and poet, who defined "White Man's Burden"

Leopold II

(1865-1909) got Stanley to discover more about the Congo, then took it for Belgium and completely tortured the natives to extract resources, but lied to everyone about it

Su Yatsch

(1866-1925) leader of the revolution that ends the Qing in 1911, no stable government in place

Meiji Restoration

(1868) overthrow of the Tokugawa and Mutsuhito put as emperor, stopped the West and industrialized/modernized like the West on their own

Cecil Rhodes

(1871) went to South Africa to cure his tuberculosis and observed African laborers, monopolized the diamond mining in S. Africa, helped British imperialism

Winston Churchill

(1874-1965) ruler in power of Britain during WWII, his experience of war helps him lead his country during this time

Sultan Hamid II

(1876-1909) installed and used the Young Turks to get in power, destroyed constitution after a year in power

Joseph Stalin

(1879-1953) fight for power after Lenin's death, "Man of Steel", put the 5 year plan, helps Russia at expense of people

Albert Einstein

(1879-1955) transformed science during the postwar decade, helped with the Manhattan Project

Mustapha Kemal (Ataturk)

(1881-1938) played a crucial role in the formation of the modern Turkish state

Pablo Picasso

(1881-1973) had works that lead the proponent of cubism, displayed on the influence of African art

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

(1882-1945) U.S. president that is in office during the Great Depression, took steps to get America out of depression and make economy better so that they could join WWII, hired Keynes

Crimean War

(1883-1856) Russians vs. Ottomans/French/British, weakens the Russians and shows the power of industrializing Europe (and the Ottomans)

Benito Mussolini

(1883-1945) veteran of the war, starts ICL with Blackshirts, asked by king to be Prime Minister (2nd in command), first to establish a fascist state

Berlin Conference

(1884-1885) organized by Bismark, all European powers called to discuss the conquering of Africa to avoid war with eachother (Africa wasn't in meeting)

Tojo Hideki

(1884-1948) defense minister general in Japan, in 1941 he assumed the office of prime minister and set plans for the war against Britain and U.S.

Harry Truman

(1884-1972) anticommunist president of the U.S. after FDR passed away during WWII and made the decision of dropping the atomic bombs on Japan

Indian National Congress

(1885) founded with British approval to educate Indians to communicate their public affair views

Chang Kaishek

(1887-1975) leader of nationalists, forms the National People's Party, arguing against the communists

T.E. Lawerence

(1888-1935) "Lawerence of Arabia" was a British adventurer, worked up a revolt against Turkish rule, coordinating Arab attacks

Opium Wars

(1889-1842) started with the Chinese government attacking the British and the British fighting back, then totally taking control over China, also took a major trading port: Hong Kong

Adolf Hitler

(1889-1945) Austrian, fought in WWI, aspiring artist, thinks Jews and communists were conspiring against Germany, upset with German government, joins Nazis, put in jail and wrote "Mein Kampf", gets out early, offered to be chancellor of Germany

aldolf hitler

(1889-1945) was the founder and leader of the Nazi Party, dictator of Germany

Queen Lili-uokalani

(1893) overthrown by planters and businessmen invading Hawaii, William McKinley annexed the islands from her

Mao Zedong

(1893-1971) comes to power for the communists, believed that China communists should be agricultural, building army up in secret

Tsar Nicholas II

(1894-1917) put in power after Alexander was assasinated, last Romanov ruler, worse than Alexander (people thought he would be better), uses police to crack down and doesn't take advice

Battle of Omdurman

(1898) British army encountered a Sudanese force in Omdurman on the Nile and attacked British loss: 368 men Sudanese loss: 11,000 men

Spanish-American War

(1898) Spain is a declining power and only has Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines as colonies, war against America and Spain (Spain is weaker)

Spheres of Influence

(1898) foreign powers had carved China itself into spheres of economic influence, Qing government was powerless to resist and Europeans came and industrialized

Boxer Rebellion

(1899) goal was to target foreign influence so Chinese murdered Europeans, Russia, U.S., Germany, Britain, and France had to subdue it

Boer War

(1899-1902) struggle for gold of the British and Dutch in South Africa, "Boer" = "farmer" in Dutch, British take wives/children into concentration camps, British win and take land and gold

Theodore Roosevelt

(1901-1909) supported a rebellion against Colombia in 1903 and helped rebels establish the state of Panama and the canal

Russo-Japanese War

(1904-1905) war between the Russians and Japanese, and Japan defeated huge Russia

Panama Canal

(1904-1914) built to enhance the effectiveness of steamships and build a connection from the Atlantic to the Pacific

Maji Maji Rebellion

(1905-1906) in Tanganyika, a local prophet organized to expel German authorities form east Africa

Sultan Rashid

(1909-1918) overthrew Sultan Hamid II after the liberals went to Europe to devise a plan

Mexican Revolution

(1910-1920 CE) Fought over a period of almost 10 years form 1910; resulted in ouster of Porfirio Diaz from power; opposition forces led by Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata.

Balkan Wars

(1912-1913) the states of the Balkan peninsula fought two wars so they could possess the European territories that the Ottomans held; helped lead to the Great War

Russian Civil War

(1918-1920) between reds (communists) and whites (everyone else, including some U.S.), Romanov family eliminated (shot and dipped into acid

Weimer Republic

(1919-1939) government that was in power in Germany that signed the Treaty of Versailles, not right or left, the people and army angry at them

Chinese Civil War

(1927-1950) Kaishek says peace with the communism, stabs them in the back and attacks is the start, Republic established early but don't have complete power

Operation Barbarossa

(1941-1942) Hitler leaves England and turns to USSR, had treaty with Stalin but breaks peace, wanted Russia so he could send the Jews, disabled, homosexuals away from Germany, 3.6 million men involved, strongest military, winter stopped Germany

Einsatzgruppen

(1941-1942) mobile killing groups created by the SS, went to places and killed Jews on the spot in mass murders

Battle of Stalingrad

(1942-1943) Soviet Union goes on the offensive, first time that Nazis are defeated in Europe

Han Dynasty

(202 BCE-220 CE) This dynasty continued the centralization of the Qin Dynasty, but focused on Confucianism and education instead of Legalim.

Ottoman Empire

(289-1923) expanded to Constantinople (1453), key to strength was military -- calvary, spread to Africa, Arabia, E. Europe, Mediteranean

Brezhnev Doctrine

(Doctrine of Limited Sovereignty) Policy used by soviet premier to justify the invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968. Reserved soviet Union's right to invade any socialist country that soviet leaders deemed to be threatened by internal or external elements. "hostile to socialism"

sanskrit

(Hinduism) an ancient language of India (the language of the Vedas and of Hinduism)

Neo-Confucianism

(twelfth century) combination of moral, ethical, and political values of Confucius with the logical rigor of Buddhism, appealed to the Ming, Qing, and Shogun

the Scientific Revolution led to...

... the Industrial Revolution

Winston Churchill

..., A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns.

Four Noble Truths

1. All life is suffering. 2. Suffering is caused by desire. 3. Freedom from suffering can be achieved in nirvana. 4. Eightfold Path leads to nirvana.

Islam is like Judaism and Christianity in the way it...

1.) is monotheistic 2.) accepts Abraham, Moses, and Jesus as prophets (however, it does not accept Jesus as the son of God)

Mahabharata

1000-700BCE, epic written in India about war between two branches of the same family World's longest single poem

Aftermath of the Holocaust

11 million people die -- 6 million Jews, contributes to the making of Israel from a piece of Palestine

Hittites

1500 BCE, Anatolians who toppled Babylon w/war chariots and iron weapons

Olmec

1500-400 BCE, Mesoamerican civilization in lower Mexico Famous for large stone heads, also irrigation, corn/bean/squash, polytheism, writing, calendar

Edict of Nantes

1598, decree promulgated at Nantes by King Henry IV to restore internal peace in France, which had been torn by the Wars of Religion; the edict defined the rights of the French Protestants

Babylon

1700 BCE, overpowered Akkad

Mao Zedong

1893-1976, Chinese Communist leader: chairman of the People. Republic of China 1949-59; chairman of the Chinese Communist party 1943-76.

Gallipoli

1915 campaign of WW1; eurpoean side of Dardanelles

Battle of Gallipoli

1915, between Britain and Ottomans (in Ottoman empire), Britain wanted to isolate the Ottomans and surround the central powers, this is the last victory of the Ottomans in history

Battle of Verdun

1916, bloodiest battle on the western front in the Great War, 600,000 men died

Treaty of Versailles

1919, officially ends the Great War, negotiations by Britain and France, Germans not there

The Global Depression

1920's was profitable but comes to a halt at the Great Depression because economic recovery in Europe in late 20's

Union of Soviet Socialist Republic

1922, created by Lenin, contains Russia and 20 other states, leader was the "premier"

Shanghai Massacre

1928, nationalists kill tons of communists after being tricked

Long March

1934, when communists flee deep into China

Battle of Britain

1940, constant bombardment by air force on the towns in Britain the blitz: bombings in Britain daily, radar used to identify planes -- warning sounded

Wannsee Conference

1942, between the head Nazis to come up with the final solution of the Jews, decided a mass extermination of Jews in death camps

Battle of Midway

1942, first U.S. major victory on Midway islands that stops the expansion of Japan

Battle of the Bulge

1944, border of France and Germany fought on, the last major Nazi battle

FDR passing away

1945, Harry Truman had to step in

Battle of Berlin

1945, Russians got to Berlin first, wanted it badly because they lost the most men in the war, Berlin is totally wiped out

Nuremburg trials

1946, military tribunal, Nazis put on trial -- killed or imprisoned for their doings to the Jews

Han Dynasty

202 BCE-220 CE, focused on Confucianism, expanded boundaries, developed bureaucracy (1st civil service exams)

Qin Dynasty

221-206 BCE, 1st (short-lived) Chinese empire, Legalism Shi Huangdi famous for ruthless conquests of rival states and standardization, built Great Wall

Diocletian

284 CE, became Roman emperor Tried to deal w/fall of Roman Empire by splitting into two regions run by co-emperors. Brought armies back under imperial control Tried to deal w/economic problems by strengthening the imperial currency, forcing a budget on the government, and capping prices to deal with inflation Civil war erupted when he retired

cuneiform

3000s BCE - 100s BCE, Sumerians used stylus to make wedge shaped marks in soft clay Earliest known form of writing

Constantine

313 CE, issued Edict of Milan to end persecution of Christians 322 CE, became Roman emperor 340 CE, built Constantinople at Greek city of Byzantium to become capital

Mauryan Empire

324-184 BCE, autocratic Chandragupta Maurya was 1st to unify Aryan kingdoms into civilization, modeled on Persian politics and Alexander the Great

Alexander the Great

334-323 BCE, Philip II's successor who conquered the Persian Empire, reached the Indus Valley, founded many Greek-style cities, and spread Greek culture across the Middle East

Darius I

3rd ruler of the Persian Empire Crushed resistance to his rule and gave all major government posts to Persians rather than to Medes Fought Persian Wars

Bronze Age

4000BCE-1500BCE, bronze tools first introduced in Middle East

Warring States Period

402-201 BCE, between Zhou and Qin dynasties, lack of centralized government in China

Peloponnesian War

431-404 BCE, conflict between Athenian and Spartan Alliances Mostly bc of Athenian imperialism Sparta eventually won, but both were weakened enough to be conquered by Macedonians

Twelve Tables

449 BCE, civil laws in Roman Republic to protect individual after demands by plebeians

Death camps

6 main camps, Aushwitz was the main one (1 million died), kept some Jews alive to work, gas chamber "showers"

First Triumvirate

60 BCE, unofficial coalition between Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus

Long March

6000 mile journy by Chinese Communists and Red Army, during ordeal, mao zedong emerged as leader of Commies

The end of WWII

62-78 million people died, 60% were civilians, Europe destroyed and no longer in power, Holocaust revealed

Carthage

800 BCE, city founded by Phoenicians that became a major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean until defeated by Roman Republic

Neolithic Age

8000-5000 BCE, New Stone Age Sedentary agriculture and plant/animal domestication

Xin Dynasty

9-23 CE, established by Wang Mang by using Mandate of Heaven to undermine ruling Liu family of Han dynasty

Chavin

900-250 BCE, major urban civilization in South America Polytheism, seafood, metal, llamas

Treaty of Tordesillas

A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.

Viet Cong

A Communist-led army and guerrilla force in South Vietnam that fought its government and was supported by North Vietnam.

Franks

A Germanic people who settled in the Roman province of Gaul

Eastern Christianity

A branch of Christianity that developed in the Byzantine Empire and that did not recognize the Pope as its supreme leader

Xuanzang

A famous Chinese Buddhist monk, scholar, traveler, and translator who described the interaction between China and India in the early Tang period. He became famous for his 17 year trip to India and back.

Sunni

A follower of the majority branch of Islam, which feels that successors to Muhammad are to be chosen by the Muslim community

Aristocracy

A government in which power is in the hands of a hereditary ruling class or nobility

Encomienda

A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it

Harappa

A major city of the Indus Valley civilization; flourished around 2000 BCE

Ming dynasty

A major dynasty that ruled China from the mid-fourteenth to the mid-seventeenth century. It was marked by a great expansion of Chinese commerce into East Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia

Enlightenment

A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions

Mongols

A people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia. >(p. 325)

Pax Romana

A period of peace and prosperity throughout the Roman Empire, lasting from 27 B.C. to A.D. 180.

pastoral nomad

A person who domesticates animals for food and clothing and moves along regular migratory routes to provide a steady Source of nourishment for those animals

Neo-Confucianism

A philosophy that blended Confucianism with Buddhism and Daoism

Persian Wars

A series of wars between the Greeks (mainly Athens) and the Persians in which Greeks were usually victorious United all Greek city-states against their mutual enemy, Persia 2 huge victories by Greeks at Marathon and Salamis

e. Dutch.

A trading post was built at Cape Town in 1652 by the Select one: a. French. b. Russians. c. English. d. Portuguese. e. Dutch.

Mahabharata

A vast epic chronicling the events leading up to a cataclysmic battle between related kinship groups in early India. It includes the Bhagavad-Gita, the most important work of Indian sacred literature.

Literate

Able to read and write

U.S. president whose election sparked the secession of southern states.

Abraham Lincoln

Marcus Garvey

African American leader durin the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927.

African culture in Americas

Africans struggled to preserve their customs and language on plantations. Through their families, religion, folklore, and music, as well as more direct forms of resistance, Africans-Americans resisted the debilitating effects of slavery and created a vital culture supportive of human dignity.

Hellenistic period

After Alexander's death, Greek art, education, and culture merged with those in the Middle East. Trade and important scientific centers were established, such as Alexandria, Egypt.

Rise of Ottoman Empire

After the fall of the Mongol Empire, the Muslim Ottoman Empire, founded by Osman Bay, rose in Anatolia to unify Turkey and challenge the Byzantine Empire. In 1453, the Turks invaded Constantinope and ended the Byzantine Empire.

Sparta

Agricultural Greek military polis that used slaves known as helots to provide agricultural labor

d. Islamic

All Songhay emperors were Select one: a. Christian. b. Antonian. c. Zoroastrian. d. Islamic. e. traditional animistic.

Delian League

Alliance established by Pericles between Athens and many of its allied cities

Alliances of the Great War

Allied powers: Great Britain, France, Russia (late U.S.) Central powers: Germany, A-H, Ottomans

Bubonic Plague

Also called the Black Death was a deadly disease that spread through Europe and killed one out of every three people

Jesuits

Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism.

Vietnamese nationalist party

Also known as the Vietnamese Quoc Dan Dong or VNQDD; active in 1920s as revolutionary force committed to violent overthrow of French colonialism.

Ngo Dinh Diem

American ally in South Vietnam from 1954 to 1963; his repressive regime caused the Communist Viet Cong to thrive in the South and required increasing American military aid to stop a Communist takeover. he was killed in a coup in 1963.

Buddha

An Indian prince named Siddhartha Gautama, who renounced his wealth and social position. After becoming 'enlightened' (the meaning of Buddha) he enunciated the principles of Buddhism. (180)

Kushans

An Indo-European people from Central Asia who conquered much of northwest India and Western parts of the Ganges Basin, constructing an empire that also encompassed Afghanistan and parts of Central Asia. Contributed to trade along the Silk Road

Warsaw pact

An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations. This was in response to the NATO

d. the eventual destruction of the kingdom

An alliance with Portugal brought wealth and foreign recognition to Kongo, as well as Select one: a. a diplomatic connection to the Spanish. b. the right to limit the slave trade. c. an inroad into European politics. d. the eventual destruction of the kingdom. e. a later alliance with the English.

English east India company

An early joint-stock company; were granted on English royal charter with the intention of favoring trade privileges in India.

Roman Empire

An empire established by Augustus in 27 BC and divided in AD 395 into the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern or Byzantine Empire. at its peak lands in Europe and Africa and Asia were ruled by ancient Rome.

negritude

An ideological position that holds African American culture to be independent and valid on its own terms.

The geographic region of present-day Turkey.

Anatolia

Jainism

Ancient Indian religion w/small following today of only about 10 million followers Originated in 800s BCE Non-violence towards all living beings Self-effort to move soul up the spiritual ladder to divine consciousness Any soul that has achieved state of supreme being is called jina

Mit'a

Andean labor system based on shared obligations to help kinsmen and work on behalf of the ruler and religious organizations.

slash and burn agriculture

Another name for shifting cultivation, so named because fields are cleared by slashing the vegetation and burning the debris.

Caudillo who intermittently ruled Mexico and led the destruction of the Alamo and the fight against the U.S. in 1846-1848.

Antonia Lopez de Santa Ana

Okinawa

April, battle on island with lots of American deaths

Penisulares

Are born in spain ruling upper class

Confucianism

Aristocratic Confucius recorded his thoughts in the Analects and created political/social philosophy, not religion 5 relationships: ruler-subject, parent-child, husband-wife, older brother-younger brother, friend-friend Love for humanity (ren), filial piety (xiao), decorum (li) Didn't support specific political system, just wanted good people running it

cubist movement

Artistic style rendering familiar objects in geometric shapes; headed by Pablo Picasso, who was influenced by African art.

Socialist realism

Artistic style whose goal was to promote socialism by showing Soviet life in a positive light.

varnas

Aryan caste groups: brahmans, warriors, merchants, peasants

Racial beliefs of the Nazis

Aryan is the supreme race Jews are the worst

Diet of worms

Assembly of the estates of the empire, called by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1521. Luther was ordered to recant but he refused. Charles V declared Luther an outlaw.

Draco and Solon

Athenian aristocrats who brought democratic reforms like formation of Council of Four Hundred

Socrates

Athenian philosopher who thought that human beings could lead honest lives and that honor was more important than wealth or fame

Pericles

Athens ruler who spread democracy thru imperial force Created prosperous Golden Age of Pericles

Victory of Japan (V-J) Day

August 14, 1945, cannot compete with weaponry and surrender

Russian-Germany Treaty of Nonaggression

August 1939, the foreign ministers of the USSR and Germany signed this document agreeing that they would keep peace

Archduke Ferdinand

Austro-Hungarian heir whose assassination started WW1

Northern victory that turned the tide of war against the Southern military forces.

Battle of Gettysburg

1876 Native American victory over American cavalry troops commanded by Colonel George Armstrong Custer.

Battle of Little Big Horn

Harry Truman

Became president when FDR died; gave the order to drop the atomic bomb; Marshall Plan

Hinduism

Began in India w/Aryan invaders Vishnu: the preserver, Shiva: the destroyer Follow dharma (fulfill duties) until reach moksha and merge w/Brahma (freedom from reincarnation) Reason why many accepted part in life Vedas and Upanishads as guide

Division of Africa

Belgians -- Congo British -- South and East Africa (Egypt and Kenya) French -- West and North Africa

animism

Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life.

