Ultimate Elementary Praxis Study Guide

Respiratory system

Brings oxygen into the body. Gets rid of carbon dioxide.

Rubric

A method of scoring work (e.g. an essay) using a numerical value (e.g. 1-5), where each value is associated with certain characteristics.

Language Experience Approach (LEA)

A method of teaching reading by using the reader's own dictated language. This approach allows the reader to read words common to their environment.

Interdisciplinary Teaching

A method, or set of methods, used to teach a unit across different curricular disciplines. For example, the seventh grade Language Arts, Science and Social Studies teachers might work together to form an interdisciplinary unit on rivers.

Consequences of Physical Changes-Short Term

Short term effects on Earth, droughts, floods, snowstorms

Card-Stacking

Showing only the good side of anything.

Sight Word

Sight word that is easily recognized as a whole and does not require word analysis for identification or pronunciation, (i.e., Dolch 220 Sight Vocabulary List).

The Magna Carta

Signed in 1215 by King John of England, was the first document that limited power of the ruler., In 1215, King John was forced by the nobles to sing the Magna Carta, which limited the power of the king and increased the power of the nobles.

Situated Learning

Situated Learning is coined by Lave. Basically, situated learning is a general theory of knowledge acquisition that is manifested as a function of the specific activity, context or culture in which it occurs. This contrasts with most classroom learning activities which involve knowledge that's usually abstract and out of context. Learning requires social interaction and collaboration within an authentic context, i.e., settings and applications that would normally involve that knowledge.

Literature circles

Small groups of students who are reading, responding to and discussing the same book. They provide the opportunity for students to have some control over their learning, because students usually choose their own materials. The groups of students respond individually, then have open conversations about their book. The groups are also in charge of determining how many pages are to be read each night. The teacher is not part of the literature circle group, but serves as an outside observer.

Ecological

Social experiences, family background and culture impact development

Lev Vygotsky

Sociolinguistic theorist who theorized that language helps to organize thought and that students use language to lean as well as to communicate and share experiences with others.

The Declaration of Causes of Seceding States

Southern states wrote dissolving their political connection with the Federal Governmentt of the US. Ceded to join the Confederation of States

Hernando Cortez

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)

phoneme segmentation

breaking a word into separate sounds and counting them

Orthography

Standardized system for using a particular writing system (script) to write a particular language.

Free Morpheme

Stands alone as a word having meaning. EX: Ball, Peninsula, Chain

Objective

Stated in measurable, precise terms and include three comp: targeted audience, the behavior that is expected of the learner, the conditions under which the learner must demonstrate knowledge

Myth

Stories that are more or less universally shared within a culture to explain its history and traditions.

Keyword Method

Strategy for improving memory by using images to link pairs of items.

Social interaction theory

Stresses the importance of the surrounding environment in literacy development--relies on feedback

Morphology

Structure of words, Refers to its rules for word formation. Are the smallest combination of sounds that have a meaning. Prepositions, prefixes, suffixes, and whole words_______.

Open Word Sorts

Student-directed activity in which students are free to group words from the word wall according to how they think they are related, providing their own labels for each group of words.

Jigsaw Method

Students are assigned to a group (e.g. Group 1). They then leave this group and form a new group (Group 2). No two students from Group 1 can be in the same Group 2. Each of these new groups is given a topic to become an "expert" on. The students talk among themselves and do research, etc., to become as knowledgeable as they can about their topic. Students then return to their original group and teach the others what they've learned.

Inquiry Teaching

Students are encouraged to ask questions, and the teacher (rather than answering them) simply asks more questions.

Teacher Centered-Classroom

Students are passive recipients of the teachers knowledge, and later expected to regurgitate what they have learned on meaningless tests. Students learn social skills during class meetings and how to listen and respect differences. They also learn to brainstorm for solutions that are helpful (not punitive). Since they are involved in the process, they are more willing to follow rules they have helped create. Not only can teachers eliminate most discipline problems, but they can help children learn self-discipline, responsibility, cooperation, and problem-solving skills. (Tompkins, 2002).

Cooperative Learning

Students are put in groups to complete a task/learn a concept.

Criterion-Referenced Test

Students are tested to see how much of a subject (the criterion) they actually understand (as compared to a specific learning objective and not to other students).

Norm-Referenced Test

Students are tested to see how much of a subject they understand as compared to other students in their age group.

Choral Reading

Students read aloud at the same time as the teacher.

Phonics-Through-Spelling Instruction

Students segment spoken words into phonemes and write letters that represent those sounds to spell the words.

Scaffolding

Students select and use strategies, beginning with high teacher control and involvement, moving to shared control and involvement between teachers and students, and finally to students' independent control over strategy selection and use.

Microeconomics

Study of individual consumers and businesses.

Phonetics

Study of sounds of the human speech.

Geography

Study of the earth

Sociology

Study of the evolution, development, and functioning of human society

Feedback

Subtle and part of the learning process

Summative Evaluation

Summative evaluation that comes at the conclusion of an educational program or instructional sequence.

Interpersonal

Supports interactions with other individuals in the learning process -Cooperative groups, interactive whole group

Whole Language Approach

Supports the ideas that the student learns to spell by remembering what the whole word looks like rather than by remembering how it sounds.

The Dred Scott Decision

Supreme Court decision in 1857 that ruled that slaves were property, not people, and Congress did not have the right to outlaw slavery in any territory.

Behavioral Theory

Systematic approach to learning and instruction Skinner ABC model A- antecedent or stimulus B-target behavior/response C-Consequence or reinforcement

Shared Writing Strategy

Teaching method that includes both modeling by the teacher and active input from the students. The teacher models the accurate construction of a high-quality draft either by writing the text on a chalkboard or a whiteboard while allowing the students to give active input on the writing.

Phonics

Teaching reading and spelling that stresses basic symbol-sound relationships and their application in decoding words in beginning instruction.

Contributions of Rome

Technology, Medicine, Language, Religion, Roman Law and Politics, Literature, Arts, Games

print awareness

knowing the basic concepts about written words

Non-living

opposite of living

Abraham Maslow

The Hierarchy of Human Needs describe his work in the area of self-actualization. An important aspect of his theory is based on the premise that within each individual are forces that both seeks growth and, at the same time, actively resist growth. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs has five levels. Physiological/biological needs are the most demanding. only after hunger, thirst, and the need for shelter have been satisfied, do the needs at the next higher level emerge. Safety needs include security, protection from physical and emotional harm, and the desire for good health. Belonging and love seek the need for family and friends in the individual and the feeling of acceptance and friendship in relations with others. Need for esteem follows and moves the individual to their first internal demand for self respect, autonomy, achievement along with status, recognition, and attention. Self-actualization assumes that lower needs have been satisfied; personal motivation is re-directed towards developing one's potential, to "become" what you are capable of achieving in life.

Rise of Communism in Soviet Union

The abolition of serfdom resulted in a mass exodus from the agricultural areas to the cities, where the new working class found employment in factories as part of Russia's industrial revolution. However, they had no leverage as a large collection of individuals and were easily exploited, working for miniscule wages. The consequential poverty epidemic made the general public very open to the idea of communism. After the loss to Japan in the Russo-Japanese War in 1905, and the sorry state of the Russian Empire, the conditions were ripe for a fundamental change.

Socialization and acculturation

The acceptance and practive of the behavior patterns of a culture; Acculturation is the modification or adaptation of an individual or a group as a result of contact or interaction with another culture.

The National Origins Act

The act of Congress which set severe limitations of the number of new immigrants who would be allowed to enter the United States annually.

Syllabication

The act, process, or method of forming or dividing words into syllables

Collaboration

The action of working with someone to produce or create something.

Schema

The background knowledge people bring to text to help them better understand and interact with their reading.

Niccolo Machiavelli

(1469-1527) Wrote The Prince which contained a secular method of ruling a country. "End justifies the means."

COPEC guidelines for physical education

30-60 minutes of physical activities on all days, 60 minutes of free play per day, daily activities with 10-15 minutes of moderate action

Martin Luther

95 Thesis, posted in 1517, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule. Claimed there were only 2 sacraments: baptism and communion.

Rubric

A set of scoring guidelines for assessing student work including a summary listing of the characteristics that distinguish high quality work from low quality assignments.

Editing

Changing the content of a document, such as inserting or deleting words.

Random Letter

Children use letters to represent words, but not based on phonics. They could use the letter Q to mean the "dog," or an entire sentence, or paragraph.

Eclectic

Combines various pedagocial practices

Instructional Format

How instruction is delivered Co-teaching Peer tutoring Collaboration: Teachers w/ diverse experience work together Cooperative learning: Educators implement classroom situations that promote learning among students through cooperation

Social Interaction

How people relate to one another and influence each other's behavior

Equator

an imaginary line around the Earth forming the great circle that is equidistant from the north and south poles

The Renaissance

The rebirth of the classical period. More practical and secular than medieval ones. Manuscript collections enabled scholars to study primary sources and to reject traditions. Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, Dante, Bruni, and Machiavelli

alliteration

repetition of a beginning consonant sound

consonance

repetition of consonant sounds anywhere in the words

assonance

repetition of vowel sounds

Comets

small icy objects traveling through space

comprehension strategy

specific techniques that promote reading comprehension such as predicting and gaining word meanings from context

assessments for reading

standardized reading test, portfolios, profile, performance task, anecdotal records

Inquiry lesson

starts with a though-provoking question for which students are interested in finding an explanation. Students brainstorm what they already know.

Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle

the Byzantine emperor recognized Charles's authority in the west.

comprehension

the ability to understand read content, process it, and think about it critically.

Attraction

the act of pulling together (- +)negative, positive or (+ -) positive, negative

transmission

learning of governmetn function and following the rulse as set forth. legalistic and assimilationist

Key questioning terms

level 1- knowledge level 2 - comprehension level 3 - application level 4 - analysis level 5 - synthesis level 6 - evaluation no yes or no questions use "wh" words

Plot Elements

The sequence of events in a story: exposition, conflict, rising action, climax, falling action, resolution

Origin of slavery in U.S.

The shortage of labor in the southern colonies and a drop in the number of people coming to the colonies as indentured servants forced colonists to find other sources of labor. Toward end of 17th c. increasing numbers of slaves from Africa became available. By 19th c. millions of Africans had been forcibly taken from native lands. Slave labor replaced indentured servitude and slave codes emerged in end of 18th c. colonial America

Phoneme

The smallest unit of sound in a spoken word.

Phonemes

The smallest units of sound (e.g. the sounds associated with individual letters). (E.g. "Egg" has two phonemes — the sound for "e" and the sound for "gg"). (E.g. "Wish" has three phonemes — the sound for "w", "i", and "sh").

Syntactic System

The structural (grammar) organization of English that regulates how words are combined into sentences. Word order is important in English and during the pre-school years, children learn to understand, ask questions, construct statements, and many of the capitalization and punctuation rules that elementary students learn reflect the syntactic system of language. This applies to simple, compound, and complex sentences.

Open word sort

The students determine how to categorize the words, thereby becoming involved in an active manipulation of words.

Pragmatics

The study of how language is used in society to satisfy the needs of human communication. Also defined as knowing how language works and is used in one's culture.

Morphemic Analysis

The study of the meaningful parts of a word including its prefix, root, and suffix

Orthography

The study of the nature and use of symbols in a writing system; correct or standardized spelling according to established usage in a given language.

Confucianism

The system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by Confucius and his disciples, stressing love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct. After the Zhou Dynasty fell China welcomed this philosophy

Shared Writing

The teacher and students compose text together, with both contributing their thoughts and ideas to the process, while the teacher acs as scribe, writing the text as it is composed.

Think-Pair-Share

The teacher asks a question, and the students think about it. Then they pair up to discuss their thoughts. Then they share their conclusions with the class.

Closed word sort

The teacher defines the process for categorizing the words. This requires students to engage in critical thinking as they examine sight vocabulary, corresponding concepts, or word structure.

Modeling

The teacher demonstrates how to do something, then has the student do it. (I.e. "I do it; I do it, you help; You do it, I help; You do it") (I.e. "I do it; We do it; You do it.")

Direct Explanation

The teacher explains to the students why the strategy helps comprehension and when to apply the strategy.

Guided Reading

The teacher gives the students a structure for and tells them the purpose of their reading, as well as a structure for how to respond to the text.

Guided Practice

The teacher guides and assists students as they learn how and when to apply the strategy.

Reciprocal Teaching

The teacher models a concept. The students then form groups and take turns leading small-group discussions about the concept to each other.

Modeling (Comprehension strategy)

The teacher models, or demonstrates how to apply the strategy, usually by "thinking aloud" while reading the text that the students are using.

Buddhism

The teaching of Buddha that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire, that suffering ceases when desire ceases, and that enlightenment obtained through right conduct and wisdom and meditation releases one from desire and suffering and rebirth

Narrative text

The telling of a story or an account of a sequence of events. First, then, next, last.

Boiling point

The temperature, at which a liquid, changes, to, a gas,,, Fahrenheit,,, 212 degrees Celsius,,, 100 degrees

Scientific socialism

The term Marx and Engels used to stress to that their ideology was based on an analysis of class conflict

McCarthyism

The term associated with Senator Joseph McCarthy who led the search for communists in America during the early 1950s through his leadership in the House Un-American Activities Committee.

Marxism

The theory created by Karl Marx and Frederich Engels that centers on communism and its inevitability.

Academic Talk

This instructional frame creates the space for students to articulate their thinking and strengthen their voice. As students become accustomed to talking in class, the teacher serves as a facilitator to engage students in higher levels of discourse.

1964 Civil Rights Act

This act prohibited Discrimination because of race, color, sex, religion, or national origin by employers or labor unions; The adoption by voting registrars of different standards for black and white applicants; and Racial or religious discrimination in public accommodations.

Outlining

This phase of writing helps to order material and identify major points and supporting points.

The Declaration of War on Japan

This speech, given to the United States Congress, is often referred to as Roosevelt's Infamy Speech because President Franklin D, Roosevelt declared war on Japan with these words"a date which will line in infamy..." reason, empire of Japan's naval and air forces attacked first

Whole Word Language Approach

This type of approach is: The assumption that learning to read is a natural process. The advocates argue that children immersed in personally meaningful literacy activities will figure out for themselves how to read and spell. Encourage using context clues to guess unknown words and to invent spellings when they cant.

Sub-Saharan Africa

Trade routes. The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana, Mali, and Songhay to the European world. Instrumental to the empire's success. Merchants carrying foodstuffs to the kingdom would trade them for locally produced goods such as cotton cloth, metal ornaments, leather goods, and above all GOLD. Koumbi was the trade center and capital of the empire.

Four Approaches to Teaching Phonics and Spelling

Traditional Approach Whole Language Approach Developmental Approach Structured Language Approach

novel

a book-length narrative that presents its characters and plot with a degree of realism

short story

a brief work of narrative prose

Transitional Period

a child changes from a nonreader to a beginning reader

Scaffolded Instruction

a cognitive approach to instruction in which the teacher provides temporary structure or support while students are learning a task; the support is gradually removed as the students are able to perform the task independently. 2 types: verbal instruction-teacher uses prompting, questioning, and further explanations procedural instruction-one-on-one teaching and modeling, small group instruction, grouping or partnering: more experienced student with less exp.

tessellation

a collection of plane figures that fill the plane with no overlaps and no gaps.

set

a collection of things, real or imagined, related or unrelated.

prefix

a common beginning that adds meaning to a base word

suffix

a common ending that adds meaning to a base word

metaphor

a comparison between two things that does not use "like" or "as"

simile

a comparison between two things that uses "like" or "as"

number

a concept or idea that indicates how many

developmentally appropriate

a concept with two dimensions: individual appropriateness and age appropriateness

Harlem Renaissance

a flowering of African American culture in the 1920s; instilled interest in African American culture and pride in being an African American

sonnet

a fourteen-line poem

Conservation of Energy

a fundamental principle, stating energy cannot be,, created,, nor destroyed, but only changed,, from one, form to another

Galaxies

a group of stars, gas, and dust held together by gravity.

limerick

a humorous five-line poem with a rhyme scheme of AABBA

Feudalism-Economic Effects

a land-based economy, the judicial system and the rights of the feudal lords under the feudal system and the lack of rights for the serfs and peasants. Entire society attached to this form of economic structure.

verse

a line of metered poetry, named for the number of feet per line

scaling

a linear transformation that enlarges or reduces an object

epic

a long poem about the adventures of a hero

accuracy

a measure of the percentage of oral reading that is correct.

fluency building

a measure that encourages practice of skills to improve the accuracy and rate of use

cloze test

a passage with omitted words the test taker must supply

idiom

a phrase that has come to have a different meaning through usage than the meanings of its individual words

drama

a piece meant for performance, where the story is presented through dialogue

acrostic

a poem in which the first letter of each line forms a word when read from top to bottom

Free Verse Poem

a poem that has no definite rhyme and structure

concrete

a poem written into a familiar shape relating to a poem's meaning

Cloze

a procedure where a word or words has/have been removed and the student must fill them in based on context clues

cloze test

a reading comprehension test in which the student must supply words that have purposely been omitted from the text.

Thirty year war

a religious war between the Catholics and Protestants, which resulted in the political restructuring of Europe and the development of nation states - the Dutch Republic, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, granted religious freedom in many parts of Europe and encouraged the secularization of government.

Rock cycle

a repeated series of events by which rock gradually and continually changes between igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic forms magma or lava cools (Igneous rock) > exposed to weather sedimentary rock > exposed to heat and pressure metaphoric rock > melting of rock becomes magma or lava

Sentence Fragment

a sentence missing a subject or verb or complete thought

blend

a sequence of consonants before or after a vowel in a given syllable

parable

a short story used to teach a moral lesson

quatrain

a stanza with 4 lines

quintrain

a stanza with 5 lines

sestet

a stanza with 6 lines

septet

a stanza with 7 lines

octane

a stanza with 8 lines

myth

a story created to explain natural or social phenomena

Adventure Story

a story of an adventure; a synonym would be a "heroic tale."

analogy-based phonics

a strategy taught to help students use parts of words they have learned to attack words that are unfamiliar

trochaic foot

a stressed syllable followed by an unstressed syllable

dactylic

a stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables

In order to develop reading and writing in an early childhood program it is important to incorporate all the following literacy principles:

a supportive learning environment literacy related play reading aloud to children singing, rhyming, word plan, and the developmental writing process

numeral

a symbol used to represent a number

Richter scale

a tool used to measure the amount of energy released by the earthquake. range: 0-9

The North American Free Trade Agreement

a trade treaty between the United States, Canada, and Mexico designed to lower and eliminate tariffs

KidBiz Achieve 3000

a web-based individualized reading and writing instructional program

Causes of the American Revolution

a. Colonists accustomed to a large degree of independence from Br; 1760s taxes, regulations seem to change that b. British policies hurt specific economic groups (lawyers, sugar importers, etc.) & help unite them against England c. Timing (1763) of the new taxes & controls was not good; Colonies were in a brief post war depression- not a good time to raise taxes d. Colonists unwilling to accept mercantile status or virtual representation- colonists wanted people to control e. Religious factor: fear of Anglican control f. Some colonists resented being treated as "colonials" (second class citizens) g. Colonists had evolved into Americans (new people)- physical separation supported independence h. John Locke's theories of natural rights & social contract (or compact) supported independence i. America was a rich land; why be controlled by small England, 3000 miles away

3 main forces that changes the surface of the Earth

Weathering, Geological movements, creations from glaciers.

What are the characteristics of comprehensive reading instruction in approaches and strategies in comprehensive instruction?

Weaving approaches and strategies into a seamless pattern of instruction is one of the hallmarks of a comprehensive literacy program. Balanced instruction, eclectic, balanced way combine the strengths of whole-language and skill instruction

The Cuban Missile Crisis

When Kruchev tried to build nuclear bases in Cuba, the two superpowers were brought to the brink of war. This base was just 90 miles away from Florida and was a threat to the US. In 1962, President Kennedy declared a naval blockade of Cuba. In the end, Kruchev agreed to remove the missiles from Cuba.

Consonant Digraphs

Two consonant letters that represent only one distinct speech sound. EX: th-thank, ch-children, ng-sling

Descriptive Writing

Typically describes a person, place, or thing in such a way that the reader has a vivid impression of the written word

Ultraviolet waves

Ultraviolet radiation, is emitted by the Sun, and are the reason skin tans and burns.,,, "Hot",, objects in space emit UV ,,radiation as well.

Comprehension (Understand)

Understand info, interpret facts, grasp the meaning of the material, explain and summarize

Harriet Tubman

United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North (1820-1913)

Schwa is represented by what symbol?

Upside-down e symbol

Application (Use)

Use info, apply rules, laws, theories and methods

Musical

Use patterns, sounds and rhythms Mathematics

Thomas Gates

Virginia's first "official" governor. wrecked on Bermuda. When his ship reached Jamestown in 1610, he found most settlers had died.

Scope and sequence

Vital design component of curriculum Outline of topics and skills to be taught by grade level Scope includes decisions about what info/act are significant and mangeable Sequence-what is necessary to include for the sequential development of skills and concepts of the content

Within-word Spelling

Within-word spelling is a common to seven to nine-year olds. This approach shows that students understanding of the alphabetic principle is further refined in this stage as they learn how to spell long-vowel patterns and r-controlled vowels. Examples of within-word spelling include LIEV (live), SOPE (soap), HUOSE (house), and BERN (burn). Students experiment with long-vowel patterns and learn that words such as come and bread are exceptions that do not fit the vowel patterns. Sometimes, students tend to confuse spelling patterns and spell meet and METE, and they also tend to reverse the order of letters, such as FORM for from and GRIL for girl.

Basic Speaking Vocabulary

Word meanings that are commonly learned in conversation and from accessible media sources (no instruction needed).

Academic Knowledge Vocabulary

Word meanings that are learned within highly specialized knowledge domains such as botany, geography, medicine, and physics. Words used to represent the specialized concepts and ideas found in core subject area fields.

Sight Words

Words that a student recognizes on sight, rather than first having to sound them out.

Homographs

Words that are spelled alike but have different sounds and meanings (bow and arrow vs. bow of a ship).

High-frequency Words

Words that occur most often in printed texts.

The Hawley-Smoot Tariff

Worst thing Hoover signed - highest trade tariff ever - stopping foreign trade

Instructional Writing

Writing a set of instructions, directions, or manual. The primary purpose is for the reader to complete a task

Reflective Writing

Writing in which the writer examines his/her own writing skills, abilities, approaches, and products

Descriptive Writing

Writing that describes something to the senses (e.g. a description of a meadow). Designed to affect the reader's emotions.

Expository Writing

Writing that tries to inform the reader of something (e.g. giving directions to a house). It doesn't matter if the reader uses the information or has their minds changed, it's just giving it to them.

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin, a book about a slave who is treated badly, in 1852. The book persuaded more people, particularly Northerners, to become anti-slavery.

Canter Model

educator is in charge of the class and manages. firm and calm. Expectations are stated concisely and clearly.

inquiry-based

facilitated nad guided by teacher, process of learning given to students, small group projets, experimental investigations

Minerals

found in nature. must never have been a part of any living thing. can be hard or soft examples: amethysts opals diamonds emeralds topazes garnets gold silver gypsum used in drywall quartz used in windows of a home talc body powder

personification

giving human characteristics to nonhuman things

Glasser Model

good choices create good behavior. consequences for good and bad behavior.

skills of proficiency of inquiry method

initiates investigation, investigates questions, discusses processes, presents ideas, challenges ideas, uses resources, uses prediction

plasma

is not solid, liquid, or gas. It has no definite shape, or volume, is formed at extremely high temperatures, when the electrons are stripped, from neutral atoms,,, examples:, stars

Newton's 2nd law

is that acceleration is produced when a force acts on mass,,, (+) greater mass, (+) greater force,, (-) smaller mass, (-) smaller force,, pushing kids on a swing

Force

is the action of moving an object by pulling or pushing it.

Tides

is the alternating rise and fall in sea level. by the gravitational attraction of the moon and the sun

Mass

is the amount of matter in a object. Does not change

Hominids

is the earliest known humans and lived in Africa 3 to 4 million years ago. The hominids developed from just one group called the Homo sapiens sapiens.

Nationalism or patriotism

is the feeling of pride and belonging that people have for their country.

Electricity

is the flow of electrons, or electric power or charge.

Magnetism

is the force of attraction or repulsion between objects that result from the positive and negative ionic charges of the objects.

Gravity

is the force of attraction that exists between objects. helps with: 1, moving rivers 2. affecting the function of bones and muscles 3. keeping the earth's atmosphere, oceans, and inhabitant from drifting into space. 4. guiding the development and growth of plants

Assimilation

is the process in which a minority racial, cultural, religious, or national group becomes part of the dominant cultural group.

Work

is the product of the force acting in the direction of movement and causes displacement

Totalitarianism

is the rule by a dictator.

Religious Homogeneity

is the similitude of religion, not its spread.

Fieldwork

is the study of cultures in their natural settings, the communities in which people live, work and interact on a regular basis.

Linguistics

is the study of how language works and communicating among humans.

Macroeconomics

is the study of the economy at the world, regional, state, and local levels. For example: controlling inflation, causes of unemployment and economic growth in general.

Chemical change

is when the substances that were combined and are no longer the same molecules becoming a new substance. examples: 1., burning wood, 2., mixing baking soda and vinegar, 3., rusty nail, 4., candle, 5., batteries, 6., digestion, 7., cooking/baking

Binary operation

it combines only two numbers at a time to produce a third, unique number

rational numbers

all the numbers that can be expressed as the quotient of two integers (counting numbers, the opposite of counting numbers, and zero). Rational numbers can be expressed as fractions, percents, or decimals.

irrational numbers

all the real numbers that are not rational; irrational numbers include the square roots of 2 and 3, pi, and so on.

Separation of church and state

refers to the ideas that church administration and public administration should be under different authorities.

Global Interdependence

refers to the importance of one country to another, usually in terms of economics.

Combined Text Genre

combines fact and fiction Example: Magic School Bus series

oxymoron

combining two words with opposite meanings

objectives of arts education

communicate at basic level in four disciplines, communicate proficiently in at least one art form, develop and present basic analysis of works of art

domains of learning

conitive, language, physical, social-emotional, adaptive

Tectonic plates

continuous motion, floating on the liquid mantel, always changing in size and position.

authentic assessment

determines a student's understanding and performance of specific criteria

curriculum-based measure

determines student progress and performance based on lessons presented in curriculum

dynamic assessment

determines student's ability to learn in a certain situation

Manorialism

developed as an economic system in which large estates, granted by the king to nobles, strove for self-sufficiency.

The Atomic Bomb

developed by the Manhattan Project. Japan refused to surrender, so Truman gave the order to use atomic bomb. dropped on Hiroshima. it flattened the city. US dropped another on Nagasaki

oral language

development of spoken language system

Strategies for teaching

developmentally appropriate practice, integration, scaffolding, cooperative learning, questioning, task analysis, content enhancements, graphic organizers, wait time, peer tutoring, student responses, instructional pacing, feedback

multiplication strategies

doubles, five facts, zeros and ones, nifty nines

allegory

story in which the characters and events represent ideas or concepts

syllabication

the ability to correctly divide words into syllables

Repulsion

the act of pushing apart (- -) negative, negative or (+ +) positive, positive

concept of print

the awareness that written letters have sounds and that they form words

target behavior

the behavior most often to be extinguished or changed, although may be positive behavior that should be used in other school situations

emergent literacy

the language development that occurs before a child can read or write words.

Density

the mass that contained in a unit of volume of a given substance.

Phonemes and Graphemes

the phonemes (sounds) and graphemes (written letters) are crucial to reading and writing. A child who does not know the word phone but knows that the letters ph often sound like the letter f and knows that the sound of a phone is a ring may be able to figure out the word in the sentence, 'I heard the phone ring'.

epicenter

the point on the surface where the quake is the strongest

property of reciprocals

the product of any number (except 0) multiplied by its reciprocal is 1.

internal rhyme

the repetition of ending word sounds within a line of poetry

rhyme

the repetition of ending word sounds; can be internal or end

end rhyme

the repetition of word sounds at the end of lines in poetry

Hardness

the resistance to penetration offered by a given substance.

meter

the rhythm of a poem, dependent on the number of syllables and how they are accented

Anthropology

the scientific study of the origins, cultural development, and customs of human beings

Abstract method

the student matches the elements of a given group with abstract numbers. to represent three rabbits eating four carrots daily using the abstract method, the student would set the problem at 3 X 4

musculoskeletal system

the system of bones and skeletal muscles that 1. support, 2. protect the body, 3. permit movement

Ethnography

the systematic description of human society, usually based on first-hand field work.

Concrete method

the teacher allows the students to use real objects. the students can represent a set and take away objects from it (subtraction), or they can combine two sets with no common objects (addition)

miscue analysis

the teacher analyzes the missed words to determine the reason that the child missed them. the assessment of missed words.

Inductive Reasoning

the teacher first introduces a hypothesis or concept and using inferences from the data, the student develop generalizations. The students figure out the rules for themselves.

Deductive reasoning

the teacher first teaches the generalizations or rules and then develops examples and elaboration to support the generalizations or rules and then develops examples and elaboration to support the generalization or rules.

Homophone

two words are homophones if they are pronounced the same way but differ in meaning or spelling or both (e.g. bare and bear)

phonetic

uses a letter or group of letters for every speech sound heard

precommunicative spelling

uses symbols from the alphabet but no knowledge of letter-sound correspondence

repetition

using a word or phrase more than once for rhythm or emphasis

Inferential Comprehension

using background knowledge and determining relationships between objects and events in a text to draw conclusions not explicitly stated in the text

phonetic reading

using letter-sound correspondence as a first step in simple decoding.

three types of essential lessons for social studies

utilize primary sources, incorporate fiction, use of timelines

pentameter

verses contain 5 feet

hexameter

verses contain 6 feet

heptameter

verses contain 7 feet

octometer

verses contain 8 feet

The Emancipation Proclamation

was a document written by Lincoln which freed the slaves in the states that were in rebellion. This changed the reason why the war was fought

Anticommunism

was a movement to stop the spread of communism and communist ideas

Leonardo de Vinci

was a true renaissance man, and artist and an inventor. He painted the Mona Lisa and the Last Supper and had a variety of interests.

Forced Instruction

when vocabulary words are essential to comprehending the story, and/or when students have trouble comprehending their meaning, teachers use a wide range of teacher-student interactions, from 4-25 instances, and frequently occurs before or after reading

Nursery rhyme

Short rhyme for kids that tell stories and teach sound patterns

Persuasive Writing

Writing that tries to convince the reader of something.

five results of print awareness

phonemic awareness, word recognition, phonics, comprehension, fluency

rhythm

the pattern of sounds within a poem

Rock types

1. Igneous 2. Sedimentary 3. Metamorphic

Irony

A contrast between expectation and reality

Affixation

Adding a prefix or suffix to a word.

Evaluation

Assess the validity and value of ideas/theories

know

K in KWL

Semantics

Meaning of words and sentences.

Trade and barter

The exchanging of goods

head word

The main word in a phrase.

folktale

a short story passed down through oral tradition

NCTM principles

equity, curriculum, teaching, learning, assessment, technology

example of consonance

"Hickory, Dickory, Dock, the mouse ran up the clock" is an [example of...]

example of oxymoron

"Jumbo shrimp" is an [example of...]

onomatopoeia

words that convey sounds

example of assonance

"As I was going to St. Ives, I met a man with seven wives" is an [example of...]

example of onomatopoeia

"Buzz!" is an [example of...]

Three Levels of Reading Comprehension

1. Literal Comprehension 2. Inferential Comprehension 3. Evaluative Comprehension

There are ?? speech sounds in the English language.

44

Reading log

A journal where a person can record his/her reading activity.

Poetry

A kind of rhythmic, compressed language that uses figures of speech and imagery designed to appeal to our emotions and imagination.

Homogeneous

A mixture that is the same throughout.,, examples:, Koolaid, cola, and seawater

Meter

A regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of poetry

Phonics

A teaching method that relates spoken sounds to written symbols in systematic and predictable ways.

Unison Reading

A teaching strategy for fluency in which everyone reads together.

What is behaviorism?

A theory of animal and human learning that focuses on observable behaviors and ignores psychological activities.

Miscue Analysis

A way of acquiring insight into children's reading strategies by studying the mistakes they make when reading aloud.

Traditional Approach

Adheres strictly to a phonics-based approach to spelling.

Classical Age

Age of reason The Classical age was an artistic movement, which maintained a high adoration and appreciation for classical motifs and ideas of antiquity.

Subject-Verb Agreement

Agreement in number between a subject and a verb. If the subject is singular, the verb is singular. If the subject is plural, the verb is plural. Ex. Harriet runs very fast. Susie and Harriet run very fast

Idioms

An expression that has a meaning apart from the meanings of its individual words

Euphemism

An indirect, less offensive way of saying something that is considered unpleasant.

Alphabetic Principle

An understanding that letters and letter patterns represent the sounds of spoken words.

Prosody

Appropriate expression when reading. Includes pitch/intonation, loudness, stressing phrases, etc.

Cumulative Assessment

Assessing a student's understanding at the end of a unit (e.g. through a Unit Test).

Pericles

Athenian leader noted for advancing democracy in Athens and for ordering the construction of the Parthenon.

Plain Folks

Attempting to convince the public that one's views reflect those of the common person

Cells

Basic units of structure, and function, in living things.,,, An organism has, many different, types of cells.,,, muscle cells,, liver cells

Troposphere

Bottom layer in the atmosphere - where we live, breathe . It is also where all the weather occurs

Morphology

Breaking words apart in order to study word structures that create meaning.

Free-market Economy

Capitalism, private ownership law of supply and demand; people decide what is produced

Body Structure

Cell > Tissues > Organs > Systems > Organ Systems > Organism.

Timbuktu

City on the Niger River in the modern country of Mali. It was founded by the Tuareg as a seasonal camp sometime after 1000. As part of the Mali empire, this town became a major major terminus of the trans-Saharan trade and a center of Islamic learning

Heat Transfer

Conduction,,, Radiation,,, Convection

Romance literature

Damsel in distress, hero, quest.

Deforestation

Destruction of forests

Accountability

Each member in the group is responsible for learning the material, so the group may achieve the final goal

Consequences of Physical Changes-Long Term

Earthquakes and natural erosion

Shared Reading

Echo, choral, or fill-in-the-gap reading.

Command economy

Economic system in which a central authority is in command of the economy; a centrally planned economy

Segregation after Civil War

Emancipation Proclamation; 13th amendment outlaw slavery

Hyperbole

Exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally Ex. "I am so hungry, I could eat a horse"

/t/ Sound for Suffix "-ed"

Examples: Ticked Ditched Nipped

Roman Empire

Existed from 27 B.C.E to about 400 CE. Conquiered entire Mediterranean coast and most of Europe. Ruled by an emperor. Eventually oversaw the rise and spread of Christianity.

Impact of Environment on Human systems

Food, clothing, shelter, transportation, recreation, economic and industrial systems

Geologic faults

Fractures and deep cracks in the crust of the earth. Boundaries in which the tectonic plates crash together. common example: San Andreas fault in central California

Intrinsic Motivators

From inside the individual

Dipthong

Going from one vowels to another without discernible difference.

Syntax

Grammar. How words are combined into larger language structure, especially sentences.

Psychodynamic

Human behavior and human relationships are shaped by conscious and unconscious influences. The psychodynamic theory is the theory of human development based on motivation and the functional significance of emotions

Indus River Valley (c. 2500-c. 1750 BCE)

Importance of water, city planning, agriculture. Civilization developed on the Indus River floodplain. Today part of Afghanistan, Pakistan and north-western India. Well-organized, their drainage systems, wells and water storage systems were the most sophisticated in the ancient world. They also developed system of weights and trade

Morpheme

In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix)

Morphemes

In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix).

Student-centered instruction

In this form of instruction, students and instructors share the focus. Instead of listening to the teacher exclusively, students and teachers interact equally. Group work is encouraged, and students learn to collaborate and communicate with one another.

Hunter's Direct Instruction/Synonymous with Explicit Instruction

Includes instructional sequence steps for any subject area and any grade level. focuses on a systematic instructional method requiring the educator to have a grasp of the subject at a level of mastery. Based on bahavior theory. Review of previous concepts and monitoring of student learnign are important concepts in this approach

Post WWII decolonization in Africa and Asia

Indian and Pakistan 1947 Sub-Saharan nations in 1960 Kenya, Angolia, Mozambique in 1960-70 Balkans and former S.U. 1990

Instructional Pacing

Instruction presented at a brisk and consistent pace -More info -More engaged -Less behavior problems

Domains of Learning

Instruction should support the domains of learning, these domains affect one another as the child develops.

What is a community of learners?

Is a classroom environment that promotes leaning via a variety of teaching and learning strategies including cooperative learning, collaboration, technology, etc ...

The Industrial Revolution

It began in England from the late 1700's to the middle 1800's when new power driven machines replaced hand tools. New methods and machines changed factory work and travel. Coal was used instead of wood. Steam engines powered boats and railroads.

The Treaty of Paris

It was a peace treaty at the end of the war that said that the British looked at America as a free country. It also said that the Americans had to pay back the loyalists for all the property they had broken.

Student Centered Classroom

It's believed that the teacher can best serve a student individually in a student-centered classroom, rather than in a teacher-centered classroom. In this setting, teachers function as colleagues rather than leaders. If we consider that learning is enhanced when students are engaged in the processing of information, then our challenge as teachers is to find creative ways to design dynamic learning environments that involve students in doing and thinking about specific subjects.

John Dewey

John Dewey was concerned with how student the classroom environment affected learning.

Kennedy's New Frontier

John F. Kennedy's New Frontier program was intended to boost the economy, provide international aid, provide for national defense, and to boost the space program.

Outer planets

Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune

Graphophonemic knowledge

KNOWLEDE ABOUT SPECIFIC RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN GRAPHEMS AND PHONEMS

Using Word Parts

Knowing some common prefixes and suffixes, base words, and root words can help students learn the meanings of many new words.

learned

L in KWL

Foundation of literacy and reading

Language acquisition, support of second language learners, concept of print

Jargon

Language used by a special group; technical terminology; gibberish.

Industrial Revolution

Late 1700s. Describes a period of transition when machines began to significantly displace human and animal power in methods of producing and distributing goods so that an agriculture and commercial society became and industrial one.

Kinesthetic/Tactile Learners

Learn best by doing (e.g. hands-on activities).

Visual Learners

Learn best by seeing (e.g. reading a textbook, watching a demonstration).

Letter Name Spelling

Letter name spelling is common to students five to seven yearsof age. Students learn to represent phonemes in words with letters. This shows that they have a rudimentary understanding of the alphabetic principle - suggesting that a link exists between letters and sounds.

Graphophonemic Knowledge

Letter-Sound Relationships

Comprehension

Level of learning characterized by ability to translate or interpret information.

Scaffolded Instruction

Teach -> Model->Practice-> Apply ->

What are typical activities in a literate environment?

Literacy play, centers, access to art for person expression, dramatic play, shared reading, puppet play, flannel board, and reader's theater

Planning

Long-range Daily Planning Individual Plannin

Westward Expansion

Louisiana Purchase, Lewis and Clark, acquisition of Florida, Texas, Oragon, California

Construction of meaning in poetry

Main idea, theme, symbolism, tone, & emotion.

Islamic civilization in the Middle Ages

Mohammed was born about 570 B.C.E. Shari*ah - code of law and theology

Vocabulary Instruction

Most vocabulary is learned indirectly and some must be taught directly.

SQ3R

Multi-pass strategy for comprehension in which the learner surveys, questions, reads, recites, and reviews the text.

Rome (c. 700 BCE-500 CE)

Mythology, Military domination, 312 CE Constantine converted empire to Christianity,

Nutrient cycle

Natural processes that recycle nutrients within the biosphere.

Closed Word Sorts

Teacher-directed activity in which students are told in advance the categories for sorting the new words.