Aristotle

Believed, unlike his teacher Plato, that philosophers could rely on their senses to provide accurate information about the world Tutored Alexander the Great

True

Between 1519 and 1521, Hernán Cortés and a small band of men brought down the Aztec empire in Mexico. Select one: True False

Alexander the Great

Between 334 and 323 B.C.E. he conquered the Persian Empire, reached the Indus Valley, founded many Greek-style cities, and spread Greek culture across the Middle East.

Illegitimate

Born of parents not lawfully married to each other.

Sui and Tang Dynasty

Both had similar governing system and the Sui Dynasty laid foundations for the Tang to develop.

Shi'a

Branch of Islam believing that God vests leadership of the community in a descendant of Muhammad's son-in-law Ali. Mainly found in Iran and a small part of Iraq. It is the state religion of Iran. A member of this group is called a Shi'ite.

Engenho

Brazilian sugar mills; term symbolized entire complex world of everything relating to the production of sugar.

panem et circenses

Bread and circuses Roman bribery method of coping with class difference Offer food and entertainment to keep plebeians quiet without solving unemployment problems

India Act of 1935

Britain offered a self governing state with legislature, didn't accept by the Indians because quarreling of religions

Balfour Declaration

British document that promised land in Palestine as homeland for Jews in exchange for Jews help in WWI

Opium problem in China

British kept trading opium for valuables with Chinese (brought from India) and government says to stop, but British bring it underground

Indian Nationalism

British still ruling, educated Indians from west, intellectual leaders revolt and question authority

Operation Mincemeat

British tricked Axis powers by take a corpse and putting a British uniform on it and putting a fake plan of invading Greece on the coast of Spain

East India Companies

British, French, and Dutch trading companies that obtained government monopolies of trade to India and Asia; acted independently in their regions.

c. 180 million.

By 1800, the population of Europe had risen to Select one: a. 240 million. b. 310 million. c. 180 million. d. 81 million. e. 350 million.

Justinian

Byzantine emperor in the 6th century A.D. who reconquered much of the territory previously ruler by Rome, initiated an ambitious building program , including Hagia Sofia, as well as a new legal code

Baghdad, Iraq

Capital city of Iraq. As heart of the Arab Empire, it was second only to Constantinople in terms of size and grandeur in 1000 C.E.

Tenochtitlan

Capital of Aztec empire

Chang'an (Xi'an China)

Capital of Tang dynasty; population of 2 million, larger than any other city in the world at that time.

Tenochtitlan

Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins. (p. 305)

Hispaniola

Caribbean island, present day Haiti and the Dominican Republic

White Huns

Caused fall of Gupta Empire

Ottoman Empire

Centered in Constantinople, the Turkish imperial state that conquered large amounts of land in the Middle East, North Africa, and the Balkans, and fell after World War I.

Nebuchadnezzar

Chaldean king who rebuilt Babylon

Ashoka

Chandragupta Maurya's grandson who completed conquest of Indian subcontinent Spread Buddhism thru the empire and carved Rock and Pillar Edicts

British officer whose "Ever Victorious Army" played a significant role in the defeat of the Taiping Rebellion.

Charles Gordon

Habeus Corpus Act

Charles II signed this, which protects people from arrest without due process

True

Charles V did not build an administrative structure for his empire but, instead, ruled each of his lands according to its own laws and customs. Select one: True False

Yellow Turbans

Chinese Daoists who launched a revolt in 184 C.E., promising a golden age to be brought about by divine magic.

Guomindang

Chinese Nationalist party founded by Sun Yat-sen in 1919; drew support from local warlords and Chinese criminal underworld; initially forged alliance with Communists in 1924; dominated by Chiang Kai-shek after 1925

scholar-gentry

Chinese class created by the marital linkage of the local land-holding aristocracy with the office-holding shi; superseded shi as governors of China.

Great Wall

Chinese defensive fortification built to keep out northern nomadic invaders; began during the reign of Shi Huangdi.

yuan Shikai

Chinese general and first president of the Chinese Republic (1912-1916). He stood in the way of the democratic movement led by Sun Yat-sen.

Legalism

Chinese philosophy that had lots of influence on Qin Dynasty Pessimistic view of human nature Social harmony can only be attained through strong gov't control and strict enforcement of rigid laws Accomplish unification of China Resented by commoners, so Confucianism and Daoism more accepted

Janissaries

Christian boys taken from families, converted to Islam, and then rigorously trained to serve the sultan

c. his miscalculation of the distance from the Canary Islands to Japan.

Christopher Columbus's decision to sail west to reach Asia was based on Select one: a. secret information on trade routes that he had received indirectly from Chinese sources. b. legends left over from the earlier Viking voyages. c. his miscalculation of the distance from the Canary Islands to Japan. d. information that he had gathered after inventing his own astrolabe. e. assistance from an experienced Muslim sailor.

Ideas of Martin Luther

Church services should be in language people can understand; salvation is given by God not through indulgences or the Catholic Church

Iron Curtain

Churchill coined the term after being voted out of office and said in a speech in U.S.,

May 5, 1862, the day that Mexican forces defeated French invaders.

Cinco De Mayo

Mukden

City in Manchuria, occupied by Japanese on doubtful charges that Chinese bombed south Manchurian Railway.

Medina

City in western Arabia to which the Prophet Muhammad and his followers emigrated in 622 to escape persecution in Mecca. (p. 231)

Timbuktu

City on the Niger River in the modern country of Mali. It was founded by the Tuareg as a seasonal camp sometime after 1000. As part of the Mali empire, Timbuktu became a major major terminus of the trans-Saharan trade and a center of Islamic learning

Great Zimbabwe

City, now in ruins (in the modern African country of Zimbabwe), whose many stone structures were built between about 1250 and 1450, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state. (p. 385)

The former imperial dowager who made herself a powerful figure and virtual ruler of China as the emperess dowager.

Cixi

dinshawai incident

Clash between British soldiers and Egyptians villagers in 1906; arose over hunting accident along Nile River where wife of prayer leader of mosque was accidently shot by army officers hunting pigeons; led to Egyptian protest movement.

Chinese firms licensed to trade with foreign merchants.

Cohong's

France by 1750

Colbert and Louis XIV's many territorial invasions proved costly and its position as a military power was weakening. Resentment had already begun among the peasants because of them which would lead to the French Revolution

Code of Hammurabi

Collection of 282 laws written by Hammurabi, first Babylonian king One of first examples of written law in the ancient world Distinguished between major and minor offenses and established justice by applying laws to almost everyone

Viet Minh

Communist-dominated Vietnamese nationalist movement; operated out of base in southern China during WW II; employed guerilla tactics similar to Maoists in China.

Vedas

Compilation of oral hymns, religious reflections, and Aryan conquests

Persepolis

Complex of palaces, reception halls, and treasury buildings erected by the Persian kings Darius I and Xerxes in the Persian homeland

Russian minister of finance who attempted to promote the industrialization and economic development of the country.

Count Sergei Witte

Axis

Countries opposing the Allies in WWII. Primary members were Germany, Italy, and Japan.

Persian Empire

Created by Cyrus when defeated Medes, Lydians, Babylonians and let existing gov'ts keep ruling in his name Reached height by 500 BCE Built Great Royal Road, stretching from Persian Gulf to Aegean Sea

Sumerians

Created world's first civilization, located in Mesopotamia Existed over 3,000 years

Successful effort by England and France to prevent the Russians from gaining control of the Dardanelles and other Ottoman territories.

Crimean War

Fidel Castro

Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba (born in 1927)

Pearl Harbor bombing

December 7, 1941, Japan bombed U.S. Pacific fleet (close to them), 2000 servicemen killed, FDR already took modern fleet to San Diego so only old ships/crafts in Pacific

Declaration of war

December 9, 1941: U.S. declared war on Japan and Germany (fight longer with Japan)

Athens

Democratic Greek polis w/many cultural accomplishments Political, commercial, cultural center of Greek civ

Daoism

Developed by Lao-tzu Dao: way of nature, passive and yielding wuwei: simple life in harmony w/nature, disengagement from worldly affairs Counter-balance to Confucian activism and promoted science (harmony w/nature) Added to complexity of China

c. a Mexican woman who aided Cortés in his conquest of the Aztecs.

Doña Marina was Select one: a. the first viceroy of the Spanish colonies in the Americas. b. the Portuguese explorer who first sighted Australia. c. a Mexican woman who aided Cortés in his conquest of the Aztecs. d. the nautical term for the dominant westerly wind that made voyages to the Americas faster. e. the leading Spanish banker who funded exploration.

Russia's first parliamentary institution, which Nicholas II reluctantly allowed to form.

Duma

Imperialism in Asia

Dutch -- East Indies French -- Southeast Asia (Thailand, Vietnam) Spanish -- Philippines (until U.S.) British -- Australia, New Zealand, India

oracle bones

Earliest known Chinese writing is found on these from Shang rituals

Byzantine Empire

Eastern part of the Roman Empire that survived the fall of the Western Roman Empire

Mass Line

Economic policy of Mao Zedong; led to formation of agricultural cooperatives in 1955; cooperatives became farming collectives in 1956.

Invented the power loom in 1785.

Edmund Cartwright

An English physician whose research on smallpox vaccination laid the foundation for modern immunology.

Edward Jenner

muslim brotherhood

Egyptian religious and nationalist movement founded by Hasan al-Banna in 1928; became an example for later fundamentalist movements in the Islamic world.

Eight fold path

Eight steps to end suffering according to Buddhist tradition.

Juan Jose Arevalo

Elected president of Guatemala in 1944; began series of socialist reforms including land reform; nationalist program directed against foreign-owned companies such as United Fruit Company

Developed the technique of using machine tools to produce large quantities of interchangeable parts in the making of firearms.

Eli Whitney

Made the elimination of slavery one of the goals of the U.S. Civil War.

Emancipation Proclamation

Afrikaner National Party

Emerged as the majority party in the all-white South African legislature after 1948; advocated complete independence from Britain; favored a rigid system of racial segregation called apartheid.

Seleucid Empire

Empire I n Bactria and Anatolia after broken up by Alexander

Ptolemaic Empire

Empire in Egypt after broken up by Alexander

Antigonid Empire

Empire in Greece and Macedon after broken up by Alexander

Paleolithic Age

Ending in 12000 BCE, Old Stone Age Hunter-gatherers using crude stone tools

Locke

English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience (1632-1704)

Newton

English mathematician and physicist

James cook

English navigator who claimed the east coast of Australia for Britain and discovered several Pacific islands (1728-1779)

John Locke

English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.

Cyrus the Great

Established massive Persian Empire by 550 B.C.E.; successor state to Mesopotamian empires., c. 530 B.C.E. A Persian ruler who captured Babylon. He was known for his mercy. He was tolerant of other religions and culture, and even incorporated different architectural styles into his buildings.

Magelian

European sailer that set sail from Spain and went around cape horn. He reached turbulant waters but then reached South Sea and renamed it Pacifico (peaceful sea) not realizing it was the South Sea; continued west to reach phillipine but dies.

True

European states ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648 with the Peace of Westphalia, which laid the foundation for a system of independent, competing states. Select one: True False

Triangle of Trade

Europeans brought goods to Africa, took slaves to Americas and traded for raw materials, went to Europe and traded materials for manufactured goods

Africa in the 20th century

Europeans devastated Africa; destroyed the cultures and people and forced European language and culture

Brazil Sugar Plantations

Europeans, in their push for wealth, forced Native Americans to work as slaves in mines and in sugar cane fields. Greatly affected population ratios in Africa.

Japanese Seclusion Act (1639)

Except for small Chinese and Dutch trading contingents at Nagasaki, no foreigners were permitted to enter Japan, and no Japanese were allowed to leave. This seclusion helped them return to their original culture and prosper economically for the first few centuries.

U.S. entering WWII

FDR sent aid to Allies, wanted to be in the war but U.S. still in the Depression; cut off relations with Japanese

French revolutionaries also drew inspiration from the Enlightenment; however, it was a less radical affair than the American revolution. Select one: True False

False

Many thinkers of the Enlightenment affirmed the legal and social privileges enjoyed by the aristocrats of the seventeenth and eighteenth century. Select one: True False

False

Most Islamic empires relied on potatoes and maize that had flourished for centuries in the lands they ruled. Select one: True False

False

Muslim leaders were confident in their superiority over Europeans, but they did embrace European cultural and technological developments during the sixteenth century. Select one: True False

False

The Mughal emperor Akbar was a devout Muslim who was not tolerant of other religions. Select one: True False

False

The most famous of the Mughal monuments, and one of the most prominent of all Islamic edifices, was the Süleymaniye mosque. Select one: True False

False

Medici family

Family in Florence that were patrons of the art in Italy

Benito Mussolini

Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy.

Iwo Jima

February, battle on island with lots of American deaths

e. the Philippines.

Ferdinand Magellan established a trade route between Mexico and Select one: a. Spain. b. Hawai`i. c. Portugal. d. the Canary Islands. e. the Philippines.

Queen Nzinga

Fiercely resisted the slave trade and battled with the Portugese in Angola, though in the end she failed because of their superior weaponry.

Jawaharlal Nehru

First Prime minister of India daughter was Indira Gandhi

King Henry VIII and the Anglican Church

For political reasons (he wanted to remarry), the king renounced Roman Catholicism and became Protestant, saying he was king of the new Anglican Church (Church of England)

d. precious metals.

For the Spanish, the greatest attraction of the Americas was Select one: a. tobacco. b. the new class of trading partners to buy Spanish manufactured goods. c. slaves. d. precious metals. e. sugar.

World Zionist Organization

Formed by Herzl and other prominent European Jewish leaders to promote Jewish migration to Palestine in advance of the creation of a Zionist state in Palestine.

Mali empire

Formed in 1240 when Sundiata took control of Ghana Empire. It controlled trade across Sahara, the South and the Niger River.

Mikhail Gorbachev

Former soviet leader, tried to save the Soviet Union form disintegrtion by reconstructing the Soviet econ and liberalizing Soviet society.

Buddhism

Founded by Indian prince Siddhartha Gautama who renounced wealth, meditated under a bodhi tree, and became Buddha (Enlightened One) Follow Four Noble Truths and use Eightfold Path to reach nirvana, don't have to wait to reincarnate Split into movements after Buddha's death

King Henry VIII

Founder of the church in England and ruled England from 1509-1547. He broke the Catholic church because he couldn't get a divorce

Shi Huangdi

Founder of the short-lived Qin dynasty and creator of the Chinese Empire (r. 221-210 B.C.E.). He is remembered for his ruthless conquests of rival states and standardization. (163)

Britain at the start of WWII

France and Belgium fell, Britain stood in way so Germany turned to them, after constant bombing Hitler thinks Britain is done and leaves

Biggest beneficiary of the Thirty Years' War

France. Prussia also.

A charasmatic Mexican rebel who led his forces in raids against the United States.

Francisco Pancho Vila

Good Neighbor Policy

Franklin D. Roosevelt policy in which the U.S. pledged that the U.S. would no longer intervene in the internal affairs of Latin American countries. This reversed Teddy Roosevelt's Big Stick Policy.

Cossacks

Free groups and outlaw armies of peasants who fled the tzar and service nobility

Simon de Beauvoir

French author, leading proponent of existentialist movement and feminism.

John Calvin

French humanist whose theological writings profoundly influenced religious thoughts of Europeans. Developed Calvinism at Geneva. Wrote Institutes of Christian Religion

Alfred Dreyfus

French officer and Jew who was falsely accused of spying for Germany in the late 19th century; his mistreatment spurred Herzl and other Zionists to increase their call for a Jewish homeland.

Rousseau

French philosopher and writer born in Switzerland. Believed that man's goodness was corrupted by society.

Montesquieu

French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers (1689-1755)

Voltaire

French writer who was the embodiment of 18th century Enlightenment (1694-1778)

c. enslaved Africans.

From 1500 to 1800, the largest contingent of migrants consisted of Select one: a. Chinese peasant families fleeing recurring outbreaks of disease. b. Hindu Indians fleeing religious persecution. c. enslaved Africans. d. southern Europeans seeking political freedom in the Americas. e. northern Europeans seeking economic opportunity in the Americas.

Chiang Kai-shek

General and leader of Nationalist China after 1925. Although he succeeded Sun Yat-sen as head of the Guomindang, he became a military dictator whose major goal was to crush the communist movement led by Mao Zedong. Also known as Jiang Jieshi

Englishman who built the first steam-powered locomotive in 1815.

George Stephenson

Theodor Herzl

German Jewish Politician who advocated the policy of Zionism and the creation of a nation state for all Jewish people.

Kepler

German astronomer who first stated laws of planetary motion (1571-1630)

Martin Luther

German theologian who led the Protestant Reformation.

Visigoths

Germanic tribes who pressed into Roman Empire when Attila and his Huns began pressing on them

Germany after WWII

Germany divided into 4 parts: USSR, U.S., Britain, and France all got a part (east was USSR and west the others) Berlin split between Soviets and Americans

Blitzkrieg

Germany's battle technique using tanks, planes, railroads, and intricate planning to win rapid victories, "lightning war"

Axis Powers

Germany, Italy, Japan

Gupta Empire

Golden Age of India; ruled through central government but allowed village power; restored Hinduism

Italian workers who became known as "swallows" because of their practice of travelling between Italy and the Americas.

Golondrinas

polis

Gov't w/power centralized into local city-state Composed of citizens, free people w/no political rights, and noncitizens

Hannibal

Great Carthaginian general who led Second Punic War

Zapatistas

Guerilla movement named in honor of Emiliano Zapata; originated in 1994 in Mexico's southern state of Chiapas; government responded with a combination of repression and negotiation

Indus River Valley

Harappan civilization Urban cities of Harappa and Mohenjo Daro which were laid out on grid pattern Little known bc natural disasters, admin decline, and nomadic migrations

Chandragupta Maurya

He founded India's first empire. He was an Indian prince who conquered a large area in the Ganges River valley soon after Alexander invaded western India.

Paterfamilias

Head of household -always male- and only member to have full legal rights Absolute power over his family

Introduced the assembly line to automobile production in an effort to drive down prices and improve profits.

Henry Ford

c. was much more politically driven than Luther's reformation.

Henry VIII's reformation in England Select one: a. ignored Luther and instead pushed for change within Catholic guidelines. b. made far more profound changes in theology than Luther's reformation did. c. was much more politically driven than Luther's reformation. d. was based on the ideas of the Anabaptists. e. was inspired more by John Calvin's thought than by Luther's thought.

d. Aztecs.

Hernán Cortés was responsible for the conquest of the Select one: a. Incas. b. Moche. c. Taíno. d. Aztecs. e. Chimu.

Confucius

His doctrine of duty and public service had a great influence on subsequent Chinese thought and served as a code of conduct for government officials. Although his real name was Kongzi (551-479 B.C.E.).

Byzantine Empire

Historians' name for the eastern portion of the Roman Empire from the fourth century onward, taken from 'Byzantion,' an early name for Constantinople, the Byzantine capital city. The empire fell to the Ottomans in 1453. (250)

Nazi Germany

Hitler gradually took apart democracy of Germany, implemented fascist policies, eliminated parties, censured press, militaristic, nationalistic, secret police Hitler dictator by the 1930's

Aftermath of Nazis

Hitler marries his mistress and they both commit suicide, Nazis slip away and get new identities, some priests and other countries help them

Charles V

Holy Roman emperor (1519-1558) and king of Spain as Charles I (1516-1556). He summoned the Diet of Worms (1521) and the Council of Trent (1545-1563).

Village schoolteacher who provided the inspiration and leadership for the Taiping Rebellion.

Hong Xiquan

a. twelve million

How many Africans were forcefully brought to the Americas as part of the trans-Atlantic slave trade? Select one: a. twelve million b. two million c. less than one million d. four million e. one million

A German firm that was the largest chemical company in the world during the 19th Century.

IG Farben

Greco-Roman Philosophy

Ideas that emphasized logic, empirical observation, and nature of political power and hierarchy.

Aryans

Immigrants who arrived at Ganges River Valley by 1000 BC

Phoenicians

Important trading people who lived on the coast of the eastern Mediterranean, started the greek alphabet

d. Portuguese.