Letter-sound Correspondence

The relationship between a letter and the sound it represents

Knowledge (Find out)

Observe and recall info, know major ideas/concepts

Paleolithic period

Old Stone Age, earliest period of human development took refuge in caves and forged for food

Frederick Douglass

One of the most prominent african american figures in the abolitionist movement. escaped from slavery in maryland. he was a great thinker and speaker. published his own antislavery newspaper called the north star and wrote an autobiography that was published in 1845.

Cueing Methods

Orthographic Awarenesss Syntactic Cueing Semantic Cueing

Historians divide prehistory into three periods

Paleolithic period or old stone age, Mesolithic period or middle stone age and Neolithic period or new stone age.

4 Major Inventions from China

Paper making, printing, compasses and gunpowder

Auditory Discrimination

The ability to hear differences in sounds

Existential

Permits students to understand relationship to the world through skills such as summarization, synthesizing

Taoism

Philosophical system developed by of Lao-tzu and Chuang-tzu advocating a simple honest life and noninterference with the course of natural events

5 themes of Geography

Places Location - absolute and relative Human-environmental interaction Movement and connections Regions, patterns, and processes

Third Person Omniscient

Point of view in which an all-knowing narrator who is privy to the thoughts and actions of any or all characters.

Dwarf planets

Pluto Ceres Eris Haumea Makemake

Vasco da Gama

Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route.

Root Word

Primary base of a word.

Assonance

Repetition of a vowel sound within two or more words in close proximity

Rosa Parks

Rosa Parks refuses to give up her seat on a public bus to a white man on December 11, 1955.

survey

S in SQ3R

Ecology

Science dealing with the relation of living things to their environment and to each other. Producers Consumers Decomposers

Etymology

Science of word origins.

Sociology

Scientific study of social structure

Prince Henry the Navigator

Sent others to explore for him, made very first explorer school, first person to value exploring

Morpheme

Smallest unit of meaning in a word.

Morpheme

Smallest unit of sound with meaning

Schwa sound

Some vowel letters produce the "uh" sound. Explosive consonants like "p" blended with the letter sound of "I" can combine to produce a schwa sound even when no vowel letter is represented. EX: a-about, e-effect, o-other

Conventional Spelling

Standard spelling is the correct form for written documents

Antecedent

Stimulus used in behavior management and behavior modification that occurs prior to the behavior and establishe the reasons for the behavior

Potential energy

Stored Energy,,, example:, rubber band, vehicle parked, in a garage

Parts of a sentence

Subject, predicate (simple, complete)

Solvent

Substance that does the dissolving.,, example:, water

Post-reading

Summarizing and retelling, sharing personal perspective, text to self, text to text, text to world, visual/graphic representation of what was read

Content Clues

Surrounding words that help you figure out the meaning of unfamiliar words

Three major types of language cues

Syntactic cues, semantic cues, phonemes and graphemes

Phonemic Awareness

TThe ability to hear, identify,and manipulate the individual sounds, phonemes, in oral language.

Encode

Take spoken sounds and "encode" them as written words.

Developmentally appropriate

Tasks that are suitable to a child given his/her age and interests.

Tariffs

Taxes on imports or exports

Cooperative Teaching

Teachers join together (cooperate) to teach a concept.

Narrative Writing

Tells a story, fiction or nonfiction, of something that happened. EXAMPLE: biography, memior, etc.

Onomatopoeia

Terms used to describe words whose pronunciations suggest their meaning (e.g., meow, buzz, zoom).

Testimonials

Testimonials are quotations or endorsements, in or out of context, which attempt to connect a famous or respectable person with a product or item.

The old notion of reading readiness emphasized?

That readiness was largely the result of maturation.

The Bay of Pigs

The 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion was an unsuccessful attempted invasion by armed Cuban exiles in southwest Cuba, planned and funded by the United States, in an attempt to overthrow the government of Fidel Castro. This action accelerated a rapid deterioration in Cuban-American relations, which was further worsened by the Cuban Missile Crisis the following year.

The War for Independence

The Battle at Lexington and Concord British went after the resistance with orders to do anything necessary to prove their point. A complete system was set up to warn the resistance of their presence (Paul Revere and William Dawes).

The Marshall Court

The Growth of Judicial Review under John Marshall between 1801-1835. Examples: Marbury v. Madison, McCulloch v. Maryland and Barron v. Baltimore., Marshall was the chief justice of the supreme court from 1801-1835. He sat over DartmouthCollege vs. Woodward. Confirmed the "implied powers" of the constitustion in McCulloch vs. Maryland.

The Japanese attack Pearl Harbor

The Japanese attack Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941.

The U.S. drops the atomic bomb on Hiroshima

The U.S. drops the atomic bomb on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945.

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

The difference between what a child can do alone and in collaboration with others. Vygotsky.

Immune system

The body's defense against infectious organisms and other harmful invaders.

Rime

The entire syllable excluding the onset (e.g. the "im" in "swim").

elegy

a poem about someone's death

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

The gap between what individuals know and do not know about a specific topic. A child's ZPD is the gap or range of specific tasks they can perform with assistance from parents or teachers, but are unable to perform on their own. Children's ability to learn is facilitated via their interaction with adults; therefore, extensive meaningful conversations between adults and children is important to the learning process.

Formative Evaluation

The ongoing evaluation during an instructional sequence to allow midstream adaptation and improvement of the project.

Continental drift

The gradual movement of the continents across the earth's surface through geological time.

Poem

The only requirement for a poem is rhythm.

Expository Writing

The kind of writing that explains a subject or provides information.

Novel

The longest form of fictional prose containing a variety of characterizations, settings, local color, and regionalism.

Literal Comprehension

The lowest level of understanding. It involves reading the lines and understanding exactly what is on the page. Students can repeat or paraphrase what they have read.

Point of View

The perspective from which a story is told

Third Person Objective

The narrator is an outsider who can report only what he or she sees and hears. This narrator can tell us what is happening, but he can't tell us the thoughts of the characters.

amphiboly

The phrases and sentences have a double meaning. EX: `They are flying planes' can mean either that someone is flying planes or that something is flying planes

Meaning-making process

The process of how individuals make sense of knowledge, experience, relationships, and the self

Dew point

The temperature at which condensation begins

Freezing point

The temperature, at which a liquid, changes state to, a solid.,,, Fahrenheit,,, 32 degrees Celsius 0,,, degrees

Rime

The vowel sound and every other sound that follows the vowel sound in a spoken syllable. The part of a syllable that comes after the vowel or onset.

Behaviorist Theory

Theory that states that oral language is learned through conditioning and shaping processes that involve a stimulus and a reward or punishment. Theorists are Pavlov and Skinner.

Manifest Destiny

This expression was popular in the 1840s. Many people believed that the U.S. was destined to secure territory from "sea to sea," from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. This rationale drove the acquisition of territory. Inevitable and granted by God

Which questions underlie instruction and assessment in an emergent literacy program?

Three questions underlie instruction and assessment in an emergent literacy program. 1. What does a child already know about print? 2. What reading behaviors and interests does a child already exhibit? 3. What does a child need to learn? a. Rather than thinking about getting a child ready for reading consider what must be done to get literacy instruction ready for children.

Author's chair

Traditionally the last step in the writing process, where students share their published work.

Accretion Learning

Tthe subconscious or subliminal, process by which individuals learn important things like language, prejudices, habits, social rules and behaviors. Accretion accounts for about 70% of what individuals know and understand.

Marco Polo

Venetian merchant and traveler. His accounts of his travels to China offered Europeans a firsthand view of Asian lands and stimulated interest in Asian and served Kublai Khan (1254-1324)

Inventions of Industrial Revolution

Watt-modern steam engine; Whittney-cotton gin; Fulton-steam boat; Stephenson-railway locomotive

Mental Constructs

What influences perceptions?

Prior Knowledge

What you already knew before reading

mood

a poem's feeling or atmosphere

Verbosity

Wordiness

Antagonist

Works against protagonist, bad guy

fifth grade place value

begin working with decimals

comprehension

construct understanding from the words

kindergarten place value

counting to 100

read

first R in SQ3R

Insects

have 3 main parts, 1. head, 2. thorax, 3. abdomen

Energy

is the ability to do work

focus of elementary math curriculum

number sense, counting objects, comparing, classifying objects, sets, exploring sets, number patterns

psychology activities

observe people, compare groups of people, researh human emotions, study human development

Citizens Legal Obligations

obey law, serve as juror, pay taxes

foot

one unit of meter

phoneme isolation

recogize separate sounds in words

Parallels

run east - west help measure latitude (north and south of equator)

Conductivity

the ability of substances to transmit thermal or electric current.

review

third R in SQ3R

The Jeffersonian Era

which era included THE ELECTION OF 1800 was the founding event of this era. The election was between Thomas Jefferson and Samuel Adams. The election was close, but because of the 3/5 clause the Federalists: Samuel Adams was given the advantage and because one vote was cast for Aaron Burr and one for Jefferson making the Federalists king of the House. The VP was whomever came in second; there were no running mates. There was no president for quite some time with so many ties being made, but James Bayard put it all to an an end. If he hadn't Delaware would've been in trouble. As a result of this election THE TWELFTH AMENDMENT was created which gave each elector in the Electoral College one vote for president and one for vice president.

Federation of Labor

who represents labor's concerns about wages, hours, and safety conditions.

skills needed to read

word recognition, comprehension, and fluency

Language of Power

words across content areas in speech and writing

Antonyms

words with opposite meanings, (i.e., big and little)

The Banking Act

written in 1933 was a law that established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) in the United States and introduced banking reforms, some of which were designed to control speculation.[1] It is most commonly known as the Glass-Steagall Act, after its legislative sponsors, Carter Glass and Henry B. Steagall."

Process of Language Acquisition Fact

young children infer the the underlying rules of language to which they are exposed and begin to acquire the ability to communicate through testing what they have learned - hypothesis testing

Metacognition

"Thinking about thinking" or the ability to evaluate a cognitive task to determine how best to accomplish it, and then to monitor and adjust one's performance on that task

example of idiom

"This is a piece of cake" is an [example of...]

Weak Reference

"We spent the day aboard a fishing boat, but we didn't catch a single one." one refers to fish but it wasn't mentioned in the sentence.

Magna Carta Libertatum

"established the principle of a limited English monarchy....acknowledging their ""ancient"" privileges."

Korean War

..., The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea.

Simile

A figure of speech in which two unlike things are compared using the words "like" or "as"

Oxymoron

A figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory terms in a brief phrase.

Oxymoron

A figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory terms in a brief phrase. Ex. "Sweet sorrow, thunderous silence"

Limerick

A five line humorous poem in which lines 1, 2 and 5 rhyme and lines 3 and 4 rhyme.

Cinquain

A five line poem containing 22 syllables.

Reading Process

A five-stage process involving the following: Pre-Reading, Reading, Responding, Exploring, and Applying.

Cognitive Approach

A language acquisition theory that states that children acquire knowledge of linguistic structures after they have acquired the cognitive structures necessary to process language.

Scholasticism

A philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century.

Marshall Plan

A plan that the US came up with to revive war-torn economies of Europe. This plan offered $13 billion in aid to western and Southern Europe.

strategic instruction

A planned, sequential instruction to show similarities and differences between acquired and new knowledge

Fable

A terse take offering up a moral or exemplum.

Analogy-Based Phonics Instruction

A variation of onset and rime instruction that encourages students to use their knowledge of word families to identify new words that have the same word parts.

Reciprocal questioning

A variation on the teaching strategy of the same name. Here, students take on the role of the teacher by formulating their own list of questions about a reading selection. The teacher then answers the students' questions.

Passive Verb

A verb in which the subject is not the doer of the action

Onset and Rime Manipulation

Ability to produce a rhyming word depends on understanding that rhyming words have the same rime. Recognizing is much easier than producing a rhyme.

Fluency

Ability to read effectively with respect to speed, word recognition and prosody.

Fluent

Able to express oneself easily and clearly--measure of fluency

Language arts

Academic activities such as listening, speaking, reading, handwriting, spelling and written composition.

Reading Fluency

Accurate, Effortless, and Automatic Word Identification. Know teaching strategies and how to identify students who struggle with reading fluency.

Formative Assessment

Assessing a student's understanding as you teach a unit (e.g. through homework, in-class activities, journal writing, etc.).

Transfer

Associating a person or idea with something everyone thinks is good.

Stereotyping

Assuming that everyone in a particular group is the same.

Phoneme Identity

Children recognize same sounds in different words. EX: What sound is the same in fix, fall, and fun?

Phoneme Categorizations

Children recognize the word in a set of 3 or 4 words that has the odd sound. EX: Which word doesn't belong? Bus, bun, or rug?

Phoneme Deletion

Children recognize the word that remains when a phoneme is removed from another word. EX: What is smile without the /S/? - Smile without the /s/ is mile.

Consonant Blends

Combination of two letters blended together so that each consonant is still pronounced. Ex: bl-black, fr-frost, sk-sky

Vowel Digraphs

Combination of two vowel letters together in words representing only one distinct speech sound (ee, oo, ie, ai). EX: ee-eel, sleep; ea-head, each; oa-oak, coat

Diphthongs

Combinations of two vowels together in words producing a single, glided sound. EX: oi-oil, oy-boy, ou-hour

Blending

Combining the sounds represented by letters to pronounce a word. Ex. C-R-A-C-K= crack

Extrinsic motivators

Come from outside the individual

Types of economies in the world today

Command, traditional, mixed, capitalist and socialist.

Nonverbal communication

Communication based on a person's use of voice and body, rather than on the use of words.

Organization of Writing

Compare and Contrast, Chronological Sequence, Spatial Sequence, Cause and Effect, Problem and Solution

Comparative Writing

Compare similiarities

Reproductive system

Composed of structures that form gametes, enable fertilization, support the development of the fetus, and enable the birth of a child.

SCRIP

Comprehension strategies: *Summarize *Connect *Rethink *Interpret *Predict

Macroeconomics

Concentrates on the operation of a nation's economy as a whole.

Prosody

Concerns versification of text and involves such matters as which syllable of a word is accented.

Electrical Properties

Conductors-, the matter allows the transfer of electric current or heat, from one point to another,,, examples:, metals,,, Non-conductors-, the matter does not allow the transfer,,, examples:, wood, rocks

Legislative branch

Congress: Senate (2 per state) and House of Representatives (population per state) Congress makes laws of the nation, collects taxes, coins money, and regulates the jurisdictions of federal courts, and can override the presidential vetoes.

Map Projections

Conic, cylindrical, interrupted, and plane

Semantics

Connecting one's background experiences, knowledge, interests, attitudes, and perspectives with spoken/written language to construct meaning.

Literature Circles

The teacher is the facilitator and students work together in groups. Students discuss the text they have read in detail and in-depth.

Echo Reading

The teacher reads a line from a book and the students repeat it.

Semantic map

_______ map. Diagrams that are useful during pre-reading. The word is in the center circle and rays and circles branch out of the word.

Formal English

_________ English. The heightened, impersonal language of educated persons, usually only written, although possibly spoken on dignified occasions.

Literal Comprehension

__________ comprehension. The lowest level of understanding. It involves reading the lines and understanding exactly what is on the page. Students can repeat or paraphrase what they have read.

Faulty parallelism

__________ occurs when the elements put into pairs and series "go in different directions" because they do not have the same form

Decoding

___________ is the process of translating a printed word into a sound by rapidly matching a letter or combination of letters (graphemes) to their sounds (phonemes) and recognizing the patterns that make syllables and words.

ode

a lyric addressed to a particular subject, which often contains lofty imagery

Erosion

a second process after weathering which creates movement of sediment from one location to another through water, wind, ice, or gravity. example: Grand Canyon > water created the depth weathering created the width

polygon

a simple closed curve formed by the union of three or more straight sides

couplet

a stanza with 2 lines

triplet

a stanza with 3 lines

pythagorean theorem

a^2 + b^2 = c^2, states that in any right triangle with legs a and b and a hypotenuse c, the sum of the squares of the sides equals the square of the hypotenuse.

flexibility

ability of a joint to move through its range of motion

The Antislavery Movement

abolitionist group appears, they fought for the eradication of slavery on moral grounds. South American like Chile, Mexico, Bolivia stopped slavery.

Relativism

is the belief that we cannot make value judgments about a culture based on standards appropriate to another culture.

Federalism

is the concept of the division of power between the state governments and the federal government.

Ethnography

is the description of a human society, usually based on first-hand fieldwork.

Anthropology

is the study of human behavior.

Social Anthropology

is the study of human groups, with a particular emphasis on social structure such as social relations, family dynamics, social control mechanism and economic exchange.

Cultural Anthropology

is the study of learned behavior in human societies.

Demographics

is the study of population trends. For example: population distribution.

Integration Strategies

-Design offers opps to integrate several big ideas -Content learned must be applicable to multiple contexts -Complex concepts and facts should be integrated once mastered

Spelling Strategies

-Knowledge of patters, sounds, letter-sound association, and syllables -Memorizing sight words -Writing those words correctly many times -Writing the words in personal writing

Applications of Sociolinguistics

-Literature circles -Shared reading -Buddy reading -Reading and writing workshop -Author's chair

Applications of Constructivism

-Literature focus units -K-W-L charts -Reading logs -Thematic units -Word sorts

Phonological Awareness Skills

-Rhyming and Syllabification -Blending Sounds into Words -Identifying the beginning or starting sounds of words and ending or closing sounds of words -Recognizing small words contained in bigger words by removing starting sounds (hear to ear) -Breaking words down into sounds (segmenting) -Spelling

Elements of Instruction

-Standards-expectations objectives: Identifies what students will be able to do as a result of this lesson -Anticipatory Set-Opening activity that prepares students for the upcoming lesson (a hook) -Instruction (Input, Modeling, Check for understanding) What the teacher must do to present the lesson Guided practice: How the teacher helps students do the work of new tasks Closure: Teacher helps students summarize Independent practice: Student opps to practice new learning

Cognitive/Information Processing Characteristics

-Student-Centered -Compares the mind to a computer -Recommends integrating reading and writing -Views reading and writing as meaning-making processes -Explains that readers' interpretations are individualized -Describes students as strategic readers and writers

Characteristics of Constructivism

-Student-Centered -Describes learning as the active construction of knowledge -Recognizes the importance of background knowledge -Views learners as innately curious -Advocates collaboration, not competition -Suggests ways to engage students so they can be successful

Characteristics of Sociolinguistics

-Student-Centered -Emphasizes the importance of language and social interaction on learning -Views reading and writing as social and cultural activities -Explains that students learn best through authentic activities -Describes the teacher's role as scaffolding students' learning -Advocates culturally responsive teaching -Challenges students to confront injustices and inequities in society

Characteristics of Behaviorism

-Teacher-Centered -Focuses on observable changes in behavior -Views the teacher's role as providing information and supervising practice -Describes learning as the result of stimulus-response actions -Uses incentives and rewards for motivation

Decline and Fall of Roman Empire

-The empire was too large to govern effectively. -The army was not what it used to be. There was corruption in the military - dishonest generals and non-Roman soldiers. -Civil wars broke out between different political groups. Emperors were often selected by violence, or by birth, so the head of government was not always a capable leader. -The increased use of slaves put many Romans out of work -The rich became lazy and showed little interest in trying to solve Rome problems. The poor were overtaxed and overworked. -Prices increased, trade decreased. -The population was shrinking due to starvation and disease. That made it difficult to manage farms and government effectively. -The Empire starting shrinking. The Huns, Visigoths, Franks, Vandals, Saxons and other barbarian tribes overran the empire.

Components of Curriculum

-Vision Statement/Intro -Content expectations/standards -Pedagogy/teaching practices -Assesment -Instructional strategies/learning activities -Differentiated instruction techniques -Goals and objectives -Grouping and balancing plans -Products and materials -Resources/technology use -Extension activities -Closure and follow-up

The Reformation

-beginning in 1517, when Martin Luther challenged some of the basic practices and beliefs of the Roman Catholic Church, gave the English people religious motives for colonization in the Americas.

Mastery lecture

-deductive method -the teacher presents information to students. Teachers can present large amounts of information in an efficient manner. Should be short, usually no more than ten or fifteen minutes, and frequently interrupted by questions to and from students

venn diagrams

-graphic organizer -students compares two items or concepts by placing specific criteria or critical attributes for one in the left circle, for the other in the right circle, and attributes or characteristics that are shared by the two in the overlapping section in the center.

webs or maps

-graphic organizer -the student charts out a concept or section of text in a graphic outline. the web or map begins with the title or concept often written in the middle of the page and branches out in web fashion; students will note specific bits of information on the branches or strings of the web.

Double-entry journals

-graphic organizer -the student enters direct quotes from the text withthe page number in the left column and enters 'thinking options' such as 'this is important because', 'I am confused because', 'I think this means' in the right column

Fishbone Organizer

-graphic organizer -this type can help the reader to illustrate cause and effect. a reader viewing the fishbone chart can immediately see the cause and the direct result of the cause.

J.R. Gentry's spelling development stages

-pre-communication stage, when the student randomly uses letters -pre-phonetic stage, when the student begins to use some letters correctly -phonetic stage, when the student spells the words the way that they sound -transitional stage, during which the student uses both correct spelling and phonetic spelling -correct spelling stage, when the student spells words correctly

Ethnic groups and societal change

...

Major Trade relationships b/t U.S. and other nations in late 20th-early 21st cent.

...

Native American Cultures

...

Naturalization Process of Immigrants

...

Population Trends in the U.S. in 19th and 20th centuries

...

Stereotypes, biases, values, ideals

...

Thomas Jefferson

..., Virginian, architect, author, governor, and president. Lived at Monticello. Wrote the Declaration of Independence. Second governor of Virgina. Third president of the United States. Designed the buildings of the University of Virginia.

Vietnam

..., a prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States

example of simile

"Cool as a cucumber" is an [example of...]

example of metaphor

"He is a chicken!" is an [example of...]

example of alliteration

"Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers" is an [example of...]

example of personification

"The leaves danced as the wind whistled" is an [example of...]

fourth level of physical education

"quiet" time, includes rest and inactivity

Concept of Print

"understand print contains meaning, directionality, concept of a word, letter knowledge, phonemic awareness, literacy language (author, title, etc.)"

Copernicus

(1473-1543) A Polish clergyman who began the revolution in astronomy by publishing his treatise on The Revolution of the Celestial Spheres. He claimed the Earth and the planets revolved around the sun which had a simpler mathematical explanation.

Michelangelo Buonarroti

(1475-1564) Italian Renaissance sculptor, architect, painter, and poet; he sculpted the Pieta and the David, and he painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel which took him four years to paint. The ceiling shows sweeping scenes from the Old Testament of the Bible.

Ferdinand Magellan

(1480?-1521) Portuguese-born navigator. Hired by Spain to sail to the Indies in 1519. (The same year HRE Charles V became empreor.) Magellan was killed in the Philippines (1521). One of his ships returned to Spain (1522), thereby completing the first circumnavigation of the globe.

Sir Isaac Newton

(1643-1727) an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher; believed to be one of the greatest figures of the Scientific Revolution; in 1687 he published his theory of gravity and the three laws of motion, laying the groundwork for classical mechanics

The Stamp Act

(1765) British parliamentary measure to tax the American colonies. To pay for costs resulting from the French and Indian War, the British sought to raise revenue through a stamp tax on printed matter. A common revenue device in England, the tax was vigorously opposed by the colonists, whose representatives had not been consulted. Colonists refused to use the stamps, and mobs intimidated stamp agents. The Act forced Congress, with representatives from nine colonies meeting to petition Parliament to repeal the act. Faced with additional protests from British merchants whose exports had been reduced by colonial boycotts, Parliament repealed the act (1766)

The First Continental Congress

(1774) Delegates form 12 Colonies sent representatives to Philadelphia to decide on action, if any, against Britain should be taken.

John Adams

(1797-1801) The 11th Amendment is added to the Constitution in 1798. Washington D.C. becomes America's official capitol in 1800., He was the second president of the United States and a Federalist. He was responsible for passing the Alien and Sedition Acts. Prevented all out war with France after the XYZ Affair. His passing of the Alien and Sedition Acts severely hurt the popularity of the Federalist party and himself

James Madison

(1809-1813) and (1813-1817) The War of 1812, the US declares war on Great Britain. In 1814, the British (technically the Canadians) set fire to the Capitol. The Treaty of Ghent ends the war in 1814., The fourth President of the United States (1809-1817). A member of the Continental Congress (1780-1783) and the Constitutional Convention (1787), he strongly supported ratification of the Constitution and was a contributor to The Federalist Papers (1787-1788), which argued the effectiveness of the proposed constitution. Favored strict interpretation of the Constitution.

Manifest Destiny

(1845) a doctrine to support territorial expansion based on popular beliefs that population growth demanded it, that God supported it, and that it = expansion of freedom

Agricultural Adjustment Administration

(FDR) 1933 and 1938 , Helped farmers meet mortgages. Unconstitutional because the government was paying the farmers to waste 1/3 of there products. Created by Congress in 1933 as part of the New Deal this agency attempted to restrict agricultural production by paying farmers subsidies to take land out of production.

Truman Doctrine

(HT) , 1947, President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey

The Mexican War

(JP) 1846-1848 , Mexico broke relations with USA after annexation of Texas. Also, dispute over boundary of Texas (Rio Grande or Nueces River?) Americans interested in New Mexico and California, as well. Polk sent Slidell to try and buy off the Mexicans... they wouldn't budge.Polk ordered Taylor to move army across Nueces River to the Rio Grande- stayed stationed for a while,finally Mexicans crossed river and attacked "MEXICANS" started the war (NOT). America got New Mexico and California, ended with Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.

Six Categories of Bloom's Taxonomy

(Starting from the bottom to the top) Remembering: Retrieving, recognizing, and recalling relevant knowledge from long-term memory. Understanding: Constructing meaning from oral, written, and graphic messages through interpreting, exemplifying, classifying, summarizing, inferring, comparing, and explaining. Applying: Carrying out or using a procedure through executing, or implementing. Analyzing: Breaking material into constituent parts, determining how the parts relate to one another and to an overall structure or purpose through differentiating, organizing, and attributing. Evaluating: Making judgments based on criteria and standards through checking and critiquing. Creating: Putting elements together to form a coherent or functional whole; reorganizing elements into a new pattern or structure through generating, planning, or producing.

Three styles of classroom management

-Authoritarian: Restrictive and punitive with the main focus on maintaing order instead of emphasizing instruction and educational activities -Authoritative:Encourages students to become independent under an effective management program, with guidelines, expectations, and verbal support -Permissive: Promotes independence of learners, but offers them limited support for academic skills or managing their behaviors

DNA

-DeoxyriboNucleic Aci A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.

Cognitive/Information Processing Applications

-Guided reading -Graphic organizers -Grand conversations -Interactive writing -Reciprocal questioning

Colonial Culture

...

Desegregation in Schools

...

Economic Rights of Citizens

...

Designing and Preparing for Instruction

1. Define goals 2.Perform inst. analysis (id learning steps to reach goals) 3.Distinguish present knowledge level, skill and behavior level 4.Id performance objectives (Specific learner outcomes) 5.Choose instructional methods 6. Gather materials 7.Conduct fomative evaluation (ongoing assesment based on needs) 8.Conduct summative evaluation (verify effectiveness of teaching)

5 Interactive Strategies for Struggling Readers

1. Rereading familiar text 2. Phonics Instruction 3. Reading & applying decoding skills to new text 4. Practice session on high-frequency words 5. Writing

story problem steps

1. understand the problem, 2. determine essential information, 3. make a plan, 4. follow the plan, 5. check the answer

Mesolithic period

10,000-8,000 BCE Middle Stone Age started planting and harvesting

Abraham Lincoln

16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865)

The Kansas-Nebraska Act

1854; sponsored by Senator Stephen Douglas, this would rip open the slavery debate; and create the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, opened new lands, repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820, and allowed settlers in those territories to determine if they would allow slavery within their boundaries.

Plessy v. Ferguson

A 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy

The Communist Manifesto

A book written by Karl Marx. It suggested that there would be a social revolution in which the proletariat (working class) would overthrow the bourgeoisie (middle class factory owners) and then set up a classless, socialist community. This book was the blueprint for communist governments around the world.

Fable

A brief story that leads to a moral, often using animals as characters

Fable

A brief story that leads to a moral, often using animals as characters.

The age of enlightenment

A broad intellectual movement in 18th‐century Europe that advocated the use of reason in the re‐evaluation of accepted ideas. Also known as the Age of Reason.

Mutation

A change in a gene or chromosome.

Adaptation

A change made to the env. or curriculum

Physical change

A change of matter, from one form to another, without a change in chemical properties, like the changes from liquid, gas, and solid,, examples:,, 1., melting ice,, 2., tearing paper,, 3., chopping wood,, 4., writing with chalk,, 5., mixing sugar and water,,, can be reversed

For many years, what determined that a child was "ready" to be taught to read.

A child's reading readiness or heir level of physical, mental, and emotional maturation.

iambic pentameter

A classification of a poem's meter when most (though certainly not all) of the feet are iambs. ____ is the most natural meter for English poetry.

Bloom's Taxonomy

A classification system for cognitive educational "objectives." A hierarchy of levels of thinking which categorizes the skills required at each level according to difficulty: ***Knowledge > Comprehension > Application > Analysis > Synthesis > Evaluation***

Dependent Clause

A clause in a complex sentence that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence and that functions within the sentence as a noun or adjective or adverb

Independent Clause

A clause that can stand alone as a sentence

Closed Syllable

A closed syllable has one and only one vowel, and it ends in a consonant.

Guided Instruction

A combination of the teacher-centered and the student-centered approaches which allows the teacher to balance these based on the student's needs. Teachers guide, students then provided with time for practice and app of what is learned

Story Boards

A comic-strip-like sequence of boxes where each box depicts a scene from a story. Taken in order, the boxes represent the entire story.

Simile

A comparison using "like" or "as". EX: 'her laughter was like a babbling brook'

Simile

A comparison using like or as

Schema

A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information.

Equity

A condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it.

Conic Map Projections

A conic projection map is created by placing a cone shaped screen on a globe. The resulting projection is more accurate than the cylindrical projection map discussed above. However, the further we travel down the map, the more distorted and less accurate the map becomes.

Francisco Pizarro

A conquistador like Cortes, who conquered the Incas in Peru and help to begin more advances in South America. Besides miners, farmers, priests, friars and missionaries went to South America after it was conquered by the conquistadores.

Phonological Awareness

A conscious sensitivity to the structure of language by sound. It includes the ability to distinguish between parts of speech such as syllables and phonemes.

Assertion

A declaration or statement

Concept Maps

A diagram that shows relationships among concepts. It uses boxes for concepts and arrows to show how they connect to each other.

Dyslexia

A disturbance or interference with the ability to read or to use language.

Hinduism

A diverse body of religion, philosophy, and cultural practice native to and predominant in India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being of many forms and natures, by the view that opposing theories are aspects of one eternal truth, and by a desire for liberation from earthly evils.

Olive Branch Petition

A document sent by the Second Continental Congress to King George III, proposing a reconciliation between the colonies and Britain

Bandwagon

A fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable.

Personification

A figure of speech in which an object or animal is given human feelings, thoughts, or attitudes.

Stanza

A fixed number of lines of verse forming a unit of a poem

Monarchy

A form of government in which power is vested in hereditary kings and queens who govern in the interests of all

Ruled by many

A form of government where the citizens of the nation become the government. In practice the citizens elect members to represent them and become the government. Democracy, Constitutional Democracy, Parliamentarian Monarchy, and Federal Republic

Dominant gene

A gene that is expressed in the offspring whenever it is present

Inflation

A general and progressive increase in prices

Common Noun

A general name for a person, place, or thing

Emergency Quota Act

A government legislation that limited the number of immigrants from Europe which was set at 3% of the nationality currently in the U.S. It greatly limited the number of immigrants who could move to the U.S. And it reflected the isolationist and anti-foreign feeling in America as well as the departure from traditional American ideals.

Semantic Map

A graphic organizer that uses lines and circles to organize information according to categories.

K-W-L Chart

A graphical organizer designed to help in learning. The letters KWL are an acronym, for what students, in the course of a lesson, already know, want to know, and ultimately learn. A KWL table is typically divided into three columns titled Know, Want and Learned.

Stanza

A group of lines in a poem

The Monroe Doctrine

A key foreign policy made by President Monroe in 1823. It declared the western hemisphere off limits to new European colonization and in return, the US promised not to meddle in European affairs.

Persuasive Writing

A kind of speaking or writing that is intended to influence people's actions and/or thoughts.

Learning Approach

A language acquisition theory that assumed that language development evolved from learning the rules of language structures and applying them through imitation and reinforcement.

What is a language experience activity?

A language experience story is a story that is told by the child and written down by the teacher for instructional purposes. Language experience activities in beginning reading instruction permit young children to share and discuss experiences; listen and tell stories; dictate words sentences and stories, and write independently. The teacher can revolve language around speaking, listening, visual expression, singing, movement, and rhythmic activities.

Milky Way

A large spiral galaxy that is home to Earth and the rest of our solar system, and about a trillion stars.

The Sugar Act (Revenue Act)

A law passed by Parliament in 1764 that placed a tax on sugar, molasses, and other products shipped to the colonies, also called harsh punishment of smugglers.

Jim Crow laws

A law that separated black and white people in most public places. Jim Crow was from a popular song and became the name for any any law that enforced segregation in schools, restaurants, railroad cars, and other public places

Role Playing

A learning technique in which two or more people act out characterizations of other people or other communication styles.

Grapheme

A letter or letter combination that spells a phoneme; can be one, two, three, or four letters in English (e.g., e, ei, igh, eigh).

Poem

A literary form that emphasizes rhythm and figurative language; poems do not have to rhyme.

Novel

A long fictional narrative written in prose, usually having many characters and a strong plot.

Epic

A long poem usually of book length that reflects values inherent in the generative society.

Sonnet

A lyric poem of fourteen lines, usually in iambic pentameter, with rhymes arranged according to certain definite patterns. It usually expresses a single, complete idea or thought with a reversal, twist, or change of direction in the concluding lines.

Weather Map

A map or chart showing weather conditions over a wide area at a particular time, compiled from simultaneous observations at different places.

OPIN

A meaning-extending vocabulary strategy that stands for OPINION and also plays on the term cloze

Bound Morpheme

A meaningful unit of language that must be connected to another morpheme. EX: bio- and -ology together form biology

Reading Rate

A measure of how quickly students can orally read a given text.

Efficiency

A measure of how well or how productively resources are used to achieve a goal

Story Schema

A mental construct of what comprises a story

Extended metaphor

A metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout a work.

Scaffolding

A metaphoric term used by Vygotsky to show how parents and teachers provide temporary assistance to children/students by modeling appropriate behavior or skills. In the classroom, teachers model or demonstrate specific strategies and gradually shift the responsibility to the student to demonstrate.

Phoneme

A minimal sound unit of speech that, when contrasted with another phoneme, affects the naming of words in a language, such as /b/ in book contrasts with /r/ in rook, /l/ in look. Phonemes are the smallest units of sound that change the meanings of spoken words. For example, if you change the first phoneme in cat from /c/ to /f/, the word bat changes to fat. The English language has about 41-44 phonemes. A few words, such as a or oh, have only one phoneme. Most words have more than one phoneme. The word ifhas two phonemes /i/ and /f/.

What is a phoneme?

A minimal sound unit of speech that, when contrasted with another phoneme, affects the naming of words in a language, such as /b/ in book contrasts with /r/ in rook, /l/ in look. Phonemes are the smallest units of sound that change the meanings of spoken words. For example, if you change the first phoneme in cat from /c/ to /f/, the word bat changes to fat. The English language has about 41-44 phonemes. A few words, such as a or oh, have only one phoneme. Most words have more than one phoneme. The word ifhas two phonemes /i/ and /f/.

Exposition

A narrative device, often used at the beginning of a work that provides necessary background information about the characters and their circumstances.

Fairy tale

A narrative that is made up of fantastic characters and creatures, such as witches, goblins, and fairies, and usually begins with the phrase "Once upon a time..." Examples include Rapunzel, Cinderella, Sleeping Beauty, and Little Red Riding Hood.

Pocahontas

A native Indian of America, daughter of Chief Powhatan, who was one of the first to marry an Englishman, John Rolfe, and return to England with him; about 1595-1617; Pocahontas' brave actions in saving an Englishman paved the way for many positive English and Native relations.

Motivation

A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

Digraph

A pair of characters used together to represent a single sound (phoneme). (e.g. "sh")

Rhyming

A pair of lines which end in the same sound

Couplet

A pair of rhymed lines that may or may not constitute a separate stanza in a poem.

Participial Phrase

A participial phrase consists of a participle and its related words, such as modifiers and compliments, all of which act together as an adjective--usually needs in "ed" or "ing"

Bias

A particular preference or point of view that is personal, rather than scientific.

Rhyme Scheme

A pattern of end rhymes that occurs consistently throughout a stanza or poem.

Autobiography

A person's account of his or her own life.

Noun

A person, place, thing, or idea

Subjectivity

A personal presentation of evens and characters, influenced by the author's feelings and opinions.

Revising

A phase in the writing process, in which content is added, removed, or improved in semantically significant ways.

Prepositional Phrase

A phrase that begins with a preposition: "to" the store, "down" the street, "under" the car, etc.

Narrative Writing

A piece of writing that tells a story., Tells a story, fiction or nonfiction, of something that happened. EX: biography, memoir, etc.

Narrative Poem

A poem that tells a story

Concrete Poem

A poem with a shape that suggests its subject.

Perspective

A point of view or general standpoint from which different things are viewed, physically or mentally; the appearance to the eye of various objects at a given time, place, or distance

Jacksonian Democracy

A policy of spreading more political power to more people. It was a "Common Man" theme., this term describes the spirit of the age led by Andrew Jackson. During this period, more offices became elective, voter restrictions were reduced or eliminated, and popular participation in politics increased. The Democratic Part, led by Jackson appealed to the new body of voters by stressing the belief in rotation in office, economy in government, governmental response to popular demands and decentralization of power.

Communism

A political system characterized by a centrally planned economy with all economic and political power resting in the hands of the central government

Feudalism

A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land

Strategic reading

A process of constructing meaning by interacting with text; as individuals read, they use their prior knowledge along with clues from the text to construct meaning. Research indicates that effective or expert readers are strategic.

Buddy reading

A program designed to help students improve their literacy skills by giving them the opportunity to read aloud to someone. Reading aloud is one of the most effective ways to improve a child's reading accuracy and fluency.

Vietnam War

A prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States; Neither the Soviet Union nor the United States could risk a war against each other such was the nuclear military might of both. However, when it suited both, they had client states that could carry on the fight for them. In Vietnam, the Americans actually fought - therefore in the Cold War 'game', the USSR could not. However, to support the Communist cause, the Soviet Union armed its fellow Communist state, China, who would, in turn, arm and equip the North Vietnamese who fought the Americans.

Rate

A ratio that compares two quantities measured in different units

Metacognition

A reader's awareness of how well he/she understands the reading. A reader's ability to control his/her own thinking, including the use of comprehension strategies to improve/repair failing comprehension while reading.

Allusion

A reference to another work of literature, person, or event

Dialect

A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation.

renewable energy

A resource that has a theoretically, unlimited supply, and is not, depleted when used by humans.,,, examples:, 1., wind,, 2., solar energy

The Boston Tea Party

A result of the Tea Act. This occurred when members of the Sons of Liberty dressed up as Mohawk Indians and threw British tea into the harbor as a protest to the Tea Act

Grammar

A rule system for describing the structure or organization of a language

Sentence Stem

A scaffolding technique in which the teacher provides the student with a open ended prompt to help students get started in speaking or writing without the added pressure of thinking about how to correctly formulate the response

gene

A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait

Simple Sentence

A sentence consisting of one independent clause and no dependent clause

Imperative Sentence

A sentence that requests or commands.