In 1505 all the Swahili city-states were subdued by the Select one: a. English. b. Dutch. c. Spanish. d. Portuguese. e. Ottoman Turks.

People's republic of China

In 1949. Mao renamed China with this name to signify the importance of communism

dharma

In Hinduism, the duties and obligations of each caste

Solidarity

In Poland; Catholic unrest and an independent labor movement

eastern front

In World War I, the region along the German-Russian border where Russians and Serbs battled Germans, Austrians, and Turks.

a. Dutch.

In an effort to drive the Portuguese out of Ndongo, Queen Nzinga formed an alliance with the Select one: a. Dutch. b. kingdom of Axum. c. Kongolese. d. kingdom of Zimbabwe. e. kingdom of Mali.

European Economic Changes of the 15th Century

Included the founding of colonies in the Americas and the introduction of new goods to Europe that led to significant changes in the economy.

What spread Renaissance

Increasingly urban society resulting from emerging middle class of merchants and traders

National congress party

Indian Political Party established in 1885, that led the eventual push for Indian Independence from the British Crown in 1947. Currently the largest Indian Political Party.

Mauryan Empire

Indian empire founded by Chandragupta, beginning with his kingdom in northeastern India and spreading to most of northern and central India.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Indian statesman who was the founder of Pakistan as a Muslim state (1876-1948)

Mohenjo-Daro

Indus Valley city laid out in a grid pattern. Had a complex irrigation and sewer system.

Banda Islands

Infamous case of the Dutch forcibly taking control of the spice trade; nearly the entire population of these nutmeg-producing islands was killed or enslaved and then replaced with Dutch planters. (BAHN-dah)

PRI

Institutional Revolutionary Party which dominated Mexican politics and claimed to represent all groups. Lots of corruption

comintern

International office of communism under USSR dominance established to encourage the formation of Communist parties in Europe and elsewhere.

league of nations

International organization founded in 1919 to promote world peace and cooperation but greatly weakened by the refusal of the United States to join. It proved ineffectual in stopping aggression by Italy, Japan, and Germany in the 1930s.

United Nations

International organization founded in 1945 to promote world peace and cooperation. It replaced the League of Nations.

Sir Isaac Newton

Invented calculus and developed law of gravity

Gutenberg

Invented printing press in mid-1400s

b. the commercial centers of west Africa and the Swahili city-states.

Islam was most popular in sub-Saharan Africa in Select one: a. areas that had forsaken the traditional religions because of famine or plague. b. the commercial centers of west Africa and the Swahili city-states. c. areas that had previously had contact with Christian missionaries. d. the thinly populated rural areas. e. poor areas, where payment for conversion had the greatest appeal.

Mosque

Islamic place of worship

Edict of Nantes (1598)

Issued by Henry IV, the first Bourbon king, it was an edict of religious toleration between the Catholics and Huguenots

Why the Holy Roman Empire was weak

It was still very feudal with powerful local lords

northern renaissance art vs. italy

Italian art was more secular, in the north, while still focused on realism, they were also religiously concerned.

John Cabot

Italian explorer who led the English expedition in 1497 that discovered the mainland of North America and explored the coast from Nova Scotia to Newfoundland (ca. 1450-1498)

Columbus

Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506). Made contact with America and changed history.

The Scottish instrument maker that developed a general-purpose steam engine in 1765.

James Watt

b. founding the city of Batavia on the island of Java.

Jan Pieterszoon Coen was responsible for Select one: a. establishing the United East India Company. b. founding the city of Batavia on the island of Java. c. bringing the Philippines under Dutch control. d. the third circumnavigation of the globe. e. forcing the population of Indonesia to convert to Christianity.

Contrasting Japan, China, India, and Russia in their attitudes toward Europe

Japan: get out of here China: i'm watching you India: you guys seem fine to me Russia: i want to be you

Propaganda campaign of WWII in U.S.

Japanese are depicted horrible and evil

kamikaze

Japanese crash bombers "devine wind"

Comfort Women

Japanese forcibly recruited 300,000 women (14-20) to serve in military brothels, they were presented to troops as a gift from emperor, they were from Korea, Taiwan, Manchuria, Philippines, catered 20-30 men a day, killed if tried to escape

Kamikaze

Japanese plane with explosives that flew into American ship with Japanese men giving their lives for their country

Anti-Semitism

Jews blamed for all, segregation laws put in place, myths that Jews stole babies and killed Jesus; associated with a prejudice against Jews and the political, social, and economic actions taken against them

The first prime minister of Canada.

John A. Macdonald

D-Day

June 6, 1944, largest invasion of military history, Eisenhower was leader of Allies, took months of planning, training, and tricking (blow up tanks), dropped paratroopers on the beach of Normandy behind Nazis, didn't go as planned (June 5), three fronts opened up

Mansa Munsa

KIng that ruled from in mali from 1307-1332 A.D. He was an islamic ruler who was seen as the richest king in all of history. He extended their territory, promoted Islam, controlled trading routes and important trading cities. He is still seen today as one of the richest and most powerful ruler of all time. Made trip to city of Mecca Brought so much gold w/him he disrupted economy everywhere he went

False

King Louis XIII of France was known as le roi soleil, "the sun king." Select one: True False

Charlemagne

King of Franks; ruled for over 40 years; encouraged education; unified all the Christian lands of Europe into a single empire. Called "King Father of Europe" and was crowned Holy Roman Emperor

King Alfonso

King of the Congo who wrote a letter to the King of Portugal expressing concern that the slave trade was depopulating his country

Charlemagne

King of the Franks (r. 768-814); emperor (r. 800-814). Through a series of military conquests he established the Carolingian Empire, which encompassed all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy. Illiterate, though started an intellectual revival

Mexican political movement that aimed to limit the power of the military and the Roman Catholic church.

La Forma

Indentured servant

Laborer who agreed to work without pay for a certain period of time in exchange for passage to America

Nicholas II

Last tsar of Russia; tsarist rev 1917

apartheid

Laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas.

Benito Mussolini

Leader of Italy during WWII

Jomo Kenyatta

Leader of independence movement in Kenya, then first prime minister of Kenya. "founding father of kenya"

Sun Yatsen

Leader of revolution that ended Qing Dynasty, "father of modern china"

Mohandas Gandhi

Leader of the Indian independence movement and advocate of nonviolent resistance. After being educated as a lawyer in England, he returned to India and became leader of the Indian National Congress in 1920.

Ghengis Khan

Leader of the Mongols

Queen nzinga

Leader who ruled in Angola and spent almost 40 years battling Portuguese slave traders

Queen Nzinga

Leader who ruled in Angola and spent almost 40 years battling Portuguese slave traders in order to prevent them from enslaving her people.

Assyrians

Learned to use iron to defeat Hittites Established capital at Nineveh and built empire across Fertile Crescent

Mao Zedong

Leder fo Communist Rev. in China

Xia Dynasty

Legendary Chinese dynasty not believed to exist until relatively recently Walled towns ruled by area-specific kings assembled armies, built cities, and worked bronze Created pictograms which would evolve into the first Chinese script

False

Like Islam, Christianity would not make compromises with the traditional beliefs and customs of sub-Saharan people. Select one: True False

Dhimmi

Literally "people of the book"; applied as inclusive term to Jews and Christians in Islamic territories; later extended to Zoroastrians and even Hindus & Buddhists

Greek Epics

Literature and drama acquired distinctive forms that influenced artistic developments in neighboring regions and in later time periods. Examples: Illiad and Odyssey

Ghana empire

Located on the North banks of the Nile river. Extensive trade with Berbers

Leader of the Northwest Rebellion against the Canadian government who was defeated and subsequently executed for treason.

Louis Riel

Edict of Fountainbleu

Louis XIV's revocation of the Edict of Nantes, led to Huguenot persecution

An anti-technology movement in England in the early years of the Ninteenth Century.

Luddites

b. the sale of indulgences.

Luther's initial stimulus for formulating the Ninety-Five Theses was Select one: a. his excommunication from the Roman Catholic church. b. the sale of indulgences. c. the influence of John Calvin. d. his time spent in England during the English Reformation. e. the turmoil caused by having two popes during the Great Schism.

Philip II

Macedonian king who sought to unite Greece until his murder

Silk Road

Major trade route from China to Roman Empire Traded goods and helped spread culture

Islam

Major world religion having its origins in 610 C.E. in the Arabian peninsula; meaning literally submission; based on prophecy of Muhammad

Patriarch

Male head of family or tribe

Timbuktu

Mali trading city that became a center of wealth and learning

Sundiata

Mali's first great leader, came to power after crushing a cruel, unpopular leader. Legend followed through oral then written traditions.

Protestant Reformation

Martin Luther, a German monk, posted 95 Theses on a church in 1517. With the help of the printing press, it was widely distributed and more and more people began breaking away from the Roman Catholic Church for religious (or political) reasons and interpreting the Bible themselves.

Appointed emperor of Mexico by France's Napoleon III.

Maximilian I

Renaissance art vs. Middle Ages

Medieval art was almost entirely religious; Renaissance was religious, secular, and worldy.

Muhammad fled from Mecca to...

Medina in 622 in order to escape persecution.

True

Merchants were influential in the affairs of the English and Dutch states; these lands adopted policies that were most favorable to capitalist enterprises. Select one: True False

Maya

Mesoamerican civilization concentrated in Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula and in Guatemala and Honduras but never unified into a single empire Major contributions in mathematics, astronomy, and development of the calendar

ziggurat

Mesopotamia temple tower made of rectangular terraces of diminishing size

city-state

Mesopotamian political organization w/agricultural hinterlands ruled by urban-based king

Victoriano Huerta

Mexican general who overthrew President Francisco Madero in 1913 and established a military dictatorship until forced to resign in 1914

Allowed the United States to appropriate the area that is now the southwestern states.

Mexican-American War

Red Army

Military organization constructed under leadership of Leon Trotsky, Bolshevik follower of Lenin; made use of people of humble background

Warsaw Pact

Milt alliance of 7 communist nation created by soviets in response to inclusion of W germany in NATO. Primary Rival to NATO

Overthrow of the Yuan

Ming overthrow and restore China to a centralized state

Genghis Khan

Mongolian Emperor with a massive empire

Tatars

Mongols who captured Russian cities and destroyed the Kievan state in 1236. However, they left the Russian Orthodox church and aristocracy intact.

Liberal Democratic party

Monopolized Japanese government from its formation in 1955 into the 1990s; largely responsible for the economic reconstruction of Japan.

Ibn Battuta

Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan.

"Third Rome"

Moscow. Became the center of Orthodox Christianity following the fall of the Byzantine Empire.

Hagia Sophia

Most famous example of Byzantine architecture, it was built under Justinian I and is considered one of the most perfect buildings in the world.

Akbar

Most illustrious sultan of the Mughal Empire in India (r. 1556-1605). He expanded the empire and pursued a policy of conciliation with Hindus.

Nonaligned Movement

Movement led by Indian Prime Minister Nehru, motive was to remain neutral during cold war.

The geographic region of present-day Turkey.

Muhammid Ali

Mughal Empire

Muslim state (1526-1857) exercising dominion over most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

India's peoples by 1700

Muslims began persecuting Hindus again, Akbar's religious toleration did not last.

MAD

Mutually Assured Destruction. State of affairs reached by US and Sovied Union by 1970. Both of these countries could effectively destroy the world by themselves. Contributed to the stalemate of the Cold War

Anwar Sadat

Nasser's successor dismantled massive state apparatus that had been created, favored private initiatives

Guomindang

Nationalist Party in China started by Sun Yatsen. Eventually led by Jiang Jieshi.

eastern bloc

Nations favorable to the Soviet Union in Eastern Europe during the cold war-particularly Poland, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Rumania, Hungary, and East Germany.

Neo-Slavery

New slavery, because Europeans aren't holding them as property, but totally taking the natives' land and resources

The last czar of the Russian Empire.

Nicholas II

bedouin

Nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam.

NAFTA

North American Free Trade Agreement; allows open trade with US, Mexico, and Canada

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Alliance created in 1949 created to serve as milt counterweight to Soviets in Europe.

Xiongnu

Northern Asia nomads believed to be Huns who invaded territory from China to Eastern Europe during Han Dynasty

Zhou Dynasty

Northern Chinese who succeeded Shang Introduced iron Similar to the Shang and Xia dynastic periods bc China was fragmented politically Used feudalism w/alliances, fell when overthrown by land-owning aristocrats One of longest Chinese dynasties (about 600 years)

People's Democratic republic of Korea

Northern half of Korea dominated by USSR; long headed by Kim Il-Sung; attacked south in 1950 and initiated Korean War; retained independence as a Communist state after the war.

Russian Serfs

Not freed until the industrial revolution.

Role of Women

Not given many rights and those were nobility were useless and to only be admired but did no real work . For peasants, women were to control the family and whatever they do. In revolutions, women joined the military and helped out in any way possible.

Second Triumvirate

Octavius, Marc Antony, Lepidus

Communist Revolution

October 24, 1917, overthrow of the provisional government, was the first communist state in history

Hellenistic

Of or influenced by the Greek Empire A type of culture typically referred to after conquests of Alexander the Great

e. Guanahaní.

On 12 October 1492, Columbus made landfall on an island that the native Taíno called Select one: a. San Salvador. b. Gao. c. Palos. d. Calicut. e. Guanahaní.

e. Nicolaus Copernicus.

On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres was written by Select one: a. Isaac Newton. b. Ptolemy. c. Jonathan Swift. d. Galileo Galilei. e. Nicolaus Copernicus.

Catal Huyuk

One of first true cities in history, created in the Neolithic Era in 6500 to 5500 BC, from which were created agriculture, trading, temples, housing, and religions

e. African law did not recognize private property, and thus slaves served as a measure of personal wealth.

One of the factors that made African slavery different from the varieties practiced elsewhere was that Select one: a. African slavery was much more brutal than any other form of slavery. b. African slavery began much later than slavery in the rest of the world. c. African slavery was practiced almost entirely for religious rather than financial reasons. d. African slavery didn't last very long. e. African law did not recognize private property, and thus slaves served as a measure of personal wealth.

Jenne-Jeno

One of the first urbanized centers in western Africa Walled community w/about 50,000 people at its height Evidence suggests domestication of agriculture and trade with nearby regions

Indra

One of the most popular Vedic gods, resembling Zeus of Greek mythology; indicative of the polytheism of early Hinduism.

Secret Army Organization

Organization of French settlers in Algeria; led guerrilla war following independence during the 1960s; assaults directed against Arabs, Berbers, and French who advocated independence

pan-African

Organization that brought together intellectuals and political leaders from areas of Africa and African diaspora before and after World War I

Capetown

Originally in a base to provide food for Dutch Ships to Spice Islands, it became an area of moderate climate and freedom from tropical disease that made it attractive to settlers

Suleiman I

Ottoman Empire experienced golden age during his reign, with the center at Istanbul. He also pushed into Europe through Hungary at this time, but the Ottomans never got past Vienna, Austria.

Suleiman

Ottoman sultan who brought the Ottoman Empire to its height; he succeeded in defeating the Habsburgs and capturing Vienna.

e. 25 percent

Over the course of the entire period of trans-Atlantic slavery, the mortality rate for the middle passage was Select one: a. 10 percent. b. 3 percent. c. 60 percent. d. 50 percent. e. 25 percent.

Stuart Restoration

Parliament invited Charles II to take the throne and restore a monarchy.

Julius Caesar

Part of the first triumvirate Chose not to conquer Germany Used civil war to push out Crassus and Pompey and become "emperor for life" 44 BCE, assassinated by fellow senators

Octavius

Part of the second triumvirate Took name Augustus Caesar and became emperor End of Roman Republic and the start of Pax Romana. Disguised Roman Empire as a republic

ancient Greece

Peninsula between Aegean and Med. Sea Mountainous=not much agriculture, natural harbors=trade

Mulattoes

People of African and European descent

Hebrews

People who lived in lands between Mesopotamia and Egypt and developed Judaism

Time of Troubles (1604-1613)

Period following death of Ivan IV characterized by political instability in Russia. Feudal lords fought for czarship

Black Death

Period in European history when many Euorpeans died to a disease

five-year plans

Plans that Joseph Stalin introduced to industrialize the Soviet Union rapidly, beginning in 1928. They set goals for the output of steel, electricity, machinery, and most other products and were enforced by the police powers of the state.

True

Planters in North America initially met the demand for cheap labor by recruiting indentured servants from Europe. Select one: True False

Copernicus

Polish astronomer who produced a workable model of the solar system with the sun in the center (1473-1543)

Popular Front

Political group active in aiding the leftist forces in the Spanish Civil War. Earnest Hemingway and other prominent American intellectuals and writers joined the group

Effects of American Foods on Eurasia

Population growth due to the variety of diets.

Dictatorial general who governed Mexico from 1876-1911, serving the interests of the wealthy classes, landowners, and industrialists.

Porfirio Diaz

Songhay empire

Portion of Mali after that kingdom collapsed around 1500; this empire controlled Timbuktu.

Vasco da gama

Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route. (p. 428)

Malacca

Portuguese factory or fortified trade town located on the tip of the Malayan peninsula; traditionally a center for trade among the southeastern Asian islands.

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world.

Bartolomeo Dias

Portuguese. In 1488 rounds the Cape of Good Hope and enters Indian Ocean basin

Gupta Empire

Powerful successor of Mauryan Empire Controlled India w/military force and prestige as a center of sophisticated culture (golden age)

polytheism

Practiced by majority of ancient civilizations Multiple gods impact daily life on earth to varying degrees, sometimes for good, sometimes not Grand works of ancient civs were dedicated to gods Led to rise of priestly class

New Deal

President Franklin Roosevelt's precursor of the modern welfare state (1933-1939); programs to combat economic depression enacted a number of social insureance measures and used government spending to stimulate the economy; increased power of the state and the state's intervention in U.S. social and economic life.

Lazaro Cardenas

President of Mexico (1934-1940). He brought major changes to Mexican life by distributing millions of acres of land to the peasants, bringing representatives of workers and farmers into the inner circles of politics, and nationalizing the oil industry 820

Constantinople

Previously known as Byzantium, Constantine changed the name of the city and moved the capitol of the Roman Empire here from Rome.

True

Private investors rather than royal financial backing played a larger role in French and English colonial efforts in the Americas. Select one: True False

John Calvin

Prominent French theologian that developed Calvinism. He was very interested in philosophy and maintaining God's original teachings.

Mexican Constitution of 1917

Promised land reform, limited foreign ownership of key resources, guaranteed the rights of workers, and placed restrictions on clerical education; marked formal end of Mexican Revolution.

Minoan

Prosperous civilization on Aegean island of Crete Commerce around the Mediterranean Cultural influence on early Greeks

Puritans

Protestant sect in England hoping to "purify" the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice and organization.

Vichy Government

Puppet state established by Germany in southern france after the German invasion

Long Parliament

Puritan led. It limited the absolute powers of English monarchs. Raised an army, cally the Roundheads, who defeated James I's cavaliers

National Liberation Front

Radical nationalist movement in Algeria; launched sustained guerrilla war against France in the 1950s; success of attacks led to independence of Algeria in 1958

Land Freedom Army

Radical organization for independence in Kenya; frustrated by failure of nonviolent means, initiated campaign of terror in 1952; referred to by British as the Mau Mau.

Chinampas

Raised fields constructed along lake shores in Mesoamerica to increase agricultural yields.

Mesopotamia

Region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers that developed first urban societies Bronze Age: included Sumer and Akkadian, Babylonian and Assyrian empires Iron Age: ruled by Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian empires.

Shintoism

Religion located in Japan and related to Buddhism. Shintoism focuses particularly on nature and ancestor worship.

Mandate of Heaven

Religious/political theory developed by Zhou saying rulers were given right to rule from divine source

Secluded

Removed or remote from others; solitary

Protestant Reformation

Result of King Henry VIII Broke w/ Roman Catholic church in 1530's; Catholics v.s. Protestants; Protestant eventually became dominate religion in England after Queen Elizabeth; Battles with Irish

Cardinal Mazarin

Richelieu's successor who also strengthened the French's government pre- Louis XIV

Plebeians

Roman commoners w/out land

Constantine

Roman emperor (r. 312-337). After reuniting the Roman Empire, he moved the capital to Constantinople and made Christianity a favored religion.

Vasco de Gama

Rounded tip of Africa in 1497 and established trade relations in India

Mansa Musa

Ruler of Mali (r. 1312-1337). His pilgrimage through Egypt to Mecca in 1324-1325 established the empire's reputation for wealth in the Mediterranean world

Led to a sudden surge of population in California and the drive for statehood.

Rush of '49

Domino effect of the Great War

Russia declares war on A-H Germany declares war on Russia France declares war on Germany Britain declares war on Germany

Duma

Russia's first parliamentary institution that was reluctantly established by the tsar

Russia vs Europe in this time period

Russia's growth was territorial, Europe's was artistic and intellectual.

Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn

Russian Writer expelled to the west

Lenin

Russian communist that creates USSR in 1922, was the premeir of the USSR but dies shortly

Boris Yeltsin

Russian leader who completely broke with communism and stopped a communist takeover

e. furs

Russian merchants and explorers began the expansion into Siberia in the quest for Select one: a. copper. b. iron. c. silver. d. gold. e. furs.

Nikita Khrushchev

Russian premier after Stalin. Led de-Stalinization of Russia. A reformer who argued for major innovations.

Liberation of Nazis

Russians unveil the evil of the Nazis, Nazis run out of Germany to Argentina, Brazil and helped the caudillos -- some captured later

Abbas the great

Safavid shah (1587-1629); extended the empire to its greatest extent; used Western military technology.

Nicolaus Copernicus

Said in 1543 that the earth revolved around the sun and rotated on its axis

1864 Colorado militia attack on a band of Cheyenne Indians led by Black Kettle.

Sand Creek Massacre

Adam smith

Scottish economist who advocated private enterprise and free trade (1723-1790)

Minh Mang

Second emperor of a united Vietnam; successor of Nguyen Anh; ruled from 1820 to 1841; sponsored emphasis of Confucianism; persecuted Catholics.

System imposed through law and custom, of separating people by race.

Segregation

Sought to blend Chinese cultural traditions with European industrial technology.

Self-Strengthening Movement

Roman Republic

Senate (patrician families) w/two consuls who are elected by Assembly originally dominated by patricians, later opened to plebeians Paganism as state religion

Beginning of WWII

September 1, 1939: Germany takes over Poland so France and Britain declare war on Germany, which is what Hitler wants begins officially on September 3

The Mukden Incident

September 18, 1931: Japanese troops exploded a few feet of rail on the South Manchuria Railway north of Mukden and accused the Chinese for attacking it -- was a cause for the war between Japan and China

Munich Conference

September 1930, meeting where euro politicians ment to discuss policy regarding German occupation of Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia. Example of APPEASEMENT

Munich Conference

September 1938, European politicians made a policy that came to be known as the appeasement, agreed that Hitler would cease further efforts to expand Germany

Hundred Years War (1337-1453)

Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families.

Treaty of tordesillas

Set the Line of Demarcation which was a boundary established in 1493 to define Spanish and Portuguese possessions in the Americas.

True

Several princes of the Holy Roman Empire warmed to Luther's views, partly because of personal conviction but partly because of the opportunity for them to build a power base. Select one: True False

Taj Mahal

Shah Jahan was Mughal ruler while this was being built, 20,000 workers labored for 18 years building it, father of Aurangzeb, one of the most famous pieces of architecture

Hussein

Sherif of Mecca from 1908 to 1917; used British promise of independence to convince Arabs to support Britain against the Turks in World War I; angered by Britain's failure to keep promise; died 1931.

dhow

Ship of small to moderate size used in the western Indian Ocean, traditionally with a triangular sail and a sewn timber hull.

True

Slaves resisted in numerous ways: slow work, sabotage of equipment, running away, and slave revolts. Select one: True False

centuries

Smallest units of the Roman army Composed of 100 foot soldiers and commanded by a centurion 60 made up a legion Formed political divisions of Roman citizens

Plato

Socrates' most well known pupil who founded an academy in Athens

Chiang ching-kuo

Son and successor of Chiang Kai-shek as ruler of Taiwanese government in 1978; continued authoritarian government; attempted to lessen the gap between followrs of his father and indigenous islanders

Republic of Korea

Southern half of Korea sponsored by United States following World War II

Mikhail Gorbachev

Soviet statesman whose foreign policy brought an end to the Cold War and whose domestic policy introduced major reforms (born in 1931)

Cortes

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)

Hernan Cortez

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)

Pizarro

Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541)

c. peninsulares.

Spanish migrants who were born in Europe were known as Select one: a. encomiendas. b. mulattoes. c. peninsulares. d. zambos. e. mestizos.

Peninsulares

Spanish-born, came to Latin America; ruled, highest social class

The Great Purge

Stalin removes suspected enemies in government, resulting in another 3 million deaths

5 year plan

Stalin's strategy to get Russia from agricultural to industrial

Great Leap Forward

Started by Mao Zedong, combined collective farms into People's Communes, failed because there was no incentive to work harder, ended after 2 years

Great Zimbabwe

Stone-walled enclosure found in Southeast Africa Associated w/trade, farming, mining

Bantu

Sub-Saharan Africans who spoke Bantu languages and migrated throughout Africa, spreading agriculture, language, and iron.

Shang Dynasty

Succeeded Xia Warlike northern Chinese nomads Governed thru vassal retainers in large network of cities

United Nations

Successor to League of Nations. A council to global problems.

A period of dramatic reform and modernization in Turkey, 1839-1876.

Tanzimt era

mandates

Terms set by the national government that states must meet whether or not they accept federal grants.

Long March

The 6,000-mile flight of Chinese Communists from southeastern to northwestern China. The Communists, led by Mao Zedong, were pursued by the Chinese army under orders from Chiang Kai-shek.

e. escaped slaves who fought to maintain British rule in the North American colonies.

The Black Pioneers were Select one: a. Africans who served as indentured servants in return for land in the Caribbean. b. former slaves who fought on the colonial side in the American revolution. c. the most notorious of the slave raiding organizations. d. the name for members of the First Continental Congress who fought for the abolition of slavery. e. escaped slaves who fought to maintain British rule in the North American colonies.

The Europeans in India by 1750

The British already had substantial influence at the trade ports

c. as a penal colony.

The British initially made use of Australia Select one: a. because of its extraordinary agricultural abundance. b. because of its rich silver mines. c. as a penal colony. d. as a busy port on the route from Acapulco to Manila. e. as a tourist retreat.

Agreements that exempted Europeans from Ottoman laws and provided European powers with extraterritoriality.

The Capitulations

a. need to raise funds for the construction of St. Peter's basilica.

The Catholic church dramatically pushed the sale of indulgences in the sixteenth century because of the Select one: a. need to raise funds for the construction of St. Peter's basilica. b. expense associated with translating original Greek classics. c. threat posed by Islam. d. need for Henry VIII to pay off the national debt. e. need to match the resurgence of the Byzantine empire.

Eastern Orthodox

The Christian religion of the Byzantine Empire in the middle east that formed from Christianity's schism between the remains of the western and eastern Roman Empire. The Christian church ruled by the Byzantine emperor and the patriarchs of various historically significant Christian centers/cities.

c. took steps to reform the Catholic church.

The Council of Trent Select one: a. played a key role in Henry VIII's break with the Catholic church. b. rooted out the Arian heresy. c. took steps to reform the Catholic church. d. successfully reached a compromise in the early Protestant movement between Luther and Calvin. e. launched the witch-hunts of the sixteenth century.

e. Charles I.

The English civil war ended with the trial and decapitation of Select one: a. James II. b. Charles II. c. James I. d. Elizabeth I. e. Charles I.

b. was nearly destroyed due to mass starvation

The English colony of Jamestown Select one: a. served as a remarkably satisfactory location for the Puritans. b. was nearly destroyed due to mass starvation. c. mysteriously disappeared during a period in which the English were too busy to send aid. d. was wildly successful and quickly recouped the original financial investment. e. was burned to the ground during a French invasion.

b. Hawai`i.

The English explorer James Cook died during a fight in Select one: a. Guam. b. Hawai`i. c. Tahiti. d. New Zealand. e. Australia.

John Kay's invention that began the revolution in the textile industry.

The Flying Shuttle

c. attempted, through military conquest, to instill a strict form of Islam in Africa

The Fulani Select one: a. were the most feared of the slave raiders who haunted coastal Africa. b. established the central African kingdom of Ndongo. c. attempted, through military conquest, to instill a strict form of Islam in Africa. d. fell victim to Swahili expansion. e. eventually failed in their mission of spreading Christianity.

Spanish Inquisition

The Inquisition that guarded the orthodoxy of Catholicism in Spain (especially from the 15th to the 17th centuries)

NATO

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, was established by the U.S. in 1949, a regional military alliance against Soviet expansion

Paleolithic Age

The Old Stone Age, which lasted from 2.5 million to 8000 B.C. where the invention of tools, fire, and language took place.

Conflict in which the British and French imposed their trade on China.

The Opium War

The terrorist faction of the Land and Freedom Party that carried out the assassination of Alexander II.

The People's Will

c. Miguel López de Legazpi.

The Philippines fell to Select one: a. Ferdinand Magellan. b. Zheng He. c. Miguel López de Legazpi. d. James Cook. e. Jan Pieterszoon Coen.

e. the establishment of profitable sugar plantations.

The Portuguese began to show much more interest in Brazil after Select one: a. a Spanish military loss to France removed Spain as a serious rival for control of Brazil. b. the discovery of rich gold and silver mines. c. brazil wood became a major cash crop. d. the English victory over the Spanish Armada. e. the establishment of profitable sugar plantations.

e. force merchant ships to call at fortified trading sites and pay duties.

The Portuguese dominance of trade was dependent on their ability to Select one: a. conquer territories and bring them permanently into their growing empire. b. take advantage of their huge population to overwhelm their adversaries. c. force the native populations to convert to Christianity. d. form alliances with Chinese princes to take advantage of the large Chinese navy. e. force merchant ships to call at fortified trading sites and pay duties.

a. Vasco da Gama.

The Portuguese mariner who sailed to Calicut in 1498 was Select one: a. Vasco da Gama. b. Columbus. c. Magellan. d. Dias. e. Cook.

True

The Portuguese ventured into the open Atlantic Ocean seeking fish, seals, whales, timber, and lands where they could grow wheat. Select one: True False

a. sugarcane.

The Portuguese viewed the Atlantic Ocean islands as the perfect location for the cultivation of Select one: a. sugarcane. b. maize. c. indigo. d. cotton. e. citrus fruits.

Reconquista

The Reconquering of Spain from the Muslims in 1492 by Ferdinand and Isabella. This unified Spain into a powerful nation-state.

The Russian royal family that ruled until 1917.

The Romanovs

Silver Trade

The Silver Trade cause European colonization in the Americas. The main objective of the Habsburg Empire, in particular, was to take millions of dollars of silver from the land using Amerindian slave labor. This caused the Habsburg Empire to grow very wealthy very quickly, but then they squandered resources on wars with the Ottoman Empire and England. This silver trade also led to a disastrous rise in Chinese inflation due to how China was buying most of the American silver.

e. Fernando and Isabel

The Spanish Inquisition was first established in 1478 by Select one: a. Philip II. b. Charles V. c. Don Carlos. d. Philip III. e. Fernando and Isabel.

False

The Spanish government reserved a fifth of the gold production, known as the quinto, for itself. This represented the principal revenue that the crown derived from its American possessions. Select one: True False

d. Philip II

The Spanish leader who sent an armada against England in 1588 was Select one: a. Charles V. b. Dom Henrique. c. Fernando. d. Philip II. e. Don Juan.

Called for the destruction of the Qing Dynasty and the transformation and modernization of Chinese society.

The Taiping Program

Tokugawa

The administration (shogun) that introduced Japan's policy of isolationism

Select one: False

The astrolabe was a simplified version of an instrument Select one: True False

e. latitude.

The astrolabe was designed to measure Select one: a. longitude. b. velocity. c. depth. d. distance. e. latitude.

e. Martin Luther.

The author of the Ninety-Five Theses was Select one: a. Henry VIII. b. Voltaire. c. John Calvin. d. Erasmus. e. Martin Luther.

Four noble truths

The central teachings of Buddhism; to live is to suffer; suffering is caused by desire; the cessation of suffering can be achieved; the solution is the Noble Eightfold Path.

Agora

The chief marketplace of Athens, center of the city's civic life

c. Queen Nzinga.

The chief obstacle to Portuguese control of Angola came from Select one: a. King Sundiata. b. Queen Dona Beatriz. c. Queen Nzinga. d. King Sunni Ali. e. King Afonso I.

c. Geneva.

The city that stood as John Calvin's model Protestant community was Select one: a. London. b. Wittenberg. c. Geneva. d. Avignon. e. Paris.

Korean War

The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea.

Green Revolution

The development of higher-yield and fast-growing crops through increased technology, pesticides, and fertilizers transferred from the developed to developing world to alleviate the problem of food supply in those regions of the globe.

Shang

The dominant people in the earliest Chinese dynasty for which we have written records (ca. 1750-1027 B.C.E.). Ancestor worship, divination by means of oracle bones, and the use of bronze vessels for ritual purposes were major elements of Shang culture.

a. Spanish settlers.

The encomenderos were Select one: a. Spanish settlers. b. the Spanish administrative officials who ruled over the colonies and reported back to Spain. c. individuals of indigenous and European parentage. d. Aztec priests who viewed the Spanish as visiting gods. e. the first society of the Americas to come into contact with the Spanish.

Janissaries

The enslaved children of Christian subjects who were turned into fighting warriors for the Ottoman empire

c. Henry's desire to gain a divorce.

The event that inspired Henry VIII to confront the pope was Select one: a. a new English translation of the Bible. b. Henry's belief that the pope was secretly backing the French in the latest war. c. Henry's desire to gain a divorce. d. Henry's frustration with the pope's inability to bring about church reform. e. Henry's desire to unify all of Europe for a new round of crusades.

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

d. James Cook.

The explorer who led three expeditions into the Pacific in the eighteenth century was Select one: a. Vasco Nuñez de Balboa. b. Francis Drake. c. Ferdinand Magellan. d. James Cook. e. Vasco da Gama.

a. tensions between Catholics and Protestants

The explosion of witch-hunting in the sixteenth century was most probably caused by Select one: a. tensions between Catholics and Protestants. b. the conquest of Spain by Islamic forces. c. the publication of Copernicus's theories. d. a dramatic increase in the practice of demonology. e. the fear caused by the prominent role that women were increasingly playing in the Catholic church.

b. Portugal

The first European nation to dominate trade with Asia was Select one: a. France. b. Portugal. c. Spain. d. England. e. Italy.

e. Portuguese

The first European slave traders were the Select one: a. Spanish. b. Dutch. c. French. d. English. e. Portuguese.

c. Bartolomeu Dias.

The first European to sail around the Cape of Good Hope was Select one: a. Dom Henrique. b. Vasco da Gama. c. Bartolomeu Dias. d. Christopher Columbus. e. James Cook.

d. Ferdinand Magellan's crew.

The first circumnavigation of the world was completed in 1522 by Select one: a. Vasco Nuñez de Balboa. b. Ferdinand Magellan. c. Francis Drake. d. Ferdinand Magellan's crew. e. Vasco da Gama.

d. Adam Smith.

The first great philosophical proponent of capitalism was Select one: a. Voltaire. b. Isaac Newton. c. Francis Bacon. d. Adam Smith. e. Montesquieu.

c. Taíno.

The first people of the Americas to come into contact with the Spanish were the Select one: a. Aztecs. b. Incas. c. Taíno. d. Maya. e. Chimu.

c. indentured servants.

The first plentiful labor force for North America was Select one: a. native Americans who worked as part of a complicated barter system. b. peninsulares from South America. c. indentured servants. d. African slaves. e. métis purchased from Canada.

c. Dutch.

The first recorded European sighting of Australia was made by the Select one: a. French. b. Portuguese. c. Dutch. d. Spanish. e. English.

Shi Huang Di

The first ruler of China's Qin dynasty. He used harsh Legalist policies to keep the Chinese in check, but also aided China by standardizing measurements throughout China. He also started building the Great Wall of China, and completed various other building projects to improve the welfare of the Chinese people.

True

The first site of interaction between European and American peoples was the Caribbean, and when the Spanish arrived there, the Taíno were the most prominent people. Select one: True False

c. Dona Beatriz.

The founder of the religion that stressed that Jesus Christ had been a black man and that Kongo was the true holy land was Select one: a. Queen Nzinga. b. Olaudah Equiano. c. Dona Beatriz. d. Nzinga Mbemba. e. King Pedro IV.

False

The goal of the Portuguese in establishing a trading-post empire was to conquer new territories. Select one: True False

Pope

The head of the Roman Catholic Church

a. Louis XIV.

The individual associated with the phrase "l'état, c'est moi" was Select one: a. Louis XIV. b. Charles V. c. Cardinal Richelieu. d. Charles I. e. Philip II.

Scientific Revolution

The intellectual movement in Europe, initially associated with planetary motion and other aspects of physics, that by the seventeenth century had laid the groundwork for modern science.

True

The kings of Kongo converted to Christianity as a way to establish closer commercial relations with Portuguese merchants and diplomatic relations with the Portuguese monarchy. Select one: True False

False

The last country in the Americas to emancipate slaves was the United States, in 1865. Select one: True False

d. Atahualpa.

The last emperor of the Inca empire was Select one: a. Topa Inca. b. Viracocha. c. Motecuzoma II. d. Atahualpa. e. Pachacuti.

Middle Passage

The middle portion of the triangular trade that brought African slaves to the Americas. Many Africans died in this process from disease and other csuses.

d. the Thirty Years' War.

The most destructive European conflict before the twentieth century was Select one: a. the War of the Spanish Succession. b. the Hundred Years' War. c. the Seven Years' War. d. the Thirty Years' War. e. the Franco-Prussian War.

a. manioc.

The most important American crop introduced into Africa in the sixteenth century was Select one: a. manioc. b. tomatoes. c. peanuts. d. tobacco. e. maize.

c. promoting the notion that the European nations viewed each other as sovereign and equal

The most important consequence of the Peace of Westphalia was in Select one: a. establishing an Anglo-French alliance that would last until World War I. b. combining the Spanish and French thrones. c. promoting the notion that the European nations viewed each other as sovereign and equal. d. laying the foundation for English control of most of the world. e. ending the carnage of the Seven Years' War.

d. Gao.

The most important early city in the Songhay empire was Select one: a. Timbuktu. b. Kilwa. c. Jenne. d. Gao. e. Mali.

b. devastating loss of life caused by European-borne diseases.

The most important factor in explaining the Spanish victory over the Aztecs and Incas was the Select one: a. Spanish alliance with the Maya. b. devastating loss of life caused by European-borne diseases. c. Spanish strength in numbers. d. overwhelming Spanish superiority in guns and cannons. e. military precision of the well-trained Spanish troops.

e. Sunni Ali.

The most influential ruler in the rise of the Songhay empire was Select one: a. Nzinga. b. Mansa Musa. c. Sundiata. d. Afonso I. e. Sunni Ali.

c. the Netherlands.

The most prosperous country in Europe in the seventeenth century was Select one: a. Spain. b. England. c. the Netherlands. d. Russia. e. France.

c. Saint-Domingue.

The only place where a slave revolt actually brought about an end to slavery was Select one: a. Brazil. b. Virginia. c. Saint-Domingue. d. Peru. e. Cuba.

True

The part of the slave trade that was the trans-Atlantic journey was called the "middle passage." Select one: True False

Sumerians

The people who dominated southern Mesopotamia through the end of the third millennium B.C.E. They were responsible for the creation of many fundamental elements of Mesopotamian culture-such as irrigation technology, cuneiform, and religious conceptions.

d. audiencias.