Complex Sentence

A sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause

Crusades

A series of military expeditions in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries by Westrn European Christians to reclain control of the Holy Lands from the Muslims

Reading

A set of print-based decoding and rudimentary thinking skills necessary to remember a text.

Lyrical Poem

A short poem of song-like quality

Economic theory

A simplification of economic reality used to make predictions about the real world.

non-renewable energy

A source of energy, that is a finite supply, capable of being exhausted,,, examples:, 1., natural gas,, 2., coal,, 3., oil,, 4., nuclear

Deceleration of Independence

A statement adopted by the continental congress on July 4, 1776, which announced that the 13 American colonies then at war with Great Brittan were now independent states, and that's not longer part of the British Empire. Primarily work of Thomas Jefferson of VA.

Monroe Doctrine

A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere. President James Monroe's statement forbidding further colonization in the Americas and declaring that any attempt by a foreign country to colonize would be considered an act of hostility

Biography

A story about a person's life written by another person.

Narrative Text

A story about fictional or real events.

Legend

A story about mythical or supernatural beings or events

Play

A story acted out, live or onstage--comedy, tragedy

Fantasy

A story containing unreal, imaginary features

Fiction

A story that is not true or is made up.

Peer-Tutor

A student who understands a certain concept helps those who are struggling.

Language Experience Approach

A student's dictated composition is written by the teacher and used as a text for reading instruction; it is generally used with beginning readers.

resource

A substance in the environment that is useful to people, is economically and technologically feasible to access, and is socially acceptable to use.

Solute

A substance that is dissolved, in a solution. examples:, salt, sugar

Phonogram

A succession of letters representing the same phonological unit in different words, such as ed in red, bed, fed. or, IGHT in FLIGHT, MIGHT and TIGHT.

Legend

A traditional narrative or collection of related narratives, popularly regarded as historically factual but actually a mixture of fact and fiction.

Myth

A traditional story about gods, ancestors, or heroes, told to explain the natural world or the customs and beliefs of a society.

Folktale

A traditional story with a moral or lesson handed down by people of a region from one generation to the next., a narrative form, such as an epic, legend, myth, song, poem, or fable, that has been retold within a culture for generations

Non-fiction

A true story.

Science Fiction

A type of fantasy that uses science and technology. (Robots, time machines, etc.).

Mystery

A type of realistic fiction that is a suspenseful story about a puzzling event

Periodic table (contents

A., Atomic number: integer equal to the number of protons, B., Element symbol: one or two letters, C., Element name, D., Atomic weight,

Reliability

Ability of a test to yield very similar scores for the same individual over repeated testings

Self-Help/Adaptive Domain

Adaptive behaviors, self-help, or personal skills necessary are acquired during daily routines influenced by parental involvement. Based on child's age and level of development.

Albert Bandura

Albert Bandura found that although environment causes behavior, behavior also causes environment as well. Albert Bandura labeled this concept reciprocal determinism "both the world the individuals's behavior causes affect each other". Albert Bandura is considered a "father" of the cognitive movement or observational learning which is commonly referred to as the famous Bobo Doll studies. Albert Bandura called this phenomenon observational learning or modeling which is better known as the social learning theory.

Onset

All sounds in a spoken syllable that comes before the vowel sound. The part of a syllable that comes before the vowel.

Independent clauses

Also called main clauses, they stand on their own as complete sentences. EX: I walk and I talk.

Graphic organizer

Also known as a knowledge map, concept map, story map, cognitive organizer, advance organizer, or concept diagram, is a communication tool that uses visual symbols to express knowledge, concepts, thoughts, or ideas, and the relationships between them.

America's Role in WWI

America entered WWI in 1917. Woodrow Wilson presented the 14 points for a peace plan. Called for open rather than secret peace treaties, freedom of the seas, free trade, arms reduction, fair adjustment of colonial claims. National aspirations and adjustment of boarders. Called for a general association of nations to preserve peace.

Jonathan Edwards

American theologian whose sermons and writings stimulated a period of renewed interest in religion in America (1703-1758)

Sir Walter Raleigh

An English adventurer and writer, who was prominent at the court of Queen Elizabeth I, and became an explorer of the Americas. In 1585, he sponsored the first English colony in America on Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina. It failed and is known as " The Lost Colony."

Henry Hudson

An English explorer who explored for the Dutch. He claimed the Hudson River around present day New York and called it New Netherland. He also had the Hudson Bay named for him

Powhatan

An Indian chieftain who dominated the peoples in the James River area. All the tribes loosely under his control came to be called Powhatan's confederacy. The colonists inaccurately called all of the Indians Powhatans.

Allegory

An ___________ can be a piece of literature, like a poem or story, which has a hidden or symbolic meaning. The concept can be best understood through examples. EX: A space alien far away from home could be like an immigrant coming to a new country.

Grand conversations

An authentic student led conversation about a story where students ask the questions, discuss their thoughts and feelings, and make meaning as they talk about the story. Conversations are characterized by spontaneity rather than predictable questions.

Theme

An authors message in text

Print rich environment

An environment in which students are provided many opportunities to interact with print and an abundance and variety of printed materials are available and accessible. Students have many opportunities to read and be read to. In such an environment reading and writing are modeled by the teacher and used for a wide variety of authentic everyday purposes.

Ballad

An in medias res story that is told or sung--usually in verse and accompanied by music.

Guided reading

An instructional approach that involves a teacher working with a small group of students who demonstrate similar reading behaviors and can all read similar levels of texts. The text is easy enough for students to read with your skillful support. The text offers challenges and opportunities for problem solving, but is easy enough for students to read with some fluency. You choose selections that help students expand their strategies.

Explicit instruction

An instructional strategy that is skill based, but students are active participants in the learning process.

Predation

An interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism.

Cross-Age Tutor

An older student helps a younger one

Early china (c. 1500-c. 771 BCE)

Ancestor worship, manorialism (lords and peasants worked together to support one another. The wealth of the lords came by the labors of the peasants who worked their lands. In return, the lords protected the peasants, offered them shelter, and insured that they were fed). Health discoveries (ex. acupunture) Agriculture (ex. the wheelbarrow and chain pump) war fare (ex. iron weapons) silk, and the making of paper. Most of these discoveries were made in the Han Dynasty.

Metacognitive Strategies

Any strategies that involve rising above the thought process to think about one's own cognitive precesses

Prose

Any writing that is not poetry.

Interactive Writing

Approach to writing in which students and teachers co-construct explicit demonstration of writing strategies; they individually share the pen by contributing letters, words, or phrases to the written piece.

Word Walls

Are lists of words that students are currently learning, posted in places that the entire class can see; aid in reading, writing, & spelling.

Producers

Are organisms that use the Sun's energy to make their own food. example: all plants

Identify the characteristics of the top-down belief system.

Believe students can comprehend a selection even when they are not able to identify each word. Believe students should use meaning and grammatical cues in addition to letter sound cues to identify unrecognized words. Believe students learn to read through meaningful and authentic activities in which they read, write, speak, and listen.

Immigration Patterns into U.S.

Between 1850 and 1930, about 5 million Germans immigrated to the United States with a peak in the years between 1881 and 1885, when a million Germans left Germany and settled mostly in the Midwest. Between 1820 and 1930, 3.5 million British and 4.5 million Irish entered America. Before 1845 most Irish immigrants were Protestants. After 1845, Irish Catholics began arriving in large numbers, largely driven by the Great Famine. "New immigration" was a term from the late 1880s that came from the influx of immigrants from southern Europe and Russia Restriction proceeded piecemeal over the course of the late 19th and early 20th centuries

Affixes

Bound morphemes at the beginning or end of free morphemes (carry meaning). Some change the part of speech, others do not.

Affixes

Bound morphemes at the beginning or end of free morphemes. They carry meaning. Some change the part of speech, others do not. Examples: prefixes and suffixes

Task analysis

Break down task into steps

Fidel Castro

Castro overthrows the Cuban government in January 1959.

Constructivist Approach (Piaget)

Child-centered Student directs his/her learning Bases concepts and delivery of information on learner's previous knowledge

Naturalist

Classification and categorization Biology, anatomy, etc

Describe the storybook literacy experiences.

Connections between read-alouds and read alongs, interactive reading and writing, rereadings of favorite texts, and independent reading and writing. These experiences are designed to further children's explorations with texts and to develop concepts related to print as well as strategies to construct meaning.

Separation of Powers

Constitutional division of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, with the legislative branch making law, the executive applying and enforcing the law, and the judiciary interpreting the law

System of checks and balances

Constitutional system in which each branch of government places limits on the power of other branches

Effects of human initiated changes on the environment

Construction of houses, roads and cities, human initiated fire, water and air pollution, waste disposal

Jean Piaget

Constructivist theorist who explained that learning is the modification of students' schemas as they actively interact with their environment.

Compound Sentence

Contains at least two independent clauses but no dependent clauses.

Technological and Agricultural Innovations before Civil War

Cotton gin, reaper, steamboat, steam locomotive

Money

Currency

Concave

Curved like the inner surface of a ball,,, look into a spoon,,, you see yourself upside down

Cylindrical Map Projections

Cylindrical Projection A cylindrical projection map is the most common type of map that we see. Imagine placing the movie screen around the globe in a cylinder shape. The projection that results is depicted in this image. Notice that areas close to the equator have very little distortion. However, the closer to the poles that one travels, the more distorted the map becomes. In this example, Greenland appears to be many times larger than it really is.

Feudalism

Decentralized political system of personal ties and obligations that bound vassals to their lords. Serfs were peasants she were bound to the land. They worked on the demesne in return for the right to work their own land.

Accomodation

Does not change curriculum, allows student to participate

E. Guthrie

E. Guthrie is credited as the exponent originator. According to Guthrie, all learning was a consequence of association between a particular stimulus and response. Simple contiguous (close together in time or space) association of a stimulus and response can lead to a change in behavior. Thus, the role of motivation is to create a state of arousal and activity that will produce a given response that can now be conditioned. In addition, contiguity theory indicates that forgetting is due in part, to interference rather than the passage of time, as stimuli tends to become associated with new responses and old responses gradually, become unlearned

International Organizations

European Union, the World Trade Organization, the United Nations, NATO, the Organization of African Unity, OPEC

Research shows that reading comprehension improves most when teachers provide ??? comprehension.

Explicit

Best teaching practice in teaching science

Exploration--described by Piaget

Questioning Strategies

First level: information just learned Final level: Questions based on critical thinking

Physical-Motor Domain

First to develop as children begin moving Includes gross motor, fine motor, sensory integration, and percpetual.

Reciprocal Teaching

Four Comprehension Strategies: 1. Asking questions about the text they are reading. 2. Summarizing parts of the text. 3. Clarifying words and sentences they don't understand. 4. Predicting what might occur next in the text.

Information Genre

Four required elements of this genre are: 1. topic presentation 2. descriptive attributes 3. characteristic events, describing typical processs, events, or actions that the topic is engaged in or does 4. final summary Eight additional, optional elements include: 1. prelude 2. comparisons of categories, types, or instances of the topic 3. historical vignettes 4. experimental ideas 5. afterword 6. addenda 7. a recapitulation 8. illustration extensions Features of this genre include: *table of contents *headings *diagrams *pictures and photographs *captions *use of a technical vocabulary *use of generic nouns *use of timeless present tense *glossary of terms *an index

Principles

Fundamentals of effective instruction: -High expectations for learners -Active engagement of students -Thematic unit instruction -Interactive cross-age tutors -Cooperative learning activities -Teacher effectiveness

Protagonist

Good guy, faces conflict, undergoes change

Use of resource material

Graphic organizers, types of resources

Reader Response

Have students think about how the text affects them directly intends to ahve student to find meaning in text

Linguistically diverse

Having a home or native language other than English

Thermal Properties

Heat and cold produce changes in the physical properties of matter;, however, the chemical properties remain unchanged.,, example:, the changes in water from solid-liquid-vapor, will still be H₂O in every state

Propaganda

Ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause.

Comprehension of Notification

Identity the main idea Evaluate the clarity of the information Identify the author's point of view Make valid inferences or conclusions Identify an author's appeal to reason, appeal to emotion or appeal to authority Evaluate the relationship between stated generalizations and actual evidence giving Evaluate organization of a selection For the informational texts, evaluate the effectiveness of their organizational and graphic aids

Underextension

If a child associates the word dog only with the family pet, what semantic device is the child using?

macadam roads

Improved roads developed by the Scot John McAdam

Phoneme

In language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.

Verbal Rehearsal

In motor learning, characteristic of early stages, where individuals recite key points verbally.

Teacher-centered instruction

In this form of instruction, students put all of their focus on the teacher. The teacher talks, while the students exclusively listen. During activities, students work alone, and collaboration is discouraged.

South America

Inca (children of the sun are located in which continent

Combined Textbooks

Incorporate narrative and informational formats within same book. Often found in interdisciplinary units. Experts recommend: 1. reading the illustrations by doing a picture walk before reading to stimulate student questions and comments - provides an opportunity to use a Pre-Reading Plan (PReP) and address prereading misconceptions 2. reading the the informational layer by using the "zoom in, zoom out" strategy to identify salient concepts 3. reading the narrative layer by interactive read-alouds and creating story maps 4. reading the additional details layer, e.g., sketches and page borders - supported by semantic maps and shared writing exercises

Inflation/Deflation

Inflation: a consistent increase in the price of goods and services over time. During inflationary times, money loses its "buying" or "purchasing" power, and it takes more units of currency to purchase the same units of goods or services. Over time, inflation lowers the value of each unit of currency; Deflation: a consistent decrease in the price of goods and services over time. During deflationary times, money increases in its "buying" or "purchasing" power, and it takes less units of currency to purchase the same units of goods or services. Over time, deflation increases the value of each unit of currency.

Ancient Egypt (c. 2711-c. 1090 BCE)

Influence of geography, hieroglyphics and Rosetta Stone, religious rulership, pyramids and the Valley of Kings.

Emancipation Proclamation

Issued by Abraham Lincoln on September 22, 1862, it declared that all slaves in the rebellious Confederate states would be free

Auditory Learners

Learn best through verbal instruction.

Students regulate their own reading and select reading based on interests. Which approach to reading is described?

Literature based instruction: approaches accommodate individual student differences in reading abilities and at the same time focus on meaning, interests, and enjoyment.

Decode

Look at written text and "translate" it into spoken sounds.

Aztecs

Mexico. Major feature was human sacrifice to their chief god. Government was centralized with an elective king and a large army. Characterized by the evolution of pottery, fabrics, and flat-topped mounds (huacas).

Kingdoms

Monera (bacteria) Protists (protozoans) Fungi Plantea (plants) Animalia (animals)

Learning Centers

Multi-level stations where activities designed for specific instructional purposes to provide reinforcement, independent practice, and Discovery. In an early childhood program, this is an area that contains materials, such as blocks, pretend household items or art supplies, where children can explore their own interests at their own pace.

Greece (c. 2000-c. 300BCE)

Mythology, social structure, citizenship and democracy. Organized around polis, city-states. Democratic governments replaced tyrants around end of 6th c. The Classical Age (Philosophy in Athens, Sophists, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle)

Black Thursday

October 24, 1929, the day the stock market crashed an astounding 9 percent (after a decade of great prosperity); a signal (though not the only cause) of the Great Depression

Black Tuesday

October 29, 1929; date of the worst stock-market crash in American history and beginning of the Great Depression.

Mexican War and Cession

On April 5, 1846 Mexican troops attacked and American patrol. James Polk declared war on Mexico. Negotiate peace came with the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo on Feb 2 1848, where Mexico ceded to the US the southwestern territory from Texas to the California coast.

The Persian Gulf Crisis

On August 2, 1990, Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein invaded oil-rich Kuwait with 100,000 men, hoping to annex it as a 19th province and use its oil fields to replenish debts incurred during the Iraq-Iran War. the UN responded, placing economic embargoes on the aggressor and preparing for military punishment.

Lee Harvey Oswald

On November 22, 1963, he assassinated President Kennedy who was riding downtown Dallas, Texas. Oswald was later shot in front of television cameras by Jack Ruby.

Critical Comprehension

One of the highest levels of understanding. Requires readers to think beyond the printed page. Ex. indicating whether text is true or false, distinguishing between fact and opinion, detecting propaganda, judging whether the author is qualified to write the text, recognizing bias and fallacies, identifying stereotypes, making assumptions.

Continents

One of the principal land masses of the earth, usually regarded as including Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, and South America.

Integrated Curriculum

One the builds upon knowledge across various subjects Learners to explore a theme that incorporates more than one area of study Variations in assesments, flexible schedules

Affixes

Parts of words added to the beginning or end of a word to create a new word.

Markets

Places, institutions or technological arrangements where or by means of which goods or services are exchanged. Also, the set of all sale and purchase transactions that affect the price of some good or service.

Word Wall

Post important words on a section of the wall & categorize them according to your purpose. It provides direction of students' attention to words of all kinds, high-frequency words, important words in a content unit of study, or useful words for books they are reading.

Publishing

Presenting your piece in its final form.

Writing Process

Prewriting, Drafting, Revising, Editing, Publishing

Basic Components of fluency

Rate and Accuracy

Shared Reading

Reading aloud to children and talking about the books and stories

Phoneme Isolation

Recognize individual sounds in words. EX: What is the first sound in Van (V).

alliteration

Repetition of initial consonant sounds

Alliteration

Repetition of initial consonant sounds Ex. "winds whipping, wildly"

Collective Noun

Represents a group of people, animals or things (family ,flock, furniture)

Government of Rome

Republican (representative) form of government; a representative democracy when people vote for a smaller group of citizens to make laws.

Basic components of phonological awareness and phonics

Rhyming, segmenting Decoding, letter-sound correspondence, syllabication

Syntax

Sentence structure

Analytic Phonics Instruction

Students study previously learned whole words to discover letter-sound relationships.

Retelling Stories

Students will do this through: Organizing, visualizing, identifying big ideas, summarizing, sequencing, summarizing, narrative

Invented Spelling

Students' attempts to spell words that reflect their developing knowledge about the spelling system.

Economics

Study of how societies decide what to produce, how to produce it, and how to distribute what they produce

Fill-in-the-gap reading

Teachers read from a book and pauses occasionally to the have students chime in with the appropriate rhyming or predictable word.

Word Study Focus

Teaching strategy that gives focused attention to words and word elements. Direct instruction that helps with decoding, reading, writing, and spelling. Can be taught individually, in small groups, or to the entire class.

What is cognitive coaching?

Teaching students to use their own thinking processes to solve problems.

Lesser of Two Evils

Technique that tries to convince us of an idea or proposal by presenting it as the least offensive option.

What characteristics are associated with technology based instruction?

Technology based instruction involves incorporation of technology in the classroom. The use of computers extensively as a means or students to obtain and share information. Students may do so by researching topics on the internet, sharing information over blogs, and using a CD-RM to interact with a story. For example, students may use a blog to respond to a story they just read.

Expository text

Text written to explain and give information about a topic.

Federalist Era

The 1790s were known as the Federalist Era because they were dominated by two Federalist presidents (Washington and Adams) and saw the power of the central government increase. It also saw the formation of the two-party system in American politics.

Marbury vs. Madison

The 1803 case in which Chief Justice John Marshall and his associates first asserted the right of the Supreme Court to determine the meaning of the U.S. Constitution. The decision established the Court's power of judicial review over acts of Congress, in this case the Judiciary Act of 1789

Constitutional Structures

The Constitution consists of seven (7) articles and 27 amendments. The most important articles are the first three which explain the powers of the three branches of government. Article I deals with the Legislative branch; Article II the Executive branch; and Article III, the Judicial branch. Other articles are also important for various doctrines and clauses. For the Amendments, it's customary to refer to the first ten as the Bill of Rights, however only the first eight (8) Amendments are truly substantive in terms of rights. This lecture addresses the most important doctrines, clauses, and theories contained in the Constitution proper; that is, the first seven (7) articles. Subsequent lecture(s) will cover the Bill of Rights and other Amendments.