The power of the viceroys was checked by reviews conducted by the Select one: a. encomiendas. b. zambos. c. mestizo. d. audiencias. e. conquistadores.

Communist party of Vietnam

The primary nationalist party after the defeat of the VNQDD in 1929; led from 1920s by Ho Chi Minh

c. the Muslim kingdom of Granada fell to Spanish Catholic forces.

The reconquista came to an end in 1492 when Select one: a. Constantinople fell to Islamic forces. b. northern India was recaptured by the British. c. the Muslim kingdom of Granada fell to Spanish Catholic forces. d. the silk roads were overrun by Mongol forces. e. Jerusalem was recaptured by European forces as part of the seventh crusade.

Mesopotamia

The region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers; birthplace of the Sumerian and Babylonian Civilizations.

c. Christianity

The ruler of the kingdom of Kongo, Afonso I, converted to what religion and encouraged his subjects to convert as well? Select one: a. Buddhism b. Islam c. Christianity d. Antonianism e. Judaism

Safavid

The shi'ite muslim dynasty that ruled in persia between the 16th and 18th centuries

Schism of Christianity (1054)

The split of Christianity into Eastern Orthodoxy and the Roman Catholic Church

Schism of Islam (650s)

The split of Islam into Sunni and Shi'ite

Confucianism

The system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by Confucius and his disciples, stressing love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct.

Mita system

The system recruiting workers for particularly difficult and dangerous chores that free laborers would not accept.

e. Isaac Newton

The theory of universal gravity is associated with Select one: a. Galileo Galilei. b. Nicolaus Copernicus. c. Johannes Kepler. d. Denis Diderot. e. Isaac Newton.

Italian Renaissance

The time of transition from medieval to modern times characterized by intellectual and political expansion as well as the rebirth of culture

e. Lima and Mexico City.

The two centers of Spanish royal authority in the Americas were Select one: a. Tenochtitlan and Mexico City. b. Lima and Chanchan. c. Cuzco and Tenochtitlan. d. Mexico City and Cuzco. e. Lima and Mexico City.

Motives for Portuguese Exploration

They hoped to discover easier trade routes, money to be made; spices were the equivalent of gold, and they were trying to bypass the silk road

Romanov Dynasty period

They often ruled ruthlessly and serfs were practically slaves; but they extended the empire and added stability.

Portuguese Trade Empire

They took away Renaissance in Italy

Manchu foreign policy

They traded with Europeans but controlled it well, this led to a rising merchant class. When they felt threatened by European advances, they expelled them.

Japan's foreign policy from 1542-1600

They traded with the Portugese, (starting in 1542) Christian missionaries stormed in, and Japan was westernizing. Then the Tokugawa Shogunate came in and everything changed

Philosophes

Thinkers of the Enlightenment; Wanted to educate the socially elite, but not the masses; were not allowed to openly criticize church or state, so used satire and double-meaning in their writings to avoid being banned; Salons held by wealthy women also kept philosophes safe; They considered themselves part of an intellectual community, and wrote back and forth to each other to share ideas.

Magna Carta (1215)

This document, signed by King John of Endland in 1215, is the cornerstone of English justice and law. It declared that the king and government were bound by the same laws as other citizens of England. It contained the antecedents of the ideas of due process and the right to a fair and speedy trial that are included in the protection offered by the U.S. Bill of Rights

Neolithic Revolution

This social revolution was also known as the New Stone Age where people changed from hunting and gathering food to domesticating animals and cultivating land as farmers.

Cardinal Richelieu

This was the man who influenced the power of King Louis XIII (he was his minister) the most and tried to make France an absolute monarchy

a. central in promoting the establishment of a colony for ex-slaves in Sierra Leone.

Thomas Peters was Select one: a. central in promoting the establishment of a colony for ex-slaves in Sierra Leone. b. the author of The Crime of Slavery. c. the captain of the first ship to bring slaves to North America. d. an American congressman who played a key role in drafting legislation to end the slave trade. e. a wealthy plantation owner who became the largest slave owner in the Carolinas.

Insisted, in Essay on the Principle of Population (1798), that poverty and distress are the inevitable consequences of unchecked population growth.

Thomas R. Malthus

Punic Wars

Three wars between the Romans and Carthaginians resulting in destruction of north African city of Carthage and annexation of its territory by Rome

e. war captives.

Throughout most of history, the majority of slaves came from Select one: a. renegade members of the royal family. b. the poor who were forced to sell themselves into servitude to repay huge debts. c. traditional outcast portions of society. d. religious obligations to traditional, usually animistic, gods. e. war captives.

Fertile Crescent

Tigris and Euphrates Rivers gave life to the first known agricultural villages in this area about 10,000 years ago and the first known cities about 5,000 years ago.

Nazi propaganda

Titantic movie children's books (Jew is evil in book) board games (send Jews to jail)

Site of the first commercial oil well, drilled in 1859.

Titusville, Pennsylvania

b. relied on imported African slaves as laborers.

To provide labor for their sugar plantations, the Portuguese Select one: a. copied the Spanish encomiendas. b. relied on imported African slaves as laborers. c. offered higher wages than did their Spanish counterparts. d. copied the Spanish repartimiento system. e. made extensive use of indentured servants.

Shrivijaya

Trading empire centered on Malacca Straits between Malaya and Sumatra; controlled trade of empire; Buddhist government resistant to Muslim missionaries; fall opened up southeastern Asia to Muslim conversion.

lateen

Traiangular sail that catches the wind from sides and back

The agreement that ended the war between Mexico and the United States.

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

Lateen sails

Triangular sail on a short mast

By 1530 when Babur died he had built an empire from Kabul to the borders of Bengal and founded the Mughal dynasty. Select one: True False

True

Chinese tradition held that the emperor was the "Son of Heaven," the human being designated by heavenly powers to maintain order on the earth. Select one: True False

True

Confucian tradition ranked three broad classes of commoners below the gentry: peasants, artisans, and merchants. Select one: True False

True

Constantinople was captured by Mehmed II in 1453, and become the Ottoman capital, subsequently known as Istanbul. Select one: True False

True

During the 1630s the shoguns of Japan forbade Japanese from going abroad, expelled Europeans, and prohibited foreign merchants trading in Japan and the import of foreign books for fear that Europeans might jeopardize the security of Japan. Select one: True False

True

In the Constitution of the United States, American leaders based the federal government on popular sovereignty, and they agreed to follow this written constitution that guaranteed individual liberties. Select one: True False

True

Muslim leaders had considerable influence in the Islamic empires because of their monopoly of education and their deep involvement in the everyday lives and legal affairs of ordinary people. Select one: True False

True

Napoleon Bonaparte was a brilliant military leader; he became a general at age twenty-four. Select one: True False

True

One of the most influential concepts of modern political thought is the idea of the nation. Select one: True False

True

Simón Bolívar was inspired by Napoleon Bonaparte and took up arms against Spanish rule; his goal was to create a great confederation from former Spanish colonies. Select one: True False

True

The Declaration of Independence drew deep inspiration from Enlightenment political thought in justifying the colonies' quest for independence. Select one: True False

True

The English philosopher John Locke formulated one of the most influential theories of contractual government, the idea of popular sovereignty. Select one: True False

True

The French revolution and the wars that followed it heightened feelings of national identity throughout Europe. Select one: True False

True

The Islamic empires also experienced military decline because they did not seek actively to improve their military technologies. Select one: True False

True

The Jesuits sought to capture Chinese interests with European science and technology and win converts by portraying Christianity as a faith similar to Chinese traditions. Select one: True False

True

The Manchus were careful to preserve their own ethnic and cultural identity by outlawing intermarriage between Manchus and Chinese, and forbidding the Chinese from traveling to Manchuria and learning the Manchurian language. Select one: True False

True

The Ming dynasty restored native rule to China as Hongwu, founder of the dynasty, drove the Mongols out of China and built a tightly centralized state. Select one: True False

True

The ideal of spreading Islam by fighting infidels resonated with the traditions of the Turkish and Mongolian people; on the steppes, fighting was routine and successful warriors became charismatic leaders. Select one: True False

True

The term Ottoman derived from Osman Bey, a chief of a band of seminomadic Turks who migrated to northwestern Anatolia in the thirteenth century. Select one: True False

True

Victory in the Seven Years' War (1756-1763) ensured that Britain world dominate global trade and that British colonies would prosper. Select one: True False

True

Within the Chinese family, Confucian principles subjected women to the authority of men. Select one: True False

True

Despite abolishing serfdom and liberalizing the government, he was assassinated by anarchists in 1881.

Tsar Alexander II

America joins the Great War

U.S. declares war in 1917, go in 1918, turn the tides of the Great War, new fresh troops, new supplies and rations, push Germans out of France, refused trench warfare

Outbreak of the Depression

U.S. loans Germany so they can repay France and Britain who have to repay U.S. Hoover blamed because he was president

Commodore Matthew Perry

U.S. naval officer that forces the Japanese into trade and signing a treaty

U.S. internship of Japanese

U.S. takes Japanese-Americans out of homes into camps for the fear of spies, didn't take German or Italy Americans because Japanese more distinguishable

Lend-lease act

U.S. will lend aid and British will allow U.S. to use some military ports

Expansion of New Powers

U.S.: take Russia and Hawaii, and control some economies in Latin America Japan: moves into China, Russia, Korea

New Industrial Powers

United States is an emerging power because of industrialization, and Japan is industrializing and westernizing without European imperialism

Pearl Harbor

United States military base on Hawaii that was bombed by Japan, bringing the United States into World War II. Pearl Harbor was attacked on December 7, 1941

Egypt

United under King Menes who built capital at Memphis and led irrigation efforts Old, Middle, and New Kingdom, reached peak during New Kingdom

Effect of Columbian Exchange

Urban populations and commercial interests in Europe grew as land and people in the Americas were raped of their resources, oh yeah and the slaves

Marco Polo

Venetian merchant and traveler. His accounts of his travels to China offered Europeans a firsthand view of Asian lands and stimulated interest in Asian trade.

Midway island

WWII Pacific battle; decisive US victory over powerful Japanese carrier force

Benin of West Africa

War captives were sold into slavery. Subject to colonization.

Huns

Warlike people who migrated from Eastern Europe into territory controlled by Germanic tribes, forcing them to move into areas controlled by Rome

Wu Ti

Warrior Emperor who enlarged Han Empire to central Asia

Warsaw Pact

Warsaw Treaty Organization that was a military alliance that was formed by the Soviet nations in 1955 in response to the rearmament of West Germany and NATO

Michael Romanov

Was elected czar by feudal lords in 1613, his dynasty ruled until 1917

Han Collapse

Weak rulers failed to maintain roads and canals, taxes were high and peasants were being pushed off the land leading to banditry and revolts. 220 AD- warlords overthrew the last Han emperor ending 400 years of unity. Known as the 3 Kingdoms Era

Patricians

Wealthy, hereditary Roman aristocrats w/land

St. Cyril

Went with Methodius and spread the Orthodox religion in Russia and brought the Cyrilic Alphabet to Russia

Sacking of Constantinople

West Europe's Crusades attacked and destroyed much of Constantinople

True

When Christopher Columbus returned to Spain, he reported to his royal sponsors that he had reached the islands just off the coast of Asia. Select one: True False

a. Bombay

Which of the following cities was NOT a Portuguese trading post? Select one: a. Bombay b. Goa c. São Jorge da Mina d. Hormuz e. Melaka

a. frequent invasions by England

Which of the following factors was NOT one of the reasons for Charles V's failure to build a centralized, sovereign state in the Holy Roman Empire? Select one: a. frequent invasions by England b. external pressure from the Ottomans c. German nobles who refused to bend to Charles's will d. external pressure from the French e. internal religious tensions between Protestants and Catholics

b. The native Americans guarded their claims to private ownership of land even more jealously than the Europeans.

Which of the following is NOT true of the native Americans that the English and French came into contact with? Select one: a. The native societies of North America did not have large, centralized states like the Aztecs and Incas. b. The native Americans guarded their claims to private ownership of land even more jealously than the Europeans. c. The native Americans lived in dozens of distinct societies. d. The native Americans did not live in densely populated areas. e. The native Americans practiced agriculture, but moved frequently in pursuit of game.

d. New York

Which of the following sites in North America was originally a Dutch colony? Select one: a. Quebec b. Port Royal c. Jamestown d. New York e. Plymouth

e. that Mongol domination had caused trade along the silk roads to sto

Which of the following was NOT a reason for the European interest in finding a maritime trade route? Select one: a. that the spread of the bubonic plague made the silk roads more dangerous b. the demand in Europe for items such as Indian pepper and Chinese ginger c. the high prices charged by Muslim merchants d. the desire to expand the boundaries of Christianity e. that Mongol domination had caused trade along the silk roads to stop

c. They had much better captains.

Which of the following was NOT an advantage the English and Dutch had over the Portuguese? Select one: a. They had much larger populations. b. They were wealthier countries. c. They had much better captains. d. They possessed faster, cheaper, and more powerful ships. e. They created joint-stock companies.

Japan

Who attemped to gain the Asian region's resources while appearing to promote asian independence from Euro control?

b. Martin Luther

Who said, "I cannot and will not recant anything, for it is neither safe nor right to act against one's conscience. Here I stand. I can do no other"? Select one: a. Jesus b. Martin Luther c. John Calvin d. Henry VIII e. Sima Qian

Seven years war

Worldwide struggle between France and Great Britain for power and control of land

Site of an 1890 massacre of two hundred Sioux Indians by troops trying to suppress the Ghost Dance religion.

Wounded Knee, South Dakota

The Ottoman Society for Union and Progress, a dissident organization formed in Paris in 1889 that finally seized power in Turkey in 1908.

Young Turks

Battle of the Bulge

a 1944-1945 battle in which Allied forces turned back the last major German offensive of World War II.

Hong Kong

a British colony in China

Zheng He

a Chinese navigator during the 1400s, when China built huge naval fleets. However, within a few decades, China abruptly stopped their naval voyages and turned increasingly inward.

Thomas More

a Christian humanist who wrote Utopia

Martin Luther

a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.

Charles V

a Hapsburg that inherited a large Spanish empire through intermarriage. he was then elected emperor of the Holy Roman Emperor, gaining him a considerable amount of territory.

Ramayana

a Hindu epic written in Sanskrit that describes the adventures of the king Rama and his queen

Marshall Plan

a United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952)

Heresy

a belief that rejects the orthodox tenets of a religion

Hinduism

a body of religious and philosophical beliefs and cultural practices native to India and characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme beingof many forms and natures, by the view that opposing theories are aspects of one eternal truth, and by a

Gothic

a bulky Romanesque style used to build churches in the Middle Ages

city-state

a city and its surrounding lands functioning as an independent political unit

Chang'an

a city of central China

Chivalry

a code that knights adopted in the late Middle Ages; requiring them to be brave, loyal and true to their word; they had to fight fairly in battle

Hanseatic League

a commercial and defensive confederation of free cities in northern Germany

Hanseatic League

a commercial and defensive confederation of free cities in northern Germany and surrounding areas

Politburo

a committee that had become the leading policy-making body of the communist party

Bauhaus

a community of innovators that wanted to create a building style and interior designs that were uniquely suited to the urban and industrial landscape of the 20th century

Hundred Year's War

a conflict in which England and France battled on French from 1337 to 1453

Bubonic Plague

a deadly contagious disease caused by bacteria and spread by fleas

Porfirio Diaz

a dictator who dominated Mexico, permitted foriegn companies to develop natural resources and had allowed landowners to buy much of the countries land from poor peasants

Code of Justinian

a digest of Roman and church law, and it laid the foundation for western law

Diaspora

a dispersion of people from their homeland

Fulani

a family of languages of the Fulani people of West Africa and used as a lingua franca in the sub-Saharan regions from Senegal to Chad

Matriarch

a female head of a family or tribe

Absolutism

a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

Inquisition

a former tribunal of the Roman Catholic Church (1232-1820) created to discover and suppress heresy

Huguenots

a group of French Protestants who fought Catholics between 1550 and 1600, until Henry IV issued the Edict of Nantes

Smallpox

a highly contagious viral disease characterized by fever and weakness and skin eruption with pustules that form scabs that slough off leaving scars

jihad

a holy struggle or striving by a Muslim for a moral or spiritual or political goal

Daimyo

a japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai

Pilgrimage

a journey to a place considered sacred for religious purposes

Galleon

a large square-rigged sailing ship with three or more masts

The Index

a list of banned heretical works

Wahabi

a member of a strictly orthodox Sunni Muslim sect from Saudi Arabia

Enlightenment

a movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions

liberation theology

a movement within the Catholic church to understand Christianity from the perspective of the poor and oppressed, with a focus on fighting injustice

Versailles

a palace built in the 17th century for Louis XIV southwest of Paris near the city of Versailles

Mughal empire

a period of Muslim rule of India from the 1500s to the 1700s

Mestizo

a person of mixed racial ancestry (especially mixed European and Native American ancestry)

Heretic

a person who holds religious beliefs in conflict with the dogma of the Roman Catholic Church

Serfs

a person who lived on and farmed a lords land in feudal times

perestroika

a policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev that involved restructuring of the social and economic status quo in communist Russia towards a market based economy and society

glasnost

a policy of the Soviet government allowing freer discussion of social problems

Feudalism

a political and social system that developed during the Middle Ages; nobles offered protection and land in return for service

Corporatism

a political system in which interest groups become an institutionalized part of the state or dominant political party

Fascism

a political theory advocating an authoritarian hierarchical government (as opposed to democracy or liberalism)

Theocracy

a political unit governed by a deity (or by officials thought to be divinely guided)

Alliance for progress

a program in which the United States tried to help Latin American countries overcome poverty and other problems

Red Guard

a radical political movement by Chinese youths who espoused Maoist principles

cultural revolution

a radical reform in China initiated by Mao Zedong in 1965 and carried out largely by the Red Guard

Protestant Reformation

a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches

Reformation

a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches

Ashoka

a ruler of the Mauryan Empire who converted to Buddhism

Crusades

a series of military expeditions in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries by Westrn European Christians to reclain control of the Holy Lands from the Muslims

Caste system

a set of rigid social categories that determined not only a person's occupation and economic potential, but also his or her position in society (important to India)

Nation-State

a state that self-identifies as deriving its political legitimacy from serving as a sovereign entity for a nation

Tokugawa Shogunate

a strict government ruling Japan from 1600-1868. Known as the Edo period, it was marked by a reversal in attitude towards Western influence. Japan became increasingly secluded and isolationist because they were worried about foreign influence.

Fulgencio Batista

a strong authoritarian reformer who had risen through the lower ranks of the army, ruled Cuba; major democractic reforms

welfare state

a system of government agencies and programs that provides benefits to the population

Angkor Wat

a temple complex built in the Khmer Empire and dedicated to the Hindu god Vishnu

The Black Hand

a terrorist group from Serbia that wanted to cause disruption in A-H

Angola

a trading post the Portugese established as early as 1575 for the slave trade

Free peasant agriculture

a type of peasant agriculture where free pesants can sell whatever they grow, but were not protected by land owners.

Siberia

a vast Asian region of Russia

Berlin wall

a wall separating East and West Berlin built by East Germany in 1961 to keep citizens from escaping to the West

Persian Gulf War

a war fought between a coalition led by the United States and Iraq to free Kuwait from Iraqi invaders

new feminism

a wave of agitation for women's rights dating from about 1949; emphasized equality between sexes

The German leader Otto von Bismarck believed that the great issues of his day would be determined by Select one: a. "blood and iron." b. "the resurgence of the ancien régime." c. "liberty, equality, fraternity." d. "the realization of freedom." e. "class struggle."

a. "blood and iron."

The Manchus called their dynasty Qing, which meant Select one: a. "pure." b. "brilliant." c. "northern conqueror." d. "floating world." e. "the chosen."

a. "pure."

The Islamic leader who abolished the jizya was Select one: a. Akbar. b. Süleyman the Magnificent. c. Shah Ismail. d. Shah Abbas. e. Abu Bakr.

a. Akbar.

The organizer of the Seneca Falls conference was Select one: a. Elizabeth Cady Stanton. b. Thomas Jefferson. c. Olympe de Gouges. d. John Stuart Mill. e. William Wilberforce.

a. Elizabeth Cady Stanton.

The author of The Life of a Man Who Lived for Love was Select one: a. Ihara Saikaku. b. Bunraku Ukiyo. c. Zheng He. d. Tokugawa Ieyasu. e. Matteo Ricci.

a. Ihara Saikaku.

The author of the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen was Select one: a. Olympe de Gouges. b. Simone de Beauvoir. c. Maximilien Robespierre. d. Marie Antoinette. e. Mary Wollstonecraft.

a. Olympe de Gouges.

The Mughal ruler who constructed the Taj Mahal was Select one: a. Shah Jahan. b. Osman Bey. c. Zahir al-Din Muhammad. d. Akbar. e. Aurangzeb.

a. Shah Jahan.

The process known as "thinning out the rice shoots" refers to Select one: a. a Japanese attempt to limit population growth. b. a Japanese attempt to reduce the number of foreigners living in Japan. c. an agricultural innovation introduced by the Chinese. d. the Japanese decision to follow the Chinese tradition of limiting governmental positions. e. the Chinese decision to reduce the number of visiting Korean students.

a. a Japanese attempt to limit population growth.

The Ottomans took the Byzantine cathedral Hagia Sofia and Select one: a. converted it into the mosque of Aya Sofya. b. restructured its configuration to become the great palace of the sultans. c. used it as an astronomical observatory. d. turned it into a special university for Janissaries. e. burned it to the ground as part of the looting after Mehmed II's conquest.

a. converted it into the mosque of Aya Sofya.

Akbar's answer to the religious diversity and tension of India was to Select one: a. create a syncretic religion called the "divine faith" that all could worship. b. declare India an atheistic state. c. convert to Twelver Shiism as a means of inspiring a sense of divine leadership. d. push Christianity in return for European-supplied advanced weapons. e. attempt to crush all Hindu resistance.

a. create a syncretic religion called the "divine faith" that all could worship.

After the arrival of the Europeans, Select one: a. east Asian societies largely controlled their own affairs until the nineteenth century. b. the east Asian societies quickly copied the ways of the more advanced Europeans. c. the east Asian societies quickly fell under indirect European economic control. d. the rapid spread of Christianity threatened the very survival of Buddhism. e. the east Asian societies immediately fell under direct European control.

a. east Asian societies largely controlled their own affairs until the nineteenth century.

In 1600, Tokugawa Ieyasu Select one: a. finished the process of unifying Japan. b. fought off an attempted Chinese invasion. c. started a centuries-long civil war that tore Japan apart. d. founded the Qing dynasty. e. implemented "Dutch learning" in an attempt to modernize Japan.

a. finished the process of unifying Japan.

Zhu Xi was the Select one: a. foremost scholar of neo-Confucianism. b. leading Chinese Christian missionary. c. most powerful Qing emperor. d. author of The Romance of the Three Kingdoms. e. Ming emperor who refused to see his advisers for years on end.

a. foremost scholar of neo-Confucianism.

With the exception of the emperor and his family, the most exalted members of Chinese society was/were the Select one: a. scholar-bureaucrats. b. navy. c. army. d. merchants. e. peasants.

a. scholar-bureaucrats.

During the rule of the Directory, Select one: a. the French revolution moved in a more pragmatic direction. b. the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen was written. c. the French monarchy was abolished and Louis XVI was executed. d. France was finally defeated by a combined British, Prussian, Austrian, and Russian army. e. the French revolution reached its most radical stage.

a. the French revolution moved in a more pragmatic direction.

Central to the belief of Twelver Shiism was the idea that Select one: a. the twelfth infallible imam was still alive and would return to spread his faith. b. Ali had betrayed the prophet Muhammad and therefore his descendants could not rule. c. there were Twelve Commandments. d. there were twelve principle manifestations of Allah. e. any true believer could be the leader of the Islamic world.

a. the twelfth infallible imam was still alive and would return to spread his faith.

Trans-Continental

across continents

Africa's role in the Great War

acted as troops on both sides, resources taken from the colonies

Orthodox

adhering to the traditional and established, especially in religion

Waru Waru

agricultural techniques of south america; combines raised beds with irrigation channels to prevent erosion

Fascist Italy during the buildup to WWII

align with the Germans, expand into Libya and Ethiopia, give aid to the Spanish for fascism

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

all men are equal and society should mold after majority rule. His ideas had a tremendous effect on inspiring colonial revolutions and anti-slavery movement.

Effect of Japan's increasing isolation

allowed Japanese culture to thrive. Kabuki theatre and haiku poetry became popular during the Tokugawa Shogunate.

Tribute Systems

allowed reciprocal trade under both imperial protection and imperial regulation and barred entry into this trade by those who did not participate

Mehmed II

also calle Mehmed the Conqueror, Murad's son, conquered Constaninople in 1453 and opened it to new citizens of many religions and backgrounds. The rebuilt city was renamed Instanbul.

Cyrillic Alphabet

an alphabet drived from the Greek alphabet and used for writing Slavic languages

cuneiform

an ancient wedge-shaped script used in Mesopotamia and Persia

Joint-stock companies

an association of individuals in a business enterprise with transferable shares of stock, much like a corporation except that stockholders are liable for the debts of the business

Taj Mahal

an awesome building built by Shah Jahan, Akbar's grandson.

Mercantilism

an economic system (Europe in 18th C) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests

Capitalism

an economic system based on private ownership of capital

Council of trent

an ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church convened in Trento in three sessions between 1545 and 1563 in response to the Reformation

Epic of Gilgamesh

an epic poem from Mesopotamia, and among the earliest known works of literary writing.

Civil Service

an exam taken to test knowledge in China

NATO

an international organization created in 1949 by the North Atlantic Treaty for purposes of collective security.

Taiwan

an island in southeastern Asia 100 miles off the coast of mainland China in the South China Sea

joint-stock company

an organization to pool the interest of many merchants

Muhammad found support in Medina...

and in 630 he returned to Mecca with his followers and destroyed the Pagan Shrines.

National Socialist German Party

another name for the Nazis, against the socialists, named "socialist" to attract people in

The Holocaust

anti-semitism in European history, Nazis used myths to increase, used propaganda to blame Jews, 1-2% of Germany were Jewish, thought Jews were inhuman

Lord Cromer

arrives in Egypt and makes all the decisions of state from 1883 to 1907, thus enabling Britain to control the Suez canal

Bangladesh

as with E and W Pakistan, where extreme contrasts of topography and culture led to violence and the secession of the area that became Bangladesh

Augusto Sandino

assassinated by US; led a resistance movement against occupying troops against occupying troops

Sacking of Constantinople

attack by the Crusaders that destroyed the city's churches

Truman Doctrine

attempting to contain communism wherever it could spread, intervene

In founding his new dynasty, Hongwu chose the name Ming, which meant Select one: a. "center of the universe." b. "brilliant." c. "son of heaven." d. "mandate of heaven." e. "all-powerful."

b. "brilliant."

Among the leading proponents of conservatism in the eighteenth century was Select one: a. Simón Bolívar. b. Edmund Burke. c. Giuseppe Mazzini. d. Maximilien Robespierre. e. John Stuart Mill.

b. Edmund Burke.

Which ruler made Vietnam, Burma, and Nepal vassal states of China? Select one: a. Nurhaci b. Qianlong c. Yongle d. Kangxi e. Hongwu

b. Qianlong

Theodore Herzl was the founder of Select one: a. modern conservatism. b. Zionism. c. modern anti-Semitism. d. German nationalism. e. the Seneca Falls conference.

b. Zionism.

Which of the following factors was NOT one of the reasons for the decline of the Islamic empires? Select one: a. rising tensions between different religious groups b. a collapse in the centuries-old civil service examination system c. a series of weak and incompetent rulers d. increasing religious conservatism and intolerance among the Islamic leaders e. changing trade routes that bypassed the empires and hurt them financially

b. a collapse in the centuries-old civil service examination system

Hürrem Sultana was Select one: a. the Turkish term for the law codes of Süleyman the Magnificent. b. a concubine who had tremendous influence over Süleyman the Magnificent. c. the magnificent mosque built in Istanbul by Süleyman the Magnificent. d. the founder of the Mughal dynasty. e. the most powerful ruler of the Safavid empire.

b. a concubine who had tremendous influence over Süleyman the Magnificent.

One of the results of the peace brought by the Tokugawa period was Select one: a. the tripling of the Japanese population between 1600 and 1850. b. a reduction in status for the samurai and daimyo. c. an even greater political role for the samurai. d. a tremendous growth in European trade. e. a resurgence in daimyo authority.

b. a reduction in status for the samurai and daimyo.

The Ottoman institution that provided Balkan slaves for the formation of the Janissaries was the Select one: a. jizya. b. devshirme. c. millet. d. dhimmi. e. sharia.

b. devshirme.

Beginning in the 1630s and enduring for the next two centuries, Japanese foreign policy included all of the following EXCEPT Select one: a. a prohibition on the construction of ships. b. open, vibrant trade with Europeans. c. careful control of trade with Asian lands. d. forbidding Japanese travel overseas. e. a ban on the importation of foreign books.

b. open, vibrant trade with Europeans.

Daimyo were Select one: a. Japanese Christian missionaries. b. powerful Japanese territorial lords. c. Buddhist monks. d. warriors. e. women writers.

b. powerful Japanese territorial lords.

The goal of Simón Bolívar was to Select one: a. bring about unification through a strict authoritarian form of government. b. weld the former Spanish colonies of South America into a confederation like the United States. c. have the colonies of South America remain linked to Spain but attain a measure of self-government. d. form stable, smaller South American states centered around distinct tribal or linguistic groups. e. bring the former Spanish colonies of South America into union with the United States.

b. weld the former Spanish colonies of South America into a confederation like the United States.

Berlin Wall

barrier that divided East and West Berlin

Matrilineal

based on or tracing descent through the female line

Timbuktu

became one of the most important cities of the Mali empire. Filled with outstanding mosques and universities

Twelver Shiism

belief in 12 holy imams following Muhammed, first was Ali, twelfth was in hiding and god kept him alive, he will return with Jesus

Divine right

belief that a rulers authority comes directly from god.

Deist

believe God created the universe, gave it natural laws by which to operate, and let it run by itself.

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

between Russia and Germany, saying Russia is out of the war -- bad news for the Allied powers

The Eastern Front of the Great War

between the Germans and Austrians vs. the Russians, mostly fought in Russia, eastern powers winning on this side

Glorius Revolution

bloodless transition between James II (openly Catholic, unpopular heir of Charles II) and Protestant rulers William and Mary, who signed the English Bill of Rights of 1689.

religious revivalism

bringing back or giving renewed emphasis to beliefs and practices in many cases further eroded women's rights

Ivan III

broke away Mongol's rule of Russia

guilds

business associations that dominated medieval towns; they passed laws, levied taxes, built protective walls for the city, etc. Each guild represented workers in one occupation such as weavers, bakers, brewers, sword makers, etc.

In the three hundred years after 1500, the population of India grew from 105 million to Select one: a. 230 million. b. 115 million. c. 190 million. d. 125 million. e. 285 million.

c. 190 million.

In 1421, Yongle moved the capital of China to Select one: a. Nanjing. b. Edo. c. Beijing. d. Guangzhou. e. Kyoto.

c. Beijing.

The phrase "Son of Heaven" refers to the Select one: a. the syncretic Christian-Buddhist religion. b. belief that the Japanese emperors were direct descendents of the sun goddess Amaterasu. c. Chinese emperor's role in maintaining order on the earth. d. near godlike status that the Jesuit Matteo Ricci reached in China. e. explanation for the incredible appeal of Christianity in Japan.

c. Chinese emperor's role in maintaining order on the earth.

The leading conservative politician at the Congress of Vienna was Select one: a. Theodore Herzl. b. Napoleon. c. Klemens von Metternich. d. Edmund Burke. e. Otto von Bismarck.

c. Klemens von Metternich.

The author of the Second Treatise of Civil Government was Select one: a. Robespierre. b. Hobbes. c. Locke. d. Rousseau. e. Voltaire.

c. Locke.

The most radical period of the French revolution was reached during the leadership of Select one: a. Simón Bolívar. b. Louis XVI. c. Maximilien Robespierre. d. Napoleon Bonaparte. e. Jean-Jacques Rousseau. The most radical period of the French revolution was reached during the leadership of

c. Maximilien Robespierre.

Which of the following revolutionary leaders is NOT correctly linked with his country? Select one: a. Bernardo O'Higgins and Chile b. José de San Martín and Argentina c. Miguel de Hidalgo and Peru d. Toussaint Louverture and Haiti e. Augustín de Iturbide and Mexico

c. Miguel de Hidalgo and Peru

The word ghazi refers to Select one: a. the law codes of Süleyman. b. Akbar's universal religion. c. Muslim religious warriors. d. Islamic merchants with protected social status in Ottoman society. e. the tax that non-Muslims paid in Islamic countries.

c. Muslim religious warriors.

On June 17th, 1789, members of the third estate seceded from the Estates General and declared themselves to be the Select one: a. Convention. b. House of Representatives. c. National Assembly. d. House of Commons. e. Directory.

c. National Assembly.

The founder of the Ottoman dynasty was Select one: a. Mehmed II. b. Süleyman the Magnificent. c. Osman Bey. d. Shah Ismail. e. Selim the Grim.

c. Osman Bey.

The only successful slave revolt in history took place in Select one: a. Cuba. b. Virginia. c. Saint-Domingue. d. Brazil. e. Mexico.

c. Saint-Domingue.

The leader of the Safavid empire at its peak was Select one: a. Ibrahim the Crazy. b. Aurangzeb. c. Shah Abbas. d. Shah Ismail. e. Akbar.

c. Shah Abbas

The Islamic leader who converted to Twelver Shiism was Select one: a. Shah Abbas. b. Zahir al-Din Muhammad. c. Shah Ismail. d. Akbar. e. Selim the Grim.

c. Shah Ismail.

Which of the following was NOT an action of the Manchus after conquering China? Select one: a. They carefully guarded their own cultural identity. b. They forbade Chinese from learning the Manchurian language. c. They encouraged intermarriage between Chinese and Manchus. d. They forced Chinese men to grow a queue as a sign of submission. e. They did not allow the Chinese to travel to Manchuria.

c. They encouraged intermarriage between Chinese and Manchus.

In 1368 the Ming dynasty replaced the ________ dynasty. Select one: a. Tang b. Qin c. Yuan d. Qing e. Song

c. Yuan

The leaders of the French revolution Select one: a. placed unlimited faith in the potential of the peasants. b. accepted the fact that France would always have to have a king. c. called for a complete reorganizing of French political, social, and cultural structures. d. were much more conservative than the leaders of the American revolution. e. created concepts and documents that would later influence the American revolution.

c. called for a complete reorganizing of French political, social, and cultural structures.

Foreign trade during the Qing dynasty was Select one: a. based on free market principles. b. fueled by the payment of valuable Chinese silver in return for imports. c. limited and under tight governmental control. d. actively supported by the government and grew much larger than ever before. e. carried out exclusively with the Europeans.

c. limited and under tight governmental control.

The Chinese were hesitant to convert to Christianity because Select one: a. of what had happened to Korea when they converted to Christianity. b. of the monotheistic traditions of Confucianism. c. of Christianity's exclusivity concerning other beliefs such as Daoism and Buddhism. d. of Matteo Ricci's refusal to respect Chinese traditions. e. by that time Islam had already made important inroads into China.

c. of Christianity's exclusivity concerning other beliefs such as Daoism and Buddhism.

During the Ming and Qing dynasties, Select one: a. women had many more literary and cultural opportunities than ever before. b. women achieved a level of equality and freedom never seen before in Chinese history. c. patriarchal authority over females became tighter than ever before. d. the role of women was fashioned after the prevailing pattern in Japan. e. the greater freedom for women was a reflection of European influence.

c. patriarchal authority over females became tighter than ever before.

Fatehpur Sikri was Select one: a. the garden tomb that Shah Jahan built to honor his favorite wife. b. the former pirate who served as Süleyman the Magnificent's leading admiral. c. the capital city that Akbar built. d. Süleyman the Magnificent's favorite mistress. e. the Sufi guru who served as Akbar's advisor.

c. the capital city that Akbar built.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau, in his The Social Contract, argued that in every country the sovereign voice of government Select one: a. was the king because, despite his faults, he was still of divine appointment. b. should be the nobles instead of the king because of their control of the land. c. was the members of society acting collectively. d. resided in the army. e. should be the bishops and archbishops because of their special relationship to God.

c. was the members of society acting collectively.

James I

came to power after Elizabeth, couldn't accommodate the Catholics and the Puritans (Calvinists). migration to Plymouth occured during his reign

Provisional government

came to power after Tsar Nicholas left, wanted to stay in the war but the people didn't

Selim I

came to power in 1512 and greatly expanded the Ottoman Empire

Regional military leaders in Latin America.

caudillos

Cardinal Richelieu

chief advisor to the Bourbouns (around 1600) who strengthened France's monarchy and established a new bureaucratic class

Catholic Reformation

church officials met at the Council of Trent and began reaffirming old Catholic church ideas, as well as reforming in some ways (banning indulgences, reducing Church materialism). It was relatively successful at stopping the spread of Protestantism.

iron curtain

churchill's description betw communist E. Europe and capitalist W. Europe.

Sarajevo

city in Bosnia where assassination of heir took place

Hiroshima

city in Japan where first atomic bomb was dropped by USA in 1945

Amritsar

city in N. India, British officers ordered masssacre of peaceful protestors in 1919.

Dresden

city in germany that was "fire-bombed" in Feb 1943 by RAF and US Air Force

Akkad

city north of Sumer that rose to dominate Sumer when city-states declined

Peloponnesian Wars

civil wars between Athens and Sparta, resulted in weakening of Greek city-states

Manhatten Project

code name of the atomic weaponry plan for WWII, Einstein a part of this with Truman, U.S. has never used before

Indentured Servants

colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years

East vs. West after WWII

communism vs. democracy, Warsaw pact and NATO formed, USSR and allies vs. US and allies -- begins the Cold War

New economic policy in Russia

communism, government controls everything, put in by Lenin, got rid of private property

Marshal Tito

communist leader, opposed Nazi control, emerged as leader of Yugoslavia after WWII. Able to avoid domination by USSR

Bolsheviks

communist party that the government overthrows, when Lenin realizes that the government should be taken over

multinational corporations

companies that operate across national boundaries: also called transitional corporations

Code of Justinian

compilation of the complex system of Roman laws; became the system of laws for the Byzantine Empire

African National Congress

considered illegal in SA

Tang Dynasty

considered the golden age of Chinese civilization and ruled for nearly 300 years; China grew under the dynasty to include much of eastern Asia, as well as large parts of Central Asia

Tycho Brahe and Francis Bacon

contributed to the development of the scientific method

King Alfonso I

converted many people in Kongo to Roman Catholicism, which was introduced by Portugese merchants that entered the region aroung 1500

totalitarian state

country where a single party controls the government and every aspect of the lives of the people

Starting factors of the Depression

crash of stock market in 1929 inflation of money automobile industry stops --reduces leather, glass, rubber, radio industry first time Americans buy with credit farmers

Peter I

czar of Russia who introduced ideas from western Europe to reform the government

Peter the Great

czar of Russia who introduced ideas from western Europe to reform the government. He founded St. Peter'sburg.

The guiding principles of the French revolution are summed up in the phrase Select one: a. "all men are created equal." b. "peace, bread, land." c. "no taxation without representation." d. "liberty, equality, fraternity." e. "let them eat cake."

d. "liberty, equality, fraternity."