Abraham Maslow

The Hierarchy of Human Needs describe his work in the area of self-actualization. An important aspect of his theory is based on the premise that within each individual are forces that both seeks growth and, at the same time, actively resist growth. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs has five levels. Physiological/biological needs are the most demanding. Only after hunger, thirst, and the need for shelter have been satisfied, do the needs at the next higher level emerge. Safety needs include security, protection from physical and emotional harm, and the desire for good health. Belonging and love seek the need for family and friends in the individual and the feeling of acceptance and friendship in relations with others. Need for esteem follows and moves the individual to their first internal demand for self respect, autonomy, achievement along with status, recognition, and attention. Self-actualization assumes that lower needs have been satisfied; personal motivation is re-directed towards developing one's potential, to "become" what you are capable of achieving in life.

Muslim conquests

The Muslims conquered Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and north Africa, and placed Constantinople under siege two times. Abbasid caliphs ruled from 750-1258, Mongolians seized Baghdad in 1258

Contributions of Greece

The Olympics, theater, advancements in science, art, great works of literature, amazing architecture, philosophy, mathematics, and the world's first democratic government

Concept Generalization

The ability for students to demonstrate concept knowledge by applying the information to other settings without prompts from teacher.

Word Recognition

The ability of a reader to recognize written words correctly and virtually effortlessly.

Critical Reading Skill

The ability to analyze, evaluate and synthesize what one reads.

Phonemic Awareness

The ability to hear, identify, and manipulate the individual sounds, phonemes, in oral language.

Phonological Awareness

The ability to recognize that words are made up of a variety of sound units.

Grammatical Competence

The ability to use the grammar, syntax, and vocabulary of a language .

Dictation

The act of saying words for someone else to write down

Behavior modifications

The alteration of behavioral patterns through the use of such learning techniques as biofeedback and positive or negative reinforcement.

Humidity

The amount of water vapor in the air

Orthography

The art or study of correct spelling according to established usage.

Phonics

The association of sounds with writing (either with letters or groups of letters — e.g. "ing").

Phonemic Awareness

The awareness that individual letters have specific sounds associated with them (and that sounds make up words). (A child with phonemic awareness would soon learn that by breaking a word into letters and "sounding out" each letter, the overall word can be pronounced.)

Phonological Awareness

The awareness that words are made up of sounds. (and that these sounds can be taken individually or grouped together into units. E.g. phonemes vs syllables).

Concept of print

The basic understanding of reading

Meiosis

The beginning process which creates gametes (sperm and eggs) before fertilization of cell, creates haploid gametes, each with half the number of chromosomes

Schema Theory

The belief that new knowledge is connected to relate ideas one already knows.

Identify the characteristics of the bottom-up belief system.

The bottom-up belief system assumes that the process of translating print begins with print and the following characteristics: graphonemic information (letters, syllables, and words) in order to construct meaning from print. Syntactic information readers use their knowledge to arrange words in a sentence to get meaning from text material. Semantic information is what the reader brings to the text in terms of knowledge, experience, understanding, attitude, beliefs, and value.

Economics

The branch of social science that deals with the production and distribution and consumption of goods and services and their management. Macro studies large world systems; micro studies specific issues related to the decision making process at the household, firm, or industry.

Bronfenbrenner Ecological Model

The child is at the center of an integrated system that functions interactively within itself and may be diagrammed using 4 concentric circles: Microsystem--the child, the environment and those people with whome the child directly interacts--family, school, neighborhood. Mesosystem--Interactions of the people with each other in the child's environment; not directly affecting the child. Exosystem--the broader community in which the child lives: Extended family, friends, social services Macrosystem--the attitudes, ideologies, customs of the culture in which the child lives.

Universal design

The concept that everything in the environment, in learning and in products should be accesible to everyone

Alphabetic principle

The concept that letters represent sounds. One of the earliest skills young readers must master in the emergent literacy stage.

Onset

The consonant sound that comes before the first vowel in a syllable (e.g. "c" and "b" in "cabby" or the "sw" in "swim"). Not all words have onset (e.g. "eat").

Derivational Relation

The corpus of words derived from a common root word (friend, friendless, befriend) share this. Derived words are created by attaching morphemes, both prefixes and suffixes to root words to yield polysyllabic words.

Federal Reserve System

The country's central banking system, which is responsible for the nation's monetary policy by regulating the supply of money and interest rates

Readability

The difficulty level of written materials.

Longitude

The distance east and west of the prime meridian.

Latitude

The distance north and south of the equator

Social stratification

The division of large numbers of people into layers according to their relative power, property, and prestige; applies to both nations and to people within a nation, society, or other group

Syllabication

The division of words into syllables [the minimal units of sequential speech sounds comprised of a vowel sound or a vowel-consonant combination, as /a/, /ba/, /ab/, /bab/, etc.].

Conventions

The editing and revising components of the writing process.

The Era of Napoleon

The era when led by the ruthless, tyrannical dictator of France, Napoleon Bonaparte who tried to take over all of Europe, caused a war with England between 1803-1815, ended in Waterloo, Belgium when the English and their allies sending Napoleon's army back to France.

Pre-reading

The first stage of the reading process, in which readers activate background knowledge, set purposes, and make plans for reading

Ariel Photographs

The first type of remote sensing utilized by cartographers, or map makers. In 1858, French map makers used a hot air balloon and primitive cameras to take the first aerial photographs. Later during World War I, airplanes were used to systematically take aerial images of much of the terrain in the war zone.

Shoguns, emperors, samurai

The hereditary commander of the Japanese army who until 1867 exercised absolute rule under the nominal leadership of the emperor; Samurai: A member of a powerful military caste in feudal Japan, esp. a member of the class of military retainers of the daimyos.

Circulatory system

The human body system that contains the heart, blood, and all of the blood vessels. It delivers all the nutrients to the cells

Letter-Sound Correspondence

The identification of sounds associated with individual letters and letter combinations.

Cold War

The ideological struggle between communism (Soviet Union) and capitalism (United States) for world influence. The Soviet Union and the United States came to the brink of actual war during the Cuban missile crisis but never attacked one another.

Pre-writing

The initial creative stage of writing, prior to drafting, in which the writer formulates ideas, gathers information, organizes or plans.

Government

The institution through which the state maintains social order, provides public services, and enforces binding decisions on citizens

Initial Blends

The joining of two or more consonant sounds, represented by letters that begins a word without losing the identity of the sounds, such as /bl/ in black, the joining of the first consonant and vowel sounds in a word, such as /b/ and /a/ in baby. This skill is important in learning phonics.

Background knowledge

The knowledge students have, learned both formally in the classroom as well as informally through life experiences.

Committee for Industrial Organization

The new union of a committee during the Industrial revolution that organized large numbers of unskilled workers with the help of the Wagner Act and the National Labor Relations Board

What is the Alphabetic Principle?

The notion that letters making a word have corresponding sounds thus letters and sounds can be placed together to build words.

Assessment

The ongoing systematic collection of information on all students. Assessment happens in effective classrooms before, during, and after instruction has taken place.

Thematic unit

The organization of a curriculum around a central theme. In other words it's a series of lessons that integrate subjects across the curriculum, such as math, reading, social studies, science, language arts, etc. that all tie into the main theme of the unit.

Exosphere

The outer layer of the thermosphere, extending outward into space. Extends beyond the thermosphere, as the thinning. Connects with the magnetic fields and radiation belts of space. Satellites orbit here

Reconstruction

The period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union.

Transmission Learning

The process by which information, knowledge, ideas and skills are gained from instruction, guidance, and demonstration. However, it has been determined that this approach is not very effective and it only accounts for about 10% of actual learning.

Journaling

The process of writing out thoughts and emotions on a regular basis

The New Deal

The programs and policies to promote economic recovery and social reform introduced during the 1930s by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Banking Act of 1933, Public works administration, agricultural adjustment administration, National Industrial recovery act, Second: Works progress administration, social security act

Word Sorts

The purpose of doing these is to get students to group, discuss, regroup, and discover new meanings of important vocabulary & word parts in the texts you use.

Emergent Reader

The reader at the beginning stages of learning to read and developing an association of print with meaning. During this stage of reading development, children engage in reading play and retelling familiar stories from memory and using pictures to make predictions

Reasons for Immigration from Europe

The reasons these new immigrants made the journey to America differed little from those of their predecessors. Escaping religious, racial, and political persecution, or seeking relief from a lack of economic opportunity or famine still pushed many immigrants out of their homelands. After the depression of the 1890s, immigration jumped from a low of 3.5 million in that decade to a high of 9 million in the first decade of the new century. Immigrants from Northern and Western Europe continued coming as they had for three centuries, but in decreasing numbers. After the 1880s, immigrants increasingly came from Eastern and Southern European countries, as well as Canada and Latin America. By 1910, Eastern and Southern Europeans made up 70 percent of the immigrants entering the country. After 1914, immigration dropped off because of the war, and later because of immigration restrictions imposed in the 1920s.

Cost

The total spent for goods or services including money and time and labor

Whole Word Method

The use of flash cards or word lists before students start reading a story or unfamiliar words to be encountered in the context of sentences.

Goods and services

The use of machines increases the availability of goods and services. Goods are tangible, services are things others can do for you

What is an idiom?

The use of words peculiar to a particular language with a meaning that differs from typical syntactic patterns or from the literal meaning of its parts taken together. Some examples of idiomatic expressions would include, "John kicked the bucket" means "John passed away," or "chill out" means "relax, don't sweat it.

Idioms

The use of words peculiar to a particular language with a meaning that differs from typical syntactic patterns or from the literal meaning of its parts taken together. Some examples of idiomatic expressions would include, "John kicked the bucket" means "John passed away," or "chill out" means "relax, don't sweat it.

Behaviorism

Theorists focus on the OBSERVABLE and MEASURABLE aspects of students' behavior. They believe that behavior can be learned or unlearned, and that learning is the result of stimulus-and-response actions. This theory is described as TEACHER CENTERED because it focuses on the teacher's active role as a dispenser of knowledge.

Social-Interactionist Theory

Theory states that language development is greatly influenced by physical, social, and linguistic factors. Theorist is Vygotsky.

Constructivist Theory

Theory states that language development is linked to cognitive development such as thought processes and abilities. Theorist is Piaget

Supply and demand

Theory states that the prices vary based on balance between the availability of a product or service at a certain price (supply) and the desire of potential purchasers to pay that price (demand)

Innatist Theory

Theory that states that language learning is natural for human beings. Theorist is Chomsky.

Benedict de Spinoza

This 17th-century Dutch thinker argued that all matter is a part of God -- God did not just create the universe - he was the universe (pantheism)

The Great Depression

This economic event is notable for its duration and intensity that struck the world from 1929-1933. Recovery was a long and difficult process.

Pinpointing the Enemy

This is an attempt to simplify a complex situation by presenting one specific group or person as the enemy. An informed person is much less susceptible to this sort of propaganda.

The Second New Deal

This was another period of massive legislation to improve the American economy. However, this one was aimed at ordinary people, and it provided more social welfare.

What is choral reading?

Two or more individuals reading aloud from the same text in unison to enhance oral reading fluency.

Vocabulary Development

Using words and symbols to convey message; Kids should have wide variety; hit a certain number at a certain time; (Symbolic Communicator); First words typically produced between 10 and 16 months; By two years, children typically produce 200-250 words and understand many more words than they produce

Students who read accurately but slowly may be having troubles with ??? and ???.

Vocabulary and Comprehension

Whole Language

Whole language is an approach to reading instruction focusing on reading for meaning and the integration of the four aspects of language reading, writing, listening, and speaking.

Elaborated Speaking Vocabulary

Word meanings that are "sophisticated synonyms" for words in the basic speaking vocabulary.

literal comprehension tasks

[...tasks] include (1) stating the main idea of a passage; (2) identifying the topic sentence of a passage; (3) identifying supporting details within a passage

forms of poetry

[forms of...] include acrostic, ballad, blank verse, cinquain, concrete, elegy, epic, free verse, haiku, limerick, lyric, ode, sonnet

forms of figurative language

[forms of...] include alliteration, hyperbole, idiom, imagery, metaphor, onomatopoeia, oxymoron, personification, simile

forms of non-fiction

[forms of...] include autobiography, biography, diary, essay, letter, textbook

forms of drama

[forms of...] intended for children include plays, skits, puppetry, and story theater.

measures of fluency

[measures of...] include two main components: (1) rate and (2) accuracy.

types of comprehension

[types of...] include (1) literal and (2) critical

Standard English

____________ English. Form of English generally considered acceptable at school, as reflected in textbooks and grammar instruction.

Descriptive Writing

_________writing uses adequate details to describe a particular topic in such a way as to appeal to the audience.

Subordinate sentence

_______sentences= a sentence in which some things depends upon and are set as less important than other things.

Coordinate Sentence

______sentences= contains two or more independent clauses, which are connected through coordination (and, either or, but)

Gettysburg Address

a 3-minute address by Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War (November 19, 1963) at the dedication of a national cemetery on the site of the Battle of Gettysburg. Captured the spirit of liberty and morality ideally held by citizens of a democracy. That ideal was threatened by the Civil War

haiku

a Japanese form of poetry that contains three lines of 5, 7, and 5 syllables, in that order

Proper Noun

a SPECIFIC person, place, thing, or idea

textbook

a book used to study a particular subject

diary

a dated, personal record of events over a period of time

cinquain

a five-line poem with specified syllabic emphasis, depending on the type of cinquain

poetry

a form of creative literature written in verse

rhyming couplets

a pair of rhyming lines that usually have the same meter and length

lyric

a poem expressing personal emotions

ballad

a poem narrating a story in stanzas, often quatrains

essay

a short piece intended to express an author's point of view on a topic

fable

a short story with a moral lesson

inferential reading

drawing on prior knowledge to make inferences, make connections, and draw conclusions

standards-based assessment

formal evaluation that measures student progress towards meeting goals

Syllabication

forming or dividing words into syllables

Charles the Great (Charlemagne

founded the Carolingian dynasty

Themes, units, inquiry based project learning, and literature study are all characteristics of the _____________ approach.

integrated language arts approach

Ethnology

is the interpretive explanation of human behavior, based on ethnography.

area

is the measure that expresses the size of a plane region; it is expressed in square units.

Economics

is the study of society's choices among a limited amount of resources to attain the highest practical satisfaction.

Physical Anthropology

is the study of the biological, physiological, anatomical, and genetic characteristics of both ancient and modern human populations.

Archaeology

is the study of the cultures of prehistoric peoples.

developmental theory

level of readiness must be reached to learn

Refraction

light bends

whole language approach

meaningful context, acceptance of all learners, flexible structure, supportive classroom, integration, focused expectations, context skill development, collaboration and scaffolding, authentic assessments

third grade number sense

multiplication and beginning division

fraction instruction

positive initial experiences, moved from concrete to symbolic very slowly

phoneme blending

provide a sequence of spoken phonemes and form a new word

phoneme identity

recognize the same sounds in a variety of words

Maps

symbols map scales legends compass rose

four aspects of maps

symbols, scale, directions, and grid

root word

the most basic form of a word that conveys meaning

Germ cells

the only cell in the body to do with reproduction - located within the gonads (ovaries and testes).

Cut Score

the score a student needs to achieve in order to pass a standardized criterion-referenced test

Mitosis

the second process after fertilization in which forms a zygote returning to diploid cells which total 64 chromosomes

the Jamestown settlement

the settlers lacked the skills and refused to do the work necessary to survive because they had other goals. in the spring the river produced diseases such as typhoid, dysentery, and malaria. Most died the first year.

Prokaryotic cells

the simplest and most primitive type of cells. 1. no nucleus, 2. no membrane-bound organelles, 3. single loop of DNA (nucleosome), 4. no cellulose, 5. cytoplasm, 6. cell membrane, 7. cell wall (made of carbs), 8. sometimes have cilia or flagella (movement).

morpheme

the smallest unit of language that has meaning and may be a part of a word

Semantic

the specific meaning of a word in written language

Phonemes

the speech sounds

rate

the speed at which reading occurs

phonics

the understanding of how sounds and printed letters are connected.

graphemes

the written symbols for the speech sounds

phonics skills

these SKILLS include (1) alphabetic principle; (2) letter-sound correspondence; (3) decoding; (4) syllabication

Homo sapiens sapiens

they appeared in Africa between 200,000 and 150,000 years ago.

tertameter

verses contain 4 feet

Citizens Civic-minded obligations

vote, volunteer

locomotor skill progression

walking, running, hopping, leaping, sliding, galloping, skipping

Grand Conversation

A conversation between all the students in a class directed by the students. The teacher observes but does not take part.

Interactive writing

A cooperative event in which text is jointly composed and written. The teacher uses the interactive writing session to model reading and writing strategies as he or she engages children in creating text.

Reciprocal Teaching

A cooperative learning model used to improve reading, in which students play the teacher's role

Schemata

A data structure for representing the generic concepts stored in memory. There are three types of schemata's, content, language, and textual. 1.) Content Schemata - includes systems of factual knowledge, values, and cultural conventions. 2.) Language Schemata - includes sentence structure, grammatical inflections, spelling, punctuation, vocabulary, and cohesive structures. 3.)Textual Schemata - includes the rhetorical structure of different modes of text, (i.e., recipes, fairy tales, research papers, and science textbooks).

Deflation

A decrease in the general level of prices.

Hyperbole

A figure of speech that uses exaggeration to express strong emotion, make a point, or evoke humor.

Writing Process

A five-stage process involving the following: Pre-Writing, Drafting, Revising, Proofreading, and Publishing.

Chemical bond

A force of attraction that holds two atoms together

Participle

A form of a verb that can act as an adjective.

Appositive Phrase

A group of words that stands next to a noun or pronoun and renames or adds information or details to it. (The insect, a huge beetle, .....)

Brainstorming

A group technique for solving problems, generating ideas, stimulating creative thinking, etc. by unrestrained spontaneous participation in discussion.

Linguistic Approach

A language acquisition theory that states that language ability is innate and develops through natural human maturation as environmental stimuli trigger the acquisition of syntactical structures appropriate to each exposure level.

Sociocognitive Approach

A language acquisition theory that states that the different aspects of linguistic, cognitive, and social knowledge are interactive elements of total human development.

Epistle

A letter that is not always originally intended for public distribution, but due to the fame of the sender and/or recipient, one that becomes public domain.

Venn Diagram

A method of comparing and contrasting two (or more) things. Each circle represents one thing, and the characteristics of that thing go inside the circle. The overlapped parts of the circles represents overlapped characteristics.

Name-Calling

A method of propaganda that is an attempt to turn people against and opponent or an idea by using unpleasant labels or descriptions for that person or idea

What is a minilesson?

A minilesson is associated to direct instruction and skill-and-drill activities. Here, teachers use direct instruction during the mini-lesson to teach about reading and writing procedures, skills, and strategies. The second kind of teaching is indirect teaching. Here, teachers use indirect teaching for brief, on-the-spot mini-lesson as they respond to students' questions or assist students who need specific help. Mini-lesson takes place during whole-class activities, conferences with students, or working with small groups.

Literature focus unit

A multi-genre approach to teaching language arts, focusing on a theme, skill, or pedagogy as focus. It is a best practice in elementary education, as it introduces all the genres of literature (instead of just fiction): myth, romance, fiction, poetry, historical fiction, non-fiction, etc.

Moons

0 moons - Mercury, Venus 1 moon - Earth many moons- Jupiter, Saturn

linear measure in the metric system =meter (m.)