By 1750, the population of China had grown to Select one: a. 415 million. b. 75 million. c. 100 million. d. 225 million. e. 50 million.

d. 225 million.

In the sixteenth century, the Ottomans captured Select one: a. Greece and Italy. b. Isfahan and Delhi. c. Turkey and Persia. d. Egypt and Syria. e. Constantinople and Otranto.

d. Egypt and Syria.

The Ming dynasty was founded by Select one: a. Shihuangdi. b. Yongle. c. Kangxi. d. Hongwu. e. Qinglong.

d. Hongwu.

The Declaration of Independence's contractual view of political structure in which the government drew its authority from "the consent of the governed" was influenced by Select one: a. Edmund Burke. b. John Stuart Mill. c. Voltaire. d. John Locke. e. William Wilberforce.

d. John Locke.

What nineteenth-century English thinker promoted individual freedom, universal suffrage, taxation of high personal income, and an extension of the rights of freedom and equality to women? Select one: a. Cecil Rhodes b. John Locke c. Edmund Burke d. John Stuart Mill e. Jean Jacques Rousseau

d. John Stuart Mill

The turning point in Napoleon's career was his disastrous 1812 invasion of Select one: a. England. b. Spain. c. Austria. d. Russia. e. Italy.

d. Russia.

Which of the following popular novels dealt with the intrigue following the collapse of the Han dynasty? Select one: a. The Sea of Fertility b. Journey to the West c. The Dream of the Red Chamber d. The Romance of the Three Kingdoms e. The Life of a Man Who Lived for Love

d. The Romance of the Three Kingdoms

The term "native learning" relates to Select one: a. a Japanese desire to discover the original, or "native," ideals of Confucianism. b. the opinion held by Japanese scholars that European culture was crude and uncivilized. c. the European view that Japanese concepts such as Shintoism were actually holding the Japanese back. d. a growing Japanese emphasis on indigenous traditions. e. the opinion held by Chinese scholars that Japanese culture was crude and uncivilized.

d. a growing Japanese emphasis on indigenous traditions.

Khayr al-Din Barbarossa Pasha was the Select one: a. slave who helped Süleyman create his famed law codes. b. founder of the Safavid dynasty. c. architect who helped Süleyman rebuild Istanbul. d. admiral who carried Ottoman naval power into the Mediterranean Sea and Indian Ocean. e. greatest Ottoman poet.

d. admiral who carried Ottoman naval power into the Mediterranean Sea and Indian Ocean.

The creoles of Latin America were influenced by the ideals of the Enlightenment Select one: a. but wanted to turn the tables and deny all rights to the peninsulares. b. and hoped for tremendous social reform like that promoted by the French revolutionary Robespierre. c. but wanted to carry these notions to their logical conclusion and grant equality to women. d. but only wanted to displace the peninsulares and still retain their privileged positions. e. and hoped for the establishment of an egalitarian society like that of Haiti.

d. but only wanted to displace the peninsulares and still retain their privileged positions.

Revolutionaries of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century Select one: a. always stressed the inherent equality between men and women. b. were mainly influenced by Marxist ideology. c. accepted the legitimacy of the divine right of kings. d. focused on the necessity of popular sovereignty. e. were able to destroy all vestiges of the ancien régime.

d. focused on the necessity of popular sovereignty.

The jizya was the tax paid by Select one: a. Chinese merchants as a sort of bribe to allow them access to Indian markets. b. European merchants for access to trade through the Indian Ocean. c. the Safavids to the Ottomans after their disastrous defeat at Chaldiran. d. non-Muslims for being in an Islamic country. e. Muslims to Hindus as a means of fostering better relations between the two faiths.

d. non-Muslims for being in an Islamic country.

Piri Reis was responsible for Select one: a. building the first astronomical observatory in Istanbul. b. losing the battle of Chaldiran. c. overthrowing and jailing his father Shah Jahan. d. preparing the Book of Seafaring. e. writing a famous Rubaiyat.

d. preparing the Book of Seafaring.

In an effort to stabilize China internally, the Ming emperors Select one: a. accepted the Yuan traditions that had been in place for a century. b. adopted the methods used by the powerful early modern European states. c. followed the more successful Indian centralization model. d. stressed Chinese traditions from the era before the Mongol Yuan dynasty. e. copied the centralizing techniques that had proved so successful in Japan.

d. stressed Chinese traditions from the era before the Mongol Yuan dynasty.

In response to the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen, Select one: a. its author, Olympe de Gouges, became a leading force in the French revolution. b. it was, in fact, the English who offered complete equality for women. c. the French revolutionary leaders called for complete equality for women. d. the French revolutionary leaders refused to put women's rights on their political agenda. e. French women achieved political but not economic equality.

d. the French revolutionary leaders refused to put women's rights on their political agenda.

Shah Ismail received the greatest support for his conversion to Twelver Shiism from the Select one: a. the Mughals. b. the Abbasids. c. the Sunni. d. the qizilbash. e. the Ottomans.

d. the qizilbash.

Oliver Cromwell

defeated the Cavaliers and rose to power as the Lord Protector of the English Commonwealth. He ruled with religious intolerance and violence against the Catholics and Irish.

Creoles

descendants of Spanish-born BUT born in Latin America; resented inferior social, political, economic status.

Creoles

descendents of Spanish-born BUT born in Latin America; resented inferior social, political, economic status

Hapsburgs

developed a strong rivalry with Salim, were the ruling family of the Holy Roman Empire

Johannes Kepler

developed laws of planetary motion

Getulio Dornelles Vargas

dictator president of Brazil from 1930-1945 and 1950-1954, program of industrialization, made brazil less dependent on USA. Programs supported the common people

Nazi doctors

did medical experiments on Jews just to see what would happen, did non-medical things

How the Europeans destoyed the Americans

disease

Mandate System

divided into 3 parts based on the development of the populations that fell to the victorious powers of the Great War

Schism

division of a group into opposing factions

Social Darwinism

domination of stronger nations over others

Truman's decision

drop the bomb on August 6, 1945 and estimate of 200,000 died warn Japan but no response so the second bomb dropped on August 9

Zoroastrianism

dual gods of equal power to form early monotheism; Persian; cosmic struggle over good and bad; those that do good go to heaven and bad go to hell; influenced Judaism and Christianity

William The Conqueror

duke of Normandy who led the Norman invasion of England and became the first Norman to be King of England

iron curtain

during the cold war, the boundary separating the communist nations of eastern europe from the mostly democratic nations of western europe

Abbasid

dynasty that overthrew the Umayyad to rule the Muslim caliphate from 750 to 1258; for 150 years they maintained the unity of the caliphate and Islamic civilization and culture flourished

The term bakufu means Select one: a. "land of the one." b. "the country at war." c. "mandate of heaven." d. "warrior state." e. "tent government."

e. "tent government."

The Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires were all Select one: a. Christian. b. Zoroastrian. c. anamistic. d. Buddhist. e. Islamic.

e. Islamic.

The Ottoman ruler who captured Constantinople was Select one: a. Süleyman the Magnificent. b. Babur. c. Osman Bey. d. Selim the Grim. e. Mehmed II.

e. Mehmed II.

Which of the following empires was inspired by its status as an Islamic outpost on the border of the Christian world? Select one: a. Safavid b. Yuan c. Umayyad d. Mughal e. Ottoman

e. Ottoman

Matteo Ricci was Select one: a. the chief Italian who negotiated trade issues with the Qing emperor Qianlong. b. mainly responsible for the introduction of American crops such as manioc to China. c. the Italian merchant who spent twenty years with Khubilai Khan and wrote of his adventures. d. the Italian explorer who sailed to Japan in the late fifteenth century. e. a Roman Catholic missionary in China.

e. a Roman Catholic missionary in China.

The Mughal emperor Aurangzeb Select one: a. converted to Hinduism. b. built the magnificent Taj Mahal to honor his wife Mumtaz Mahal. c. was victorious in the battle of Chaldiran against the Safavids. d. carried on the policy of religious toleration created by Akbar. e. reversed the religious toleration of Akbar and began to tax the Hindus.

e. reversed the religious toleration of Akbar and began to tax the Hindus.

Which of the following was NOT one of John Locke's main ideas? Select one: a. that rulers derived their authority from the consent of those they governed b. that individuals retained personal rights to life, liberty, and property c. that subjects had the right to remove their ruler d. that governments were a result of a social contract between rulers and ruled e. that although kings did have divine sanction, their subjects maintained personal rights

e. that although kings did have divine sanction, their subjects maintained personal rights

The term "floating worlds" originally related to Select one: a. the Tokugawa emphasis on "alternate residences." b. a Japanese attempt to understand the advanced technology as part of the "Dutch learning." c. a Japanese attempt during the "native learning" period to re-instill enthusiasm in Buddhism. d. the Chinese view of heaven. e. the entertainment and pleasure districts of cities such as Osaka.

e. the entertainment and pleasure districts of cities such as Osaka

Francisco Madero

early leader in the Mexican Revolution; in 1911 became president of Mexico; wanted land ownership and free, honest elections

Phoenicians

eastern Mediterranean seafarers that created 22 letter alphabet

Marshall Plan

economic policy to rebuild western Europe

J. Keynes

economist hired by the president, said to lower interest rates, to have government work projects, and to move more liberal, and issue the New Deal

F.D.R.

elected in 1932, his job was to bring U.S. out of depression, hired J. Keynes, ordered New Deal, only president to be reelected four times

Fascist policies in Italy

eliminates other political parties censure the press outlaws free speech destroys labor unions builds up military

SS

elite force, ran concentration camps

Empress Wu

empress of the Tang dynasty. Only woman to ever rule a dynasty

a. Louis XIV.

ersailles was the magnificent royal palace of Select one: a. Louis XIV. b. Charles I. c. Francis I. d. Frederick the Great. e. Peter the Great.

Treaty of Tordesillas

established line of demarcation, saying what lands in America belonged to Portugal vs. Spain

Last orders of Hitler

every single person/citizen gets a gun, including children and elderly, refuses to evacuate Berlin with Russians pushing from east and Allies from west

Excommunicate

exclude from a church or a religious community

Expansion of Japan

expanding across Asia; to islands, Manchuria, China, LON says to stop but doesn't listen

Imperial Japan during the buildup to WWII

expanding into islands and China, atrocities in China equal to Germany of murder and torture, communists mounting counteroffensive in China

Crusades

expeditions by christians to regain the holy land from the muslims

Trading in Japan

expelled Europeans before they could get a foothold in Japan, only traded with Dutch because they weren't a major threat

The right of a nation to jurisdiction over their own citizens according to their own laws while the citizens are resident in a foreign country.

extraterritoriality

Russia declining in the Great Wars

famine spread, unsafe working conditions, government not doing anything, bad leadership of Tsar Nicholas, badly losing war

Fall of the Ming

famine, government corruption, and started using eunuchs, which didn't have reproductive organs, and so the Qing overthrew

Africa in the early 19th century

few European trading ports on the East and South coasts

Women in the Great War

filled the gaps of the work force, necessary for the war, worked as nurses/physicians in the war and in factories

Great Wall

finalized the building of this in the 15th-16th centuries (during the Ming), built to protect the realm of China, thousands of workers

Lydians

first to coin money

Trench warfare

first war to use this military strategy, trenches dug 6-7 feet into the ground stretching across countries, stayed in for months No-mans land: area between trenches

Concentration camps

first work camps, used to make supplies

Imperial Japan

flourished in the 1920's, militaristic, right-wing, turning towards fascism, "empire of the rising sun", unchallenged power of the east

The Enlightenment

focused on role of mankind in relation to government, influenced creators of US Constitution

Lutherans

followers of Martin Luther who separated themselves from the Catholic Church

Francisco Pizarro

found the Incan empire in 1531 and conquered it

Jesuits

founded by Ignatius Loyola, he restored faith in the Catholic Church by creating a group of morally righteous clergymen.

Zahir al-Din

founded the Mughal Empire, was Turkish and named it "Mughal" = "Mongol" in Persian

Bal Gangadhar Tilak

founder of hindu nationalism. Helped lay groundwork for independence movement in India

Osman

founder of the Ottoman dynasty, named after him, was the chief of a ban of Turks that migrated to NW Anatolia, formed a group to serve Allah

Appeasement policy

from Britain to Germany to prevent more expansion of land; Hitler wanted war because he knew he would win

Social structure in China

from top to bottom: officials, peasants, merchants

Galileo

further proved in 1632 Copernicus's theory

Resistance of Jews

futile, when resisted the Nazis killed loved ones not you, rescue from camps was difficult only some attempts

New weapons in the Great War

gas, tanks, barbed wire, flamethrowers, airplanes, submarines

Argentinian "cowboys."

gauchos

Stalingrad

german troops attatcked this russian city, russians stopped the advance in USSR

Nazi-Soviet Pact

germany and soviet treaty of non-aggression, allowed germany to attack poland without repercussions

Legacies of Imperialism

global trade, transporation, migration, outbreak of violence by natives

Total War

government controls economy, extends work and military time, unemployment disappears

Total war in America for WWII

government heavily involved, every citizen helped and affected, women in masses go to work, "greatest generations of Americans" because gave most sacrifices, had to ration food

Collectivization

government took private lands to create a collective farm, consisted of farms and factories on same lands

Viceroy

governor of a country or province who rules as the representative of his or her king or sovereign

Island Hopping

gradually chip away at Japan's empire by jumping from island to island, destroying each one (sometimes takes months)

Franks

group of Germanic people who rose to prominence under the leadership of King Clovis

The three most influential innovations 1450-1750 and their impact

gunpowder weapons, navigation and shipbuilding technologies, the printing press; European exploration expanded the knowledge of the world and increased contact spread new ideas more easily.

Nikita Khrushchev

he took over USSR after stalin's death. Challenced US capitalism. Thought communism would eventually outstrip capitalism in production.

Jawaharlal Nehru

he worked with Gandhi in India to try and keep from separating into Muslim and Hindu sections. First Prime minister of India

Fall of Tokugawa

high taxes, famine, inflation caused this, and Westerners showing up

Silk Road

historical network of interlinking trade routes across the Afro-Eurasian landmass

Passive resistance

idea of Gandi, nonviolent tolerance but rebellion, boycotting, refusing, protesting, grow own crops and stop buying from Britain

Filial piety

in Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one's parents and ancestors

Bloody Sunday Massacre

in Russia, thousands of people killed

Middlemen

in trading systems, those dealers who operate between the original buyers and the retail merchants who sell to consumers.

What led to the Age of Exploration

increase in European trade, advances in navigation and shipbuilding, the development of gunpowder weapons

Defeat of Nazi Germany

industrial strength of U.S. was key to power -- had resources and labor force, breathed new life into the Allies

Ferdinand I

inherited control of Austria and the Holy Roman throne from Charles V

Phillip II

inherited control of Spain (and its New World colonies), Sicily, and the Netherlands from Charles V

Migration out of Russia

intellectuals leave to Europe and Jews leave because being the minority during Russian nationalism

Peace of Augsburg (1555)

intended to bring peace between Catholics and Protestants. was unsuccessful.

European Union

international organization comprised of Western European countries to promote free trade among members

Gupta Collapse

invaded by huns. not enough taxes for military- did not stay loyal. land divisions increased provincial official.

William the Conquerer

invaded england in 1066; established feudal system

New Deal

issued by FDR: legislation to prevent the collapse of the banking system, provide jobs,give workers the right to organize, guarantee minimum wages, provide social security

Why Portugal led the way

it was near the coast of Africa, had long-standing trade relations with the Muslim world, and had a royal family that supported exploration (Prince Henry)

Mukden Incident

japanese soldiers faked and attack on Japanese railway to justify taking over region

Sugar and silver

key products of the Columbian Exchange, both resulted in demand for slave labor. Spain monopolized silver market, and this control opened the doors of Ming China

Louis XIV

king of France from 1643 to 1715; his long reign was marked by the expansion of French influence in Europe and by the magnificence of his court and the Palace of Versailles (1638-1715)

Charlemagne

king of the franks who conquered much of western Europe

Ivan IV

known also as Ivan the Terrible, he expanded Russia's holding but also ruled under a reign of terror by the 1560's.

Hernan Cortes

landed on the coast of Mexico in 1519 and conquered the Aztec Empire

Auschwitz

largest Nazi concentration camp

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

lawyer who became head of muslm league, wanted india to be devided into muslim and hindu regions

Jiang Jieshi

leader of Guomindang after Sun Yatsen's death. Tried to eliminate communism in china. Also pronounced Chiang Kai-shek.

Ho Chi Minh

leader of the Communist Party in Indochina after WWII; led Vietnamese against the French, then North Vietnamese against the United States in the Vietnam War

Hong Xiuquan

leader of the Taiping Rebellion, defeated and is more discontent

Mohandas K. Gandhi

led indian campaign for home rule focused on nonviolence

Fidel Castro

led revolutionary movement to overthrow Fulgencio Batista y Zaldivar. Opposed US imperialism and made promises of elections. He lied and set up a communist regime in cuba.

Effect of Age of Exploration

led to colonialism and the expansion of trade routes; the competition between countries contributed to a rise in nationalism

How the Age of Exploration transformed the economy

led to the creation of joint-stock companies, continued to develop a middle class of merchants, led to companies monopolizing trade routes

Vassals

lesser lords who pledged their service and loyalty to a greater lord -- in a military capacity

Petition of Right

limited taxes and forbidded unlawful imprisonment. Parliament forced Charles I to sign it.

Interaction

linked empires to each other through trade

21 Demands

list of demands from Japan to China of impossible things that gave Japan an excuse to invade China, "needed to control industry, needed to restrict military, etc."

satyagraha

literally means "truth force," it was Gandhi's name for his non-violent resistance

Daimyos

local rulers under the lord (shogun)

Potsdam

location fo final summit meeting betw leaders of WWII. Stalin was only leader to attend allof this meeting as well as the earlier summit meetings at Yalta and Teheran. Roosevelt asked for Soviet support in the war against Japan.

Indian Ocean Trade

long distance trade that created interaction between peoples, cultures, and civilizations

untouchables

lowest class of people in the caste system of Hinduism, do all the dirty work of society

Hong Kong

major trading port in China, captured by the British

Effect of printing press

many books were published in vernacular that were bought by the growing middle class. People became more educated and literate and this fueled new thought and it spread more easily. Was vital to the success of the Protestant Reformation, Scientific Revolution, and Enlightenment

V-2

massive german rocket with a 2000 lb warhead, no defense against weapon during WWII

Bandung Conference

meeting of 29 African and Asian representatives in Bandung, Indonesia. Aim to promote economic and cultural coperation and to oppose colonialism.

Zionists

members of a movement known as Zionism, founded to promote the establishment of an independent Jewish state

serfs

men of women who were the poorest members of society, peasants who worked the lord's land in exchange for protection

Subordinate

men were considered superior to women

Canadians with a mixed French and Native American ancestry.

metis

Garrisons

military bases on the Silk Road to protect travelers on their journey

Juan D. Peron

military leader in Argentina who became dominant in politics after a coup in 1943; he used his position as minister of labor to appeal to working groups and the poor. president in '46, exiled in '55, returned to presidency in '73. Eva Duarte was his wife

Shoguns

military leaders of the Bakufu

Fall of Safavid

military threats of Russia in north and Mughals in the east, trade was ending around them, and the treasury drained in 1722

Enlightened Monarchs

monarchs, like Joseph II of Austria and Frederick II of Prussia, who ruled absolutely but tried to tolerate diversity and grant people their natural rights.

Dowry

money or property brought by a woman to her husband at marriage

Jizya tax

money that other religions had to pay if they were the minority, Ottomans used

Osman

most successful warrior and "founder" of Ottomans

The Western Front of the Great War

mostly fought in France and Belguim, stalemate between Britain and France vs. Germany

Allie's plan

move into N. Africa -- U.S. from west, Britain from east and take the N. Africa/Mediterranean area from axis powers next was to knock out the Italians

Urbanization

movement of people from rural areas to cities

Migration

movement of people to other places for necesities

Infanticide

murdering an infant

Velvet Revolution

name given to collapes of Czech communist gvt in 1990. Change involved very little violence.

Young Turks

nationalistic group that wanted to reform and embraced change, pushed for their own Turkish state

Chinese nationalism

nationalists wanted a republic for China

Taino

native americans who lived where columbus first landed

Compass

navigational instrument for finding directions

Fall of Ming dynasty

new silver currency resulted in severe inflation, famine (resulting from global cooling) further crippled the economy and peasants revolted, the Qing (Manchus) ousted the emperor in 1644.

Decline of the Ottomans

no international trade, relied on foreigners, were in debt, no bureaucracy, no industry/modernizing, conservatives halting liberals, lost intellectuals, slavery still present

Bureaucrats/Bureaucracy

nonelective government officials, system of managing government through departments run by appointed officials

Russia in the Great War

not equipped or ready for the war, bad leadership of Tsar Nicholas, doesn't have the supplies for war

How Ivan III and IV expanded Russia

offered peasants freedom from their feudal lords if they went east and conquered lands for Russia. Known as Cossacks, these peasant-soldiers expanded Russia's territiories around 1500-1800

War of Spanish Succession

one of Louis XIV's grandons inherited the Spanish throne. Europe crapped their pants and the Holy Roman Empire and German princes united against them. Thirteen years later, it was settled, and Philip V was put to rule Spain

Mahayana

one of two great schools of Buddhist doctrine emphasizing a common search for universal salvation especially through faith alone

Empress Wu

only woman to rule China in her own name, supported Buddhism in Tang Dynasty

Southeast Asian Treaty Organization (SEATO)

orgainization created to defend noncommunist countries in SE Asia. Goals of economic, social, and cultural gain.

Muslim League

organization formed by muslims in 1906 to protect their interests against British Rule.

Solidarity

organization that started out a s a trade union but eventually became the leading force in a nationalist movement in poland that forced the communist leaders out of power there.

South Africa

originally Dutch conquered, but British took over so Dutch Boers moved upward, Zulu in the middle of the two

White Man's Burden

originally a poem, idea that Europeans are the most civilized

Indigenous

originating where it is found

Kingdom of Congo

outlet of the Congo River, southwest Africa

Foot-Binding

painful process of wrapping Chinese girls' feet to make them very small

Indulgences

pardon sold by catholic church to reduce one's punishment

Revolts in the USSR

peasants don't like Stalin's 5 year plan and rebel, 3 million peasants die

John Locke's ideas

people are born with natural rights to life, liberty, and property; the government should make sure their people have these rights.

Thomas Hobbes's ideas

people are greedy and prone to warfare, the government should keep them at peace.

Pilgrims

people who go on religious pilgrimages

Medieval

period during the Renaissance in the 1400s

Daoism

philosophical system developed by of Lao-tzu and Chuang-tzu advocating a simple honest life and noninterference with the course of natural events

Fiefs

pieces of land given to vassals by their lord

Rowland Act

placed severe restictions on key Indian civil rights such as freedom of press

Glasnost

policy that opened up soviet gvt to public criticism. Gvt censorsip f media was dramtically reduced.

appeasement

policy where French and British Gvts basically gave hitler whatever he wanted before WWII

Counterinsurgency

political or milt action by a government to combat guerilla warfare and to stop rebellions within their country.

Green Movement

political parties focusing on environmental issues and control over economic growth

Pope Leo X

pope during Luther, ordered him to recant his theses.

Economic Development in China

population double to 200 million people, have problem feeding -- only 10% of land was arable, traded with Spanish-Americans, no industrialization

Muhammed al-Mahdi

possibly the twelfth imam, some believe it was Ismail

Foot-Binding

practice in Chinese society to mutilate women's feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted women's movement; made it easier to confine women to the household

John Calvin

preached predestination, a doctrine that stated God already knew who would be saved, and it was very few people.

Lazaro Cardenas

pres of Mexico 1930-1940. nationalized country's oil industry.

island hopping

process of capturing key pacific islands to be used as milt and air bases by Allies in WWII

Perestroika

program of reform instituted by Gorbachev to get Russia out of its economic coma. Main goal to decentralize the enemy. Linked to glasnost.

National Seclusion Policy (1635)

prohibited Japanese from traveling abroad and from most foreigners from visiting Japan.

comfort houses

prostitution houses where women of conquered territories were required to have sex with 20-30 men a day

Immunities

protection from laws or punishment

Deportation of Jews

put in cattle carts -- usually 8 cattle, but Nazis forced 150-200 Jews in one, taken out of the ghettos to death camps

Emperor Mutsuhito

put in power as a boy, ruled in the Meiji

Witte system

railroad system in Russia

Led the effort to establish regular time zones in the United States and eventually throughout the world.

railroads

Louis XIV

reigned 1643-1715, He built the palace at Versailles, ruled under divine right, was an absolute monarch, and patronized the arts. He appointed Jean Baptiste Colbert as the treasurer

Patriarchal

relating to a society in which men hold the greatest legal and moral authority

Roman Catholic

relating to the christian church that developed in the Byzantine empire and is under the authority of the pope

Syncretic religions

religions, or strands within religions, that combine elements of two or more belief systems.

Voltaire

religious toleration

Yalta

resort on black sea coast. Served as setting for second wartime conference of leaders from USSR, USA, and GB in Feb 1945. How to deal with liberated eastern euro countries

Augusto Cesar Sandino

rev leader of rebellion against US milt presence in Nicaragua.

Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini

rev. leader of Iran want to bring politics and religion together

Kim Il Sung

revolutionary communinst, became leader of People's Democratic Republic of Korea (N. Korea) after WWII.

Primogeniture

right of inheritance belongs exclusively to the eldest son

caste system

rigid social system that separated people by occupation

Great Game

rivalry of British and Russians over the control of Central Asia, Russians want to expand and the British just want a buffer state

Safavids

rivals of the Ottomans who practiced Shia Islam and was active in military conquest.

Magna Carta

royal charter of political rights given to English barons by King John in 1215

Peter the Great

ruled 1682 through 1725, he westernized Russia and founded St. Petersburg as his new capital.

Catherine the Great

ruled 1762 to 1796, she further implemented enlightened policies and western culture. Also continued westward territorial expansion, granting it access to the Mediterranean

Mansa Musa

ruled Mali from 1312 to 1332; spread interest in Mali as he journeyed to Mecca

Manchuria

ruled in China, spoke Chinese and practiced Confucianism, but forbid intermarriage and Chinese learning Manchurian language

President von Hindenburg

ruler of Germany that offered Hitler his seat of Chancellor in 1933, many other Nazis were in the government

vedas

sacred texts in the Hindu religion, they are a set of four collections of hymns and religious ceremonies transmitted by memory through the centuries by Aryan priests

Sanskrit

sacred/classical Indian language

Free officers movement

secret organization of junior military officers that devised a program to transform the Egyptian society and they had ties with other groups such as communists

Gestapo

secret police that killed those who opposed Nazis

The Marshall Plan

secretary of State George C. Marshall proposed to rebuild Euro econs through cooperation and Caitalism.

Jose Carlos Mariategui

self-educated Marxist. Exiled from peru. Returned to peru and established the Socialist Party of Peru.

Montesquieu

separation of powers among branches of government

Tokugawa Japan

shoguns retained power trough a hostage system, the spouses and children of important families were kept at the capital, society was organized into four social classes, time known as great peace.

Peace Treaty of the Great War

signed 11/11/1918 at 11:00 in France, Germans thought they won because no one set foot in their country

Ecomienda System

social system established by Spain in the new world in which natives were given to peninsulares to work. Later these natives were replaced by slaves

civilization

societies w/sedentary agriculture, food surpluses, and nonfarming elites

Olaudah equiano

sold into slavery at age 11; after gaining freedom, he spoke out against slavery and published his autobiography

Janissaries

sons of the defeated empires that were forced to join the Ottoman army

bipolar world

split of world into two different camps (USA and capitalists vs. USSR and communists

Italian Combat League

started by Mussolini, went against socialism, had the "Blackshirts" -- secret police that threatened voters with violence

The Great War

started in 1914, everyone thought it would be quick, everyone thought God was on their side (Europe was Christian), 20 million men involved at the start

The Thirty Years' War

started when Bohemian protestants challenged the Holy Roman emperor. Grew into a major political and religious war. Was a major European conflict, but all fighting was in the German empire, devastating and depopulating the region.

Schlieffen Plan

strategy developed by Count Alfred ovn Schlieffen, to swiftly knock out France followed by a defensive action against Russia

legalism

strict conformity to the letter of the law rather than its spirit

neocolonialism

subtle form of imperial control in 1800's in Asia and Africa. Foreign economic domination, milt intervention, and political interference.

Charles I

succeeded James. signed Petition of Right. fought the Scottish Roundheads and was defeated

Dreadnought

super battleships of the Germans that the British combated by building their own super ships

Scientific Racism

superior races categorized, way for Europeans to prove they are better because everyone believes it order: Europeans (including U.S.), Native Americans, Asians, Africans, etc.

America during the Great War

supplying British and French, if Allies lost then they couldn't repay debt, government wanted to be in war, people didn't

Austria-Hungary at the end of the Great War

surrenders war and leaves it to the Germans to face the Allied powers

collectivization

system in which private farms were eliminated, instead, the government owned all the land while the peasants worked on it.

Monetary System

system of coins and bills to create a standard value of wealth

Putting out system

system of merchant-capitalists "putting out" raw materials to cottage workers for processing and payment that was fully developed in England

Persecution

systematic mistreatment of an individual or group by another group

Japan in the Great War

takes Germany's colonies in the Pacific, expands own power in east while west is fighting

Neolithic Revolution

tech innovations and human organization changes that led to development of agriculture

ziggurats

temples built by Sumerians to honor the gods and goddesses they worshipped

Anschluss

term for hitler's annexation of Austria. Means "union" in German

Neo-Confucianism

term that describes the resurgence of Confucianism and the influence of Confucian scholars during the T'ang Dynasty; a unification of Daoist or Buddhist metaphysics with Confucian pragmatism

containment

term used to describe US foreign policy that opposed spread of communism

Détente

term used to describe reduction in tensions betw Soviet Union and USA during 60's and 70's

Dwight D. Eisenhower

the American military leader of the Allied powers and later elected as the president of the U.S.

Muhammad

the Arab prophet who founded Islam (570-632)

Montezuma

the Aztec ruler who mistook Cortes for a god

Qin Dynasty

the Chinese dynasty (from 246 BC to 206 BC) that established the first centralized imperial government and built much of the Great Wall

Sepoy

the Indians employed by the British in India

Mecca was on the trade routes between...

the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean

Holocaust

the Nazi program of exterminating Jews under Hitler

Decline of Spanish power

the Netherlands revolted, and the mostly protestant provinces gained independence from Spain; the English defeated the Spanish Armada; Spanish Catholics were losing wars with French Protestants. By 1650, its glory days had passed.

Protestant

the Protestant churches and denominations collectively

Armenian genocide

the Turkish government organized the department of the armenians in the Ottoman Empire and over a million were murdered or starved - one of the first genocides of the 20th centuries

Self-Strengthening Movement

the adoption of British reforms to catch up with Western Europe by the Chinese, not successful

Roman Republic

the ancient Roman state from 509 BC until Augustus assumed power in 27 BC, The ancient Roman state from 509 BC until Augustus assumed power in 27 BC. was governed by an elected Senate but dissatisfaction with the Senate led to civil wars that culminated in a brief dictatorship by Julius Caesar.

Shintoism

the ancient indigenous religion of Japan lacking formal dogma

Direct cause of the Great War

the assassination of the Austria-Hungarian prince

Meritocracy

the belief that rulers should be chosen for their superior abilities and not because of their wealth or birth

Floating worlds

the centers of Tokugawa urban culture; entertainment, teahouses, theatres, brothels, public baths: escape from social responsibilities in Japan

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

the cities that were bombed by the U.S. in Japan on August 6 and 9

Caliph

the civil and religious leader of a Muslim state considered to be a representative of Allah on earth

Sharia

the code of law derived from the Koran and from the teachings and example of Mohammed

Hijab

the custom in some Islamic societies of women dressing modestly outside the home

Sikhism

the doctrines of a monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak and combining elements of Hinduism and Islam

Great Depression

the economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s

mercantilism

the economic theory that a nation should export more than it imports, creating a favorable balance of trade

Black Death

the epidemic form of bubonic plague experienced during the Middle Ages when it killed nearly half the people of western Europe

Hajj

the fifth pillar of Islam is a pilgrimage to Mecca during the month of Dhu al-Qadah

Umayyad

the first dynasty of Arab caliphs whose capital was Damascus

Chavin

the first major South American civilization, which flourished in the highlands of what is now Peru from about 900 to 200 B.C.

African diaspora

the forced removal of Africans from their homeland to serve as slaves in the Americas

neocolonial company

the global economy dominated by the industrial nations

Bakufu

the government of the Tokugawa shogun, was intimidated by the heavily armed forces of the U.S.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

the heir to the throne to A-H, was killed in his car by the Serbians

Mecca

the holiest city of Islam; Muhammad's birthplace

Qur'an (Koran)

the holy book of islam

divine right

the idea that God had given monarchs the right to govern

Zhou Dynasty

the imperial dynasty of China from 1122 to 221 BC; notable for the rise of Confucianism and Taoism

Borobudor

the largest buddhist monument ever built, a mountainous ten level monuement with an elaborate carving program probably built in the 9th century by the sailandras rulers of central java; it is an outstanding example of cultural exchange and syncretism.

Constantinople

the largest city and former capital of Turkey

F.W. de Klerk

the last State President of apartheid-era South Africa. Known for engineering the end of apartheid

Manchu

the last imperial dynasty of China (from 1644 to 1912) which was overthrown by revolutionaries

Qing dynasty

the last imperial dynasty of China (from 1644 to 1912) which was overthrown by revolutionaries; during the Qing dynasty China was ruled by the Manchu

Hacienda

the main house on a ranch or large estate

Islam

the monotheistic religion of Muslims founded in Arabia in the 7th century and based on the teachings of Muhammad as laid down in the Qu'ran

Gentry

the most powerful members of a society

Columbian Exchange

the movement of crops, livestock, diseases, and people between the Americas and Europe

Anglican church

the national church of England (and all other churches in other countries that share its beliefs)

Effect of Protestant Reformation

the new questioning of church authority caused Europeans to search for their own answers in the universe, paving way for revolutions in science and politics.

Peace of Westphalia

the peace treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648

Middle Ages

the period between the fall of the Roman Empire in the west (470) and the beginning of the European Renaissance in the 1400s. This period is also known as "Medieval."

Domino Theory

the prediction that if one country became communist, other countires in the same area would soon become communist as well.

Decentralized

the process of dispersing decision-making governance closer to the people and/or citizens

Counter Reformation

the reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the Reformation reaffirming the veneration of saints and the authority of the Pope (to which Protestants objected)

humanism and what caused it

the rediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman texts caused humanism, a focus on human achievements as opposed to God.

Glorious revolution

the revolution against James II

Middle passage

the route in between the western ports of Africa to the Caribbean and southern U.S. that carried the slave trade

Soviets

the socialists/communists in Russia

Cultural Diffusion

the spreading out of culture, culture traits, or a cultural patternfrom a central point

Inventions that made the Age of Exploration possible

the sternpost rudder, lateen sails, the astrolabe, the magnetic compass, and the three-masted caravels

Buddhism

the teaching of Buddha that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire, that suffering ceases when desire ceases, and that enlightenment obtained through right conduct and wisdom and meditation releases one from desire and suffering and rebirth

Caliphate

the territorial jurisdiction of a caliph

Psychoanalysis

theory developed by Freud, believing that it provided the keys to understanding all human behavior

Uncertainty Principle

theory formed by Werner Heisenberg that stated it is impossible to specify simultaneously the position and the velocity of a subatomic particle

Battle of Britain

this was the all-air battle for control of the skies over England in the fall of 1940

Muslim

those who practice the religion of Islam; believe in one God, and the prophet Muhammad whom they believe God spoke through

The stated revolutionary goals of Emilio Zapata.

tierra y liberated

Peace of Westphalia (1648)

took away nearly all power of HRE, affirmed the independence of small German states, Prussia becoming the strongest.

Gamal Abdul Nasser

took power in Egypt after military copp in 1952

Astrolabe

tool used to find longitude and lattitude by using sun and star

Tools of Imperialism

transportation -- steamship, railroad, and canals (Suez and Panama), up-to-date military -- weapons (cannon and machine gun), and communication -- telegraph and railroad

Circumnavigation

traveling around something (by ship or plane)

Christopher Columbus

travelled west in 1492 and discovered Americas

Treaty of Nansing

treaty that stops the Opium Wars

Five Pillars of Islam

true Muslims were expected to follow (principle of Salvation): belief in Allah, pray 5 times a day, giving of alms, fasting during Ramadan, pilgrimage to Mecca once in a lifetime

third world

underdeveloped and developing countries of Asia and Africa and Latin America collectively

Akbar

unified India during 1556 to 1605 under a policy of religious toleration. (Mughal emperor) Brought a golden age in India by mixing Hindus and Muslims

Babylonian Empire

unified all of Mesopotamia circa 1800 B.C.E.; collapsed due to foreign invasion circa 1600 B.C.E.

Propaganda in the Great War

used to ensure national unity and to demonize the enemy

Decline of Russia

vast amount of land but a small population, don't have the manpower, only 50% of the population spoke Russian

Babur

very Muslim Mongol who defeated the Delhi Sultanate and established the Mughal Empire in 1526

Indian National Congress

wanted self rule for India, specifically Hindus

Fascism

wanted to create a new national community, wanted to revive the national traditions, devotion to a strong leader, emphasis on nationalism and militarism

Muslim League

wanted to gain self rule for Muslims, scared of what Hindus will do to them, surpressing minority

Jean Baptiste Colbert

wanted to increase the size of the French empire, engaged in costly wars

Spanish Civil War

war between monarchs and socialists in spain that hitler used as a testing site for new war technologies

Reasons for the Great War expanding

war is taken to the colonies empires recruited from their colonies (Africa) the winner would get the colonies

May Fourth movement

was an anti-imperialist, cultural, and political movement growing out of student demonstrations in Beijing

Northwest passage

water route to asia through North America sought by european explorers

Motives of Imperialism

wealth/resources, Christianity, migration, land, military, European competition

British in India

were there for commodities -- spices, cotton, coffee, opium, tea, etc., came in during the decline of the Mughals

Byzantium

what the Roman Empire becomes later known as

Geo politics

when 2 different religions come together to go against a common enemy

Sharia Law

when Islam and the Quran was tied closely with the governmental laws

Mercantile empire

when a foreign power comes into a native place just "for trade" at first, but then it leads to missionaries and military coming

Imperialism

when a foreign power totally controls almost every aspect of the native people

Operation Avalanche

when the Allies took the whole Italian peninsula, some Italians let Allies in because they didn't like Mussolini have Italy by 1944

Baghdad, Iraq

where the abbasids moved the political center to

Dutch united east India company

where the states-general of the netherlands(dutch) granted a 21 year monopoly to carry out colonial activities in asia

SA

with Hitler since beginning, did the dirty work

Indira Ghandhi

woman that rose to power

Soviets

worker councils, talked Nicholas into stepping down, February Revolution

Russians with the Pacific war

wouldn't help the Americans because they took the toll more in WWII from the Germans

95 thesis

written by Martin Luther in 1517, they are widely regarded as the primary catalyst for the Protestant Reformation. Luther used these theses to display his displeasure with some of the Church's clergy's abuses, most notably the sale of indulgences; this ultimately gave birth to Protestantism.

Erasmus

wrote In Praise of Folly, which satirized foolish political moves. was a Christian humanist.

Western Front

zone of fighting in Western Europe WW1 Germany, UK, France; stalemate