1 Kilometer (km)= 1,000 m 1 meter (m) = 1.0 m 1 decimeter (dm)= 0.1 m 1 centimeter(cm)= 0.01m 1 millimeter (mm)= 0.001m

measurement for mass/weight in the metric system= gram (g)

1 kilogram (kg)= 1,000g 1 gram (g)= 1.0g 1 milligram (mg)= 0.001 g

measurement for capacity/volume in the metric system= liter (L)

1 liter (l)= 1,000 milliliters (ml) 1 deciliter (dl)= 100 ml; 10 centileter (cl) 1 cl= 10 ml

Judicial review process

1) Congress passes bill 2) President signs the Bill into law (if pres. agrees w/ bill) 3) Bill can be challenged by a person or group in society 4) Bill is removed if the court sees the bill as unconstitutional

Alexander Luria's Stages in Writing Development

1. the undifferentiated stage from ages 3-5 is a prewriting or preinstrumental period. the child doesn't distinguish between marks written on a page. the marks seem merely random to the child and don't help the child recall information 2. the differentiated stage from about age four is when the child intentionally builds a relationship between sounds and written expression. the child represents short words or short phrases with shorter marks and longer words, phrases, or sentences with longer marks. The child might use dark marks to help remember a sentence such as 'the sky was dark'. 3. the pictographic stage from ages 4-6 is the period Robert Klein says is "the most important stage in the development of the child's perception of writing as a conceptual act"

Rules of structural analysis

1. when -le comes at the end of the word and a consonant comes before it, the consonant goes with the -le, an in the word pur-ple and bub-ble. 2. the suffix -ed forms a separate syllable if d or t comes before the -ed, as in skidd-ed and mist-ed

Evidence of, "Chemical change"

1., bubbles,, 2., color change (sometimes,, 3., gives off heat, and becomes warmer,, 4., absorbers heat, and becomes cooler,, can not be reversed

Mixture

1., combination of 2 or more substance, where each substance is distinct from the other,,, 2., made up of 2 or more types of molecules,,, 3., not chemically combined,,,

Characteristics of a cell

1., membrane to regulate the flow of nutrients, and water during entering, and exiting the cell. 2., contain genetic material (DNA), which allow reproduction. 3., require a supply of energy. 4., contain basic chemicals to make metabolic decisions for survival. 5., reproduce and are the result of reproduction.

Koran

114 suras (verses) and contains Mohammed's teachings.

Japanese Feudalism

12th-19th c. Where local rulers dominated the land, while the emperor was a figurehead. Organized around a four-tiered social structure, with the samurai warrior class at the top. Below them ranked farmers (including fisherman), and then artisans, with merchants and shopkeepers at the bottom. This hierarchy was due to Confucian ideals, which emphasized the importance of individuals who produced things.

The black death

1331 - 1430 A popular name for the bubonic plague and one of the greatest medical disasters in

Sonnet

14 lines; following a specific rhyme scheme

Amerigo Vespucci

1454-1512 AD Italian explorer and navigator who, upon exploring the American mainland and the South American coast, concluded that Columbus' discovery was actually a new world. It was named "America" in his honor.

Martin Luther

1483-1546. Believed that personal effects-good works such as a Christian life and attention to sacraments-could not earn the sinner salvation and that belief and faith were they only way to obtain grace. "Justification by faith alone" was road to salvation. 95 Theses about indulgences. Excommunicated by Pope Leo X in 1521

John Calvin

1509-1564. French theologian. Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism. Attracted Protestant followers with his teachings.

Adam Smith

1723-1790. Pioneering economic theorist. Father of economics. Explained how rational self-interest and competition, operating in a social framework which ultimately depends on adherence to moral obligations, can lead to economic well-being and prosperity.

John Adams

1735-1826. America's first Vice-President and second President. Sponsor of the American Revolution in Massachusetts, and wrote the Massachusetts guarantee that freedom of press "ought not to be restrained."

Declaratory Act

1766- Passed by Parliament the day the Stamp Act was repealed. Stated that Parliament had the right to rule and tax the colonies.

Napoleon

1769-1821. French military and political leader;overthrew Directory. General during French Revolution, Ruler of France as First Consul of French Republic, King of Italy, Mediator of Swiss Confederation, and Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine.

Articles of Confederation

1777 This document, the nation's first constitution, was adopted by the Second Continental Congress in 1781 during the Revolution. The document was limited because states held most of the power, and Congress lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, or control coinage.

The Constitution

1787; After the constitutional convention the republic was defined by the constitution was composed of three branches, the executive, judicial, and legislative, and checks and balances.

Alexander Hamilton

1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt

John Locke

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.

Rene Descartes

17th century French philosopher; wrote Discourse on Method; 1st principle "i think therefore i am"; believed mind and matter were completly seperate; known as father of modern rationalism

William Lloyd Garrison

1805-1879. Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.

War of 1812

1812-1814; A war between the U.S. and Great Britain caused by American outrage over the impressment of American sailors by the British, the British seizure of American ships, and British aid to the Indians attacking the Americans on the western frontier. Also, a war against Britain gave the U.S. an excuse to seize the British northwest posts and to annex Florida from Britain's ally Spain, and possibly even to seize Canada from Britain. U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson seized Florida and at one point the British managed to invade and burn Washington, D.C. The Treaty of Ghent (December 1814) restored the status quo and required the U.S. to give back Florida. Two weeks later, Andrew Jackson's troops defeated the British at the Battle of New Orleans, not knowing that a peace treaty had already been signed. The war strengthened American nationalism and encouraged the growth of industry.

The Missouri Compromise

1820 agreement calling for the admission of Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state and outlawing slavery in future states to be created north of the 36, 30 parallel

American Federation of Labor

1886; founded by Samuel Gompers; sought better wages, hrs, working conditions; skilled laborers, arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor, rejected socialist and communist ideas, non-violent.

Cold War

1945-1991, A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years.

George W. Bush

1946 - 43rd president of the US who began a campaign toward energy self-sufficiency and against terrorism in 2001

America in the Cold War

1949-1999. Feb. 1947; Truman Doctrine argued that the US must support free peoples who were resisting communist domination. Marshall Plan provided 12billion$ in aid to help rebuild Europe. A long period of tension between the democracies of the Western World and the communist countries of Eastern Europe. The west was led by the United States and Eastern Europe was led by the Soviet Union. These two countries became known as superpowers. Although the two superpowers never officially declared war on each other, they fought indirectly in proxy wars, the arms race, and the space race. f proxy wars include the Korean War, the Vietnam War, the Yom Kippur War, and the Soviet Afghanistan War.

Civil Rights Movement

1964 Civil Rights Act outlawed racial discrimination by employers and unions, created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, and eliminated remaining restrictions on black voting. 1965, Dr. MLK jr peaceful, assassinated on april 4 1968,

Civil Rights Act

1964; banned discrimination in public accommodations, prohibited discrimination in any federally assisted program, outlawed discrimination in most employment; enlarged federal powers to protect voting rights and to speed school desegregation; this and the voting rights act helped to give African-Americans equality on paper, and more federally-protected power so that social equality was a more realistic goal

Watergate

1972; Nixon feared loss so he approved the Commission to Re-Elect the President to spy on and espionage the Democrats. A security guard foiled an attempt to bug the Democratic National Committee Headquarters, exposing the scandal. Seemingly contained, after the election Nixon was impeached and stepped down

Bill Clinton

1992 and 1996; Democrat; Don't Ask Don't Tell policy implemented by Congress, Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993, Travel gate controversy; Operation Desert Fox (4 day bombing campaign in Iraq); Scandals: Whitewater controversy, Lewinsky scandal (impeached and acquitted), Travel gate controversy, Trooper gate; first balanced budget since 1969

Indian Caste System

1: Brahmanism or Priests 2: Kshatriyas or Rulers and Warriors 3: Vaisyans or Commoners, Farmers, Craftsmen, and Traders 4: Sudras or Laborers and Servants The caste system was family based and you could not move up a class

George Washington

1st President of the United States; 1st President of the United States. commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution (1732-1799), Virginian, patriot, general, and president. Lived at Mount Vernon. Led the Revolutionary Army in the fight for independence. First President of the United States.

George Washington

1st President of the United States; commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution (1732-1799)

Dipthong

2 vowels in which the sound begins at the first vowel and moves toward the sound of the second vowel (snout=ou/boy=oy)

Stratosphere

2nd layer of atmosphere. extends from 10 to 30 miles up. location of ozone layer. absorbs 95% of Ultraviolet radiation. temperature increases with altitude increase.

Haiku

3 unrhymed lines (5 syllables, 7 syllables, 5 syllables)

Haiku

3 unrhymed lines (5, 7, 5) usually focusing on nature

Thomas Jefferson

3rd President of the United States; chief drafter of the Declaration of Independence; made the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 and sent out the Lewis and Clark Expedition to explore it (1743-1826)

Mesosphere

3rd layer of the atmosphere. Meteors burn up in this layer of the atmosphere, shooting stars, temperature decreases. Coldest layer of the atmosphere.

Photosynthesis

A process plants use to turn sunlight into food;,,, plants capturing,, storing,, and converting solar energy. ,,, 6,C,O,2, + ,6,H,2,O, +, light, --> ,C,6,H,12,O,6 ,+ ,6,O,2,,, creates oxygen, for the atmosphere

Semantic Feature Analysis

A strategy that helps teachers focus students' attention on vocabulary and increase their sensitivity to language, technique that can help children understand the uniqueness of a word as well as its relationship to other words.

Guided Reading

A strategy where experienced readers provide structure via modeling strategies in order to move beginning readerstowards independence.

Echo Reading

A strategy where the teacher reads a line or passage with good expression, and calls on students to read it back. This is a good technique to use with Emergent Readers to help them build reading fluency

Earthquakes

A sudden and violent shaking of the ground, sometimes causing great destruction, as a result of movements within the earth's crust or volcanic action

Stock market

A system for buying and selling shares of companies

Democracy

A system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives

Nervous system

A system of sensitive cells that respond to stimuli such as sound, touch, and taste Involuntary movement (reflexes) > reactions created without desire example: fight verses flight response. Voluntary movement > is intentional stimuli passed on by a nerve to the brain example: moving a body part

Antiphonal Reading

A teaching strategy for fluency. A type of choral reading in which two groups take turns reading passages aloud.

Reading in Rounds

A teaching strategy for fluency. Groups reading simultaneously but not in unison. They start at different times on a staggered schedule.

Echo Reading

A teaching strategy for fluency. The teacher or a student reads a passage aloud and then everyone else "echoes" by repeating it.

Partner Reading (Paired/Buddy Reading)

A teaching strategy that allows students who may be struggling, to read aloud with more fluent parters.

Interactive Read Aloud Strategy

A teaching strategy that engages students in verbal exchange about a text through having a text orally read to them and then engaging in guided question/answer sessions.

Readers' Theater

A teaching strategy that promotes fluency and involves rehearsing and performing before an audience from a script that is rich with dialogue.

Chaining

A technique in which student performance is reinforced so the student will continue to perform more complex tasks

Clustering

A technique to enhance memory by organizing items into conceptually-related categories

Authentic Assessment

A technique to examine students' collective abilities via real-world challenges that requires them to apply their relevant skills and knowledge

Invented Spelling

A technique used by beginning writers to spell words using whatever knowledge of sounds or visual patterns when formal spelling strategy is not yet learned.

Federalist

A term used to describe supporters of the Constitution during ratification debates in state legislatures.

Decodable text

A text with a large number of words that have phonetic similarities(ex: The cat sat on the hat.)

Predictable text

A text with some type of repeated pattern that allows students to anticipate what is likely to come on subsequent pages.

What is connectionism?

A theory developed by Edward Thorndike. The learning theory that represents the original S-R framework of behavioral psychology suggesting that learning is the result of associations forming between stimuli and responses. These associations or "habits" become strengthened or weakened by the nature and frequency of the S-R pairings. For example, after much trial and error behavior, the cat learns to associate pressing the lever (S) with opening the door (R). This S-R connection is established because it results in a satisfying state of affairs (escape from the box).

Communism

A theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state.

Socialism

A theory or system of social organization that advocates the vesting of the ownership and control of the means of production and distribution, of capital, land, etc., in the community as a whole.

Symbol

A thing that represents or stands for something else, esp. a material object representing something abstract.

Word Bank

A tool to help students collect and review words.

Historical Fiction

A type of realistic fiction that takes place in a particular time period in the past. Often the setting is real, but the characters are made up from the author's imagination.

Metamorphic

A type of rock that forms from an existing rock that is changed by heat, pressure, or chemical reactions. examples: 1. slate 2. gneiss, 3. marble

Igneous

A type of rock that forms from the cooling of molten rock at or below the surface example: 1. granite

Sedimentary

A type of rock that forms when particles from other rocks or the remains of plants and animals are pressed and cemented together example: 1. Clastic- sandstone. 2. Chemical- gypsum, rock salt, and some limestone. 3. Organic- coal

Unitary structures

A unitary state is a state governed as one single unit in which the central government is supreme and any administrative divisions (subnational units) exercise only powers that their central government chooses to delegate. The great majority of states in the world have a unitary system of government.

Differentiated Instruction

A variety of techniques used to adapt instruction to the individual ability levels and learning styles of each student in the classroom. Student-centered

Infinitive

A verb form that functions as a noun or auxiliary verb, created by the word "to" followed by the verb ("to leave")

Leif Eriksson

A viking who was swept of course sailing from Norway to Greenland landing in Canada and then to Newfoundland and maybe to New England

Context Clues

A vocabulary strategy in which the reader looks at the words around an unfamiliar word to find clues to its meaning.

Federalism

A way of organizing a nation so that two or more levels of government have formal authority over the same land and people. It is a system of shared power between units of government. Power is divided between the federal, or national, government and the states

Articles of Confederation

A weak constitution that governed America during the Revolutionary War.

internal rhyme

A word inside a line rhymes with another word on the same line

Metaphor

A word or phrase that is used to make a comparison between two people, things or places (not using like or as)

Preposition

A word or phrase that shows the relationship of a noun to another noun (at, by, in, to, from, with).

Homonym

A word spelled exactly like another word, but having a different meaning

Adjective

A word that describes a noun

Verb

A word that expresses action, a state of being or feeling, or a relation between two things

Onomatopoeia

A word that imitates the sound it represents.

Onomatopoeia

A word that imitates the sound it represents. Ex. "sizzle" "cuckoo"

onomatopoeia

A word that imitates the sound it represents. EX: buzz or hiss.

Adverb

A word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb

Adverb

A word that modifies the meaning of an adjective e.g. gently, here, now, very.

Pronoun

A word that replaces a noun or other nouns. It must match the form of the noun that it is replacing. They are used to avoid being repetitive. ex: She, he, it, they, them.

Preposition

A word that shows the relationship of a noun or pronoun to another word

Conjunction

A word used to join words or groups of words

Homophone

A word which is pronounced the same as another but has a different spelling and meaning. I.e. foul/fowl; wood/would

Persuasive Writing

A writer takes a position FOR or AGAINST an issue and writes to convince the reader to believe or do something.

Tone

A writer's attitude toward his or her subject matter revealed through diction, figurative language, and organization on the sentence and global levels.

Anecdotal record

A written record kept in a positive tone of a child's progress based on milestones particular to a child's social, emotional, physical, aesthetic, and cognitive development.

Orthographic Awareness

Ability to perceive and recall letter strings and word forms, as well as the retrieval of letters and words Sight word vocabulary for both reading and spelling depends on this skill.

Questioning the Author

According to Beck, et al., this procedure stimulates students to reflect on what an author is trying to say in expository text. Teachers collaborate with students to improve comprehension of difficult texts. Teachers model questioning, such as: *What is the author trying to say? *Why does the author say this? *What did the author mean by this?

Transactional Strategy Instruction (TSI)

According to Brown and Co-Ogan, this is an instructional procedure that teaches students to use effective comprehension strategies to construct meaning from the text by: 1. planning and setting goals 2. activating background knowledge and using textual cues to construct meaning 3. self-monitoring comprehension 4. solving problems that occurred while reading 5. self-evaluating progress Students use following strategies in small groups to stimulate discussion: *making predictions based on prior knowledge *generating and asking questions *clarifying, as needed *visualizing the content they're reading *relating text to their own experiences *summarizing what was read

What is equilibration?

According to Piaget, development is driven by the process of equilibration. Equilibration encompasses assimilation (i.e., people transform incoming information so that it fits within their existing thinking) and accommodation (i.e, people adapt their thinking to incoming information). Piaget suggested that equilibration takes place in three phases. First children are satisfied with their mode of thought and therefore are in a state of equilibrium. Then, they become aware of the shortcomings in their existing thinking and are dissatisfied (i.e., are in a state of disequilibration and experience cognitive conflict). Last, they adopt a more sophisticated mode of thought that eliminates the shortcomings of the old one (i.e., reach a more stable equilibrium).

Multipass Learning Strategy

According to Schumaker, this strategy was designed to help high students with learning disabilities to improve reading comprehension and includes three main parts: 1. The Survey Pass which is reading the chapter title, comparing it to the previous chapter, and predicting what will happen 2. The Size-up or Textual Cues Pass which is reading and considering the table of contents, chapter introduction, summary, etc. 3. The Sort-out Pass which is when students determine how the chapter is organized by reading subtitles and other organizational elements, and then write an outline in their own words based on the main headings in the chapter.

Directed Reading and Thinking Activity (DRTA)

According to Stauffer, this activity emphasizes reading as a process of thinking. During reading, the teacher pauses at strategic places and asks students to make predictions, possibly record predictions on a chart. Predictions, and text-supported reasons for predictions, are discussed.

Acquisition

Acquisition tends to be more relevant to students and it appears to be the conscious choice of how students want to learn. This approach involves self-instruction, experimenting, inquiry, exploring, and general curiosity. Acquisition accounts for about 20% of what students learn.

Benjamin Franklin

American public official, writer, scientist, and printer. After the success of his Poor Richard's Almanac (1732-1757), he entered politics and played a major part in the American Revolution. Franklin negotiated French support for the colonists, signed the Treaty of Paris (1783), and helped draft the Constitution (1787-1789). His numerous scientific and practical innovations include the lightning rod, bifocal spectacles, and a stove.

Benjamin Franklin

American public official, writer, scientist, and printer. After the success of his Poor Richard's Almanac (1732-1757), he entered politics and played a major part in the American Revolution. Franklin negotiated French support for the colonists, signed the Treaty of Paris (1783), and helped draft the Constitution (1787-1789). His numerous scientific and practical innovations include the lightning rod, bifocal spectacles, and a stove. EX. he helped draw up the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution; he played a major role in the American Revolution and negotiated French support for the colonists; as a scientist he is

Iran-Contra

Americans kidnapped in Beirut by Iranian government, the, scandal included arms sales to the Middle East in order to send money to help the Contras in Nicaragua even though Congress had objected, Poindexter and North involved

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

An African-American Civil Right's Activist who was peaceful. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his cause. He was assassinated in 1968 in Tennessee

Jefferson Davis

An American statesman and politician who served as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history from 1861 to 1865

The Declaration of Independence

An act of the Second Continental Congress, adopted on July 4, 1776, which declared that the Thirteen Colonies in North America were "Free and Independent States" and that "all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved."

The Tea Act

An act passed by Parliament to help the British East India Company by allowing the company to sell tea directly to the colonies without using colonial merchants. Colonial merchants were angry because they felt cheated by the British government. Colonists felt the British were violating their right to free enterprise.

Shared Reading

An activity in where the teacher and students sit together around a Big Book so that all can see the print and pictures. Individual students are selected to point to print and the other students join in and reading at their own level of expertise. Sometimes, the teacher reads a passage while pointing to the words to help young readers learn to read.

What is Language?

An agreed on "symbol system"

Reader's Theater

An approach in which students read their parts from a script in front of a group after practicing. The material read is highly motivating and not too difficult.

Direct instruction

An overarching method for teaching students that includes carefully planned lessons presented in small, attainable increments with clearly defined goals and objectives. Often includes lecture, demonstration, review of student performance, and student examination.

Pre-phonetic

An understanding that language can be represented on paper, but not that letters correspond to certain sounds.

Alphabetic Principle

An understanding that specific letters or letter combinations represent specific speech sounds in spoken words.

Emergent Reader

Child on the path to fluent literacy, before conventional reading and writing skills emerge. Child can demonstrate alphabet knowledge; a concept of what a word is; a sense of story as in beginning, middle, and end; listening and retelling skills; phonemic awareness, and verbal expression.

Conventional Writing

Children at this stage have a sense of audience and purpose for writing

Phoneme Segmentation

Children break a word into its separate sounds, saying each sound as they tap out or count it. Then they write and read the word.

Phoneme Blending

Children listen to a sequence of separately spoken phonemes and then combine the phonemes to form a word. EX: What word is b/i/g - now let's write the sounds in big, then write the word on the board and read the word.

Phoneme Addition

Children make a new word by adding a phoneme to an existing word. EX: What word do you have if you add /s/ to the beginning of park? - "Spark"

In what locations would children encounter environmental print?

Children see written language all around them (in books, supermarkets, department stores, fast food restaurants, on television, signs, and a variety of printed materials from videos games to labels on household products.

Phoneme Substitution

Children substitute one phoneme for another to make a new word. EX: The word is bug, change the /g/ to /n/. What's the new word? bun.

Scribble Writing

Children use a pencil or crayon to explore the vast empty space on a blank sheet of paper.

Chinese Imperial Government

Chinese civilization originated in the Yellow River Valley. Three dynasties ruled early China: Xai, the Shang (1500-1122 BCE) and Zhou (1122-211 BCE)

Language acquisition

Chomsky's concept of an innate, prewired mechanism in the brain that allows children to acquire language naturally.

Resources

Anything that is used to produce goods or services

What is the teacher's role in children's play?

Onlooker Role - teacher is physically present near the play setting but does not enter into it Stage Manager Role - teacher might make suggestions to extend the play Co-player Role - teacher becomes directly involved in the lay as a participant Leader Role - the teacher is very directive and models specific behaviors of the play

What is operant conditioning?

Operant conditioning is coined by B.F. Skinner, is based upon the premise that learning is a function of change in overt behavior. The change in behavior is a result of the student's response to events (stimuli) occurring in one's environment. A response produces a consequence such as, jumping rope or learning to swim. When a particular Stimulus-Response (S-R) pattern is reinforced (rewarded), the individual is conditioned to respond. Skinner examined how learning was affected by stimuli presented after an act was performed. He discovered that certain stimuli caused the organism to repeat an act more frequently. He labeled "stimuli" with this effect the "reinforces." Today, classroom teachers are the recipients of this finding by using reinforcement as a means of controlling and motivating student behavior. The term "behavior modification" is an important technique teachers employ in improving the learning and classroom behavior of their students.

Indian Removal Act

Passed in 1830, authorized Andrew Jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes living east of the Mississippi. The treaties enacted under this act's provisions paved the way for the reluctant—and often forcible—emigration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West.

The Federal Home Loan Bank Act

Passed in July 1932, created home-loan banks, made loans to building and loan associations, saving banks, and insurance companies to help them avoid foreclosures on homes.

Verb Tenses

Past, present, future; Error occurs when they are inconsistent

King George III

King of England during the American Revolution

King George

King of England during the American revolutionary war and was blamed for the loss of the 13 colonies.

Lous xvi

King of France during Fr Rev; was tried for treason against liberty and executed, ending absolute rule in England

Kinship Patterns

Kinship- State of being related to others; culturally learned; Bilateral Descent Both sides of a person's family are regarded as equally important; Patrilineal Descent Only father's relatives are important; Matrilineal Descent Only mother's relatives are significant

Palestine and the Hebrews

Hebrew was subject to slavery Hebrews fled Egypt under Moses and returned 300 years later.

Characteristics of Anthropology

Holism Culture Comparative method Relativism Field work

Economic Institutions

Households and families and formal organizations such as corporations, government agencies, banks, labor unions, and cooperatives.

Neolithic period or new stone age

Humans engaged in systematic agriculture and domesticated animals. They used the skins and bones to make clothing and weapons. They lived in farming villages and towns. They developed crafts, pottery and writing.

Consequences of WWI

Increase of Socialist ideas in Europe; The Republic became most pop. type of govt; 1919 Treaty of Versailles caused hostilities and resentment that paved way for WWII; Germany singled out for harsh treatment, forced to take responsibility, size of German state reduced, Italy and France enlarged, Weimar govt not liked by most of citizens; Middle East boundaries redrawn; Status of working class increased; US power elevated; Technological advances; War debt caused inflation; rocky financial period for people; German mark devalued; Shifted worlds financial center from England to US; disruption of world trade; Growing distrust with govt; Sense of loss and anger over 10-13 million people killed

Background Knowledge

Information that is necessary to understand a situation.

Deductive Reasoning

Initiated from the general to the more specific, and often referred to as the "top-down" approach. Deductive reasoning is more narrow and primarily concerned with testing hypotheses.

Cooler areas

Inland area

Verbal

Instruction through lecture and textbooks Ability to express oneself orally or in writing

Utopian Socialists

Intellectuals and theorists in the early 19th century who favored equality in social and economic conditions and wished to replace private property and competition with collective ownership and cooperation

Kinesthetic

Interacting with the physical environment Activities that utilize fine and gross motor skills

What events engage students not only in the enjoyment of a story but also in the development of skills and strategies through reading aloud?

Interactive reading and writing

Incas

Interior of South America, Ecquador-Chile. "Children of the Sun", believed that they were the sun god's vice regents on earth and more powerful than other humans. Every person's place in society was fixed and immutable and that the state and army were supreme.

Cognitive (Pedagogy Theory)

Internal mental processes that are used to acquire knowledge. Problem solving, memory, language Students acquire information and skills based on prior knowledge Instruction must be delivered at the appropriate level or stage of student development

America's Role in WWII

Internment of Japanese Americans, atomic bomb, baby boom. Roosevelt proclaimed neutrality on sept 1939, wanted to avoid war with Germany, Placed an embargo on export of aviation gasoline etc to japan and granted loan to china. Dec 7 Pearl harbor, dec 8 declared war on japan. Dec 11 Germany and Italy declared war on US. The Atomic bomb--Manhattan Project; Enola Gay dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima Japan on Aug 6 and Aug 9 on Nagasaki. Japan surrendered on Aug 14 1945.

Decoding

Interpretation of printed language and symbols to form words

Decoding

Interpreting and trying to make sense of a message

________________ scribbling is characterized by systematic repeated marks such as circles, vertical lines, dots, and squares.

Invented spelling

Causes of Exploration of America

Inventions of the compass and astrolabe; Gold, god, and glory; Sponsored voyages; create accurate African shoreline maps; Improvements in shipbuilding and weaponry; Trade routes;

What approaches support children working with their own language?

Language experience approach (LEA) is often associated with story dictation, recording the language of children on chart paper or newsprint, and using what they say as the basis for reading instruction. LEA includes planned and continuous activities such as individual and group dictated stories and building of word banks of known words, creative writing activities, oral reading of prose.

Academic Language

Language, often required in school settings, that focuses on things that are not immediately present, for instance descriptions, definitions and narratives.

Enlightenment

Later 1500's A secular worldview emerged: Age of Enlightenment. Belief in the autonomy of man's intellect apart from God's. Basic assumption was faith in reason rather than faith in revelation. "I think; therefore, I am." It affected new political and economic theories. Rousseau believed people were capable of governing themselves through a political (Locke) or social (Rousseau) contract forming society.

The parent's role in literacy development is to ____________________ .

Lead. Model, and facilitate learning by being supportive by socializing children in the uses of written language b engaging them in Learning to read begins through interaction with parents and other significant members of a family. lead, model, facilitate learning by being supportive, and by socializing children in the uses of written language by engaging them in conversation about written language and by encouraging and accepting kids constructions of meaning through written language

Theories of Language Acquisition Four Approaches

Learning Approach Linguistic Approach Cognitive Approach Sociocognitive Approach

Operant Conditioning

Coined by B.F. Skinner. Is based upon the premise that learning is a function of change in overt behavior. The change in behavior is a result of the student's response to events (stimuli) occurring in one's environment. A response produces a consequence such as, jumping rope or learning to swim. When a particular Stimulus-Response (S-R) pattern is reinforced (rewarded), the individual is conditioned to respond. Skinner examined how learning was affected by stimuli presented after an act was performed. He discovered that certain stimuli caused the organism to repeat an act more frequently. He labeled "stimuli" with this effect the "reinforces." Today, classroom teachers are the recipients of this finding by using reinforcement as a means of controlling and motivating student behavior. The term "behavior modification" is an important technique teachers employ in improving the learning and classroom behavior of their students.

Consonant Clusters

Combination of three or more letters blended together so that each consonant is still pronounced. EX: spl-splash

Logical

Logic, reasoning, problem solving. Sequential and orderly instruction and structured environments. Conforms to teacher-directed activities

Chinese Revolution

Long revolutionary process in the period 1912-1949 that began with the overthrow of the Chinese imperial system and ended with the triumph of the Communist Party under the leadership of Mao Zedong

Skimming

Looking over a document to get a general idea of its contents.

Human resources

People using efforts, knowledge, and skills at work to produce goods and services

Minutemen

Member of a militia during the American Revolution who could be ready to fight in sixty seconds

Schemata

Mental networks of related concepts that influence understanding of new information.

Inner planets

Mercury Venus Earth Mars

What is Metacognitgion?

Metacognition involves several important elements including designing, monitoring, and assessing a specific plan of action. Steps students should take to enhance metacognition are (1) identify how much they know about a specific topic to consider for developing a project, (2) have an idea of exactly how much time they want to devote to the project, (3) have an idea of when the project is expected to e completed, (4) monitor their progress by reviewing their work relative to the project, and (5) assess their performance and/or satisfaction with the project or assignment. During this phase of the project, students should ask themselves "Am I satisfied?" or "Can I do a better job?" "If so, how?". In short, metacognition is simply the process of "thinking about thinking". In fact, good readers use metacognition before they read anything in order to help them clarify their purpose for reading and to preview the text.

Giovanni Boccaccio

Petrach's student and friend who pioneered in Humanism. He's famous for his Decameron and for being an avid collector of manuscripts, assembling an encyclopedia of Greek and Roman Mythology.

Phonological System

Phonological System is important in both oral and written language. There are 26 letters and 44 sounds and many ways to combine the letters - particularly the vowels-to spell many of the sounds. Sounds are called phonemes, and represented in print, and Graphemes are letter combinations.

What are phonological systems?

Phonological systems are important in both oral and written language. There are 26 letters and 44 sounds and many ways to combine the letters - particularly the vowels-to spell many of the sounds. Sounds are called phonemes, and represented in print, and Graphemes are letter combinations.

Dramas

Plays (comedy, modern, or tragedy) that are typically performed in five acts.

Subject-verb agreement

Plural subjects must have plural verbs. Singular subjects must have singular verbs

Portfolio Assessment

Portfolio assessment provides a body of student work--essentially, a portfolio--that can be used to evaluate student performance over time.

The Gettysburg Address

President Abe Lincoln gave a speech to dedicate a cemetery for the Union soldiers who had died in battle. He spoke of ideas of liberty and equality on which the nation had been founded. He honored soldiers who had died for their beliefs.

Major elements of emergent literacy

Print motivation: be interested in and enjoying books Print awareness: noticing print, knowledge of how to handle a book and knowing how to follow words Vocabulary: knowing the names of something Letter knowledge: understanding letters are different from one another and knowing their names and sounds Phonological awareness: being able to hear and play with smaller sounds in words

Grapheme

Printed/Visual symbol that represents a phoneme (sound).

Naturalistic Consequences

Procedures that involve activities interesting to students with naturally occurring consequences

______________ is knowledge acquired from an ongoing study of the practice of teaching.

Professional knowledge

Teaching Practice of Explicit Inst.

Promotes the use of materials and activities that give students structure and support in learning with a focus on the academic tasks to be learned. Each step toward goal attainment is taught to students and includes: modeling, positive feedback and practice opps The env must accomodate learning and be organized Students are provided feedback

Russian Revolution

Prompted by labor unrest, personal liberties, and elected representatives, this political revolution occurred in 1917 when Czar Nicholas II was murdered and Vladimir Lenin sought control to implement his ideas of socialism.

High-stakes testing

Pros: Instills higher expectations, focuses on instruction in specific content areas, improves student performance in testing, identifies under-performing schools and educators Cons: Promotes rote memory, focuses the instruction of the content on test, lacks funds and guidelines for remedies of learners, discriminates against culturally and linguistically diverse groups

Aspects of Speaking

Purpose, audience, inclusion of visuals, tone, opening and closing, details and anecdotes, volume, pitch, pace and gestures, eye contact, voice modulations, focus, organization, structure and point of view

Drafting

Purpose- getting ideas down on paper quickly; getting a first draft that can be evaluated according to purpose and audience. Strategies- fast writing; daily writing; journals of all types; buddy journals, dialogue journals, learning logs.

Marie Antoinette

Queen of France (as wife of Louis XVI) who was unpopular her extravagance and opposition to reform contributed to the overthrow of the monarchy; she was guillotined along with her husband (1755-1793)

15 amendment

Ratified 1870 - No one could be denied the right to vote on account of race, color or having been a slave. It was to prevent states from amending their constitutions to deny black suffrage.

The war of powers of Congress

Declare war, raise and support armies, provide and maintain a navy and provide for organizing, arming, and calling forth the militia.

Athens vs. Sparta

Democratic; trade and agriculture, military service optional, cosmopolitan; Oligarchic, mandatory military, agriculture

Adjective

Describes a noun or a pronoun by answering certain questions like: What Kind? Which One? How Many? What Color?

Structures of Writing

Description, Definition, Examples

The Reformation

Destroyed western Europe's religious unity and introduced new ideas about the relationship among God, the individual, and society. Against Catholic indulgences and focus more on the words of the Bible.

Accuracy rate

Determines what text is easy or frustrating--3 levels: Independent: 95%-100% Instructional: 90%-95% Frustration: below 90%

Gamma ray waves

Doctors use gamma-ray imaging, to see inside your body. ,,,The biggest gamma-ray generator of all is the Universe.

The Emancipation Proclamation

Document written by Abraham Lincoln which freed the slaves in the states that were in rebellion. This changed the reason why the war was fought from preserving the Union to freeing the slaves.

Alphabetic Principle

Each phoneme should have its own distinctive graphic representation.

What is information processing?

Is a theory advanced by George A. Miller who stressed the idea that short-term memory could only hold 5-9 chunks of information (seven plus or minus two). The term chunk represents any meaningful unit (i.e. digits, words, pictures, etc ...). The concept of chunking and the limited capacity of shore-term memory became a basic element of all subsequent memory theories.

Word Wall

Is a tool to help young readers learn to recognize and read specific words. Words are listed alphabetically on a chart by either students or teachers and displayed in the classroom for children to refer to while reading.

What is cooperative learning?

Is an instructional approach ha encourages students to work collaboratively as partners or in small groups on clearly defined tasks.

Constructivism

Is relative to problem solving. Here, students use creativity, analysis, and logic regarding their ability to analyze facts, make comparisons, generate ideas, defend view points, draw inferences, evaluate arguments and solve problems.

Double-Entry Journal

It enables students to record their responses to text as they read. Students write down phrases or sentences from their assigned reading and then write their own reaction to that passage. The purpose of this strategy is to give students the opportunity to express their thoughts and become actively involved with the material they read.

Information Processing

It is a theory advanced by George A. Miller who stressed the idea that short-term memory could only hold 5-9 chunks of information (seven plus or minus two). The term chunk represents any meaningful unit (i.e., digits, words, pictures, etc.). The concept of chunking and the limited capacity of short-term memory became a basic element of all subsequent memory theories.

What is emergence learning?

It is manifested via structuring, patterning, and constructing meaning, understanding, and ideas that did not exist initially. This process involves insight, reflection, creative expression, and/or group interactions. This method of learning is dependent on intelligence, synthesis, intuition, creativity, and problem-solving skills. Emergence only accounts for 1-2% of what individuals learn in a lifetime emergence like emerging ideas, building from what you know emerging into something else/new

The United States Constitution

It is the shortest and oldest written constitution of any major sovereign state. The United States Constitution was adopted on September 17, 1787, by the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was ratified in 1798. The document defines the three main branches of the government: The legislative branch with a bicameral Congress. Besides providing for the organization of these branches, the Constitution carefully outlines which powers each branch may exercise. It also reserves numerous rights for the individual states, thereby establishing the United States' federal system of government.

Anthropology

It is the study of all aspects of human kind, biological, cultural, and linguistic, past and present, throughout the world, using a holistic approach.

Command Economies

It rely on a central authority to make decisions. The central authority may be a dictator or a democratically constituted government. It relies on the government.

Ivan P. Pavlov

Ivan P. Pavlov discovered "conditioning" and initially believed that all behavior was reflexive. Ivan P. Pavlov thought that all learning, whether the elicited responses in animals, or of highly conceptual behaviors in humans was due to the mechanisms of classical conditioning. We now believe theory to be wrong.

The Road to Pearl Harbor

Japan signed the Tripartite Pact, a loose defensive alliance with Germany and Italy that seemed to extend the Axis into Asia. Roosevelt displayed his animosity toward Japanese policies by harshly denouncing their continuing assault on China and by terminating a longstanding American commercial treaty with the Tokyo government. Japan made out like it would do what the U.S. said, but instead Japan sent diplomats to Washington to discuss a peace also while sending bombers to attack Pearl Harbor. That was on December 7th, on December 11th the Axis powers declared war on the U.S. and the U.S. declared war back.

Jerome Bruner

Jerome Bruner suggested that learning is an active process where students' constructed new ideas and concepts based upon their current/past experiences and knowledge. The learned information selected is then transformed to constructs hypotheses and makes decision based on the cognitive structure.

Korean War

June 25, 1950 North Korea invaded South Korea. Conflict that began with North Korea's invasion of South Korea and came to involve the United Nations (primarily the United States) allying with South Korea and the People's Republic of China allying with North Korea.

Principles of Energy

Kinetic energy,,, Potential energy,,, Activation energy

Metacognition

Metacognition involves several important elements including, designing, monitoring, and assessing a specific plan of action. Steps students should take to enhance metacognition: (1) identify how much they know about a specific topic to consider for developing a project, (2) have an idea of exactly how much time they want to devote to the project, (3) have an idea of when the project is expected to be completed, (4) monitor their progress by reviewing their work relative to the project, and (5) assess their performance and/or satisfaction with the project or assignment. During this phase of the project, students should ask themselves, "am I satisfied?" or, "can I do a better job?" - "if so, how?" In short, metacognition is simply the process of "thinking about thinking." In fact, good readers use metacognition before they read anythingin order to help them clarify their purpose for reading and to preview the text.

Egypt

Middle Archaic Period-pyramids were built Post-Empire period- came under the successive control of the Assyrians (Persians: Alexander the Great) Roman Empire- they developed papyrus and made many medical advances

Activation energy

Minimum amount of energy, required to trigger, a chemical reaction.,, example:, starting a car

Erik Erikson

Erik Erikson developed the theory of psychosocial development relative to the eight stages of progression toward self-esteem. Erikson's development of identity continues throughout one's live time and, actually, it is never completed.

Psychosocial Theory of Development

Erikson--Each stage influences the next in the development process 1. Trust vs. Mistrust 2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt 3. Initiative vs. Guilt 4. Industry vs. Inferiority 5. Identify vs. Role confusion 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation 7. Generativity vs. Stagnation 8. Integrity vs. Despair

Roanoke

Established in 1587. Called the Lost Colony. It was financed by Sir Walter Raleigh, and its leader in the New World was John White. All the settlers disappeared, and historians still don't know what became of them.

Islamic Civilizations and Role of Islam and Spread of beliefs

Mohammed born in 570 CE, Marched to Mecca in 630. Shari'ah code 5 pillars: Belief in one God, pray 5 times a day, alms, fast sunrise-set during Ramadan, Hajj to Mecca. Participated in trade routes, spread of Islam. Spreading the word through conquests

Basic Elements of Poetry and Drama

Mood, rhythm Puppetry, story theater

Contextual Clues

Readers may comprehend more thoroughly if they know the position of words in a sentence, punctuation, and word relationships with sentences. They can make predictions.

Basal reading

Reading instruction that differs from a guided reading program in that it uses texts that are written to teach reading, as opposed to using written texts to teach reading. This type of program is sometimes referred to as a scientifically-based reading program.

Realia

Real objects used as teaching aids to make learning more natural. Includes items such as tickets, pictures, clothes, etc.

Intonation

Refers to how one's voice rises/falls in speaking

What is experiential learning?

Experiential learning is credited to Carl Rogers who suggested that all human beings have a natural propensity to learn. The role of the teacher is to facilitate learning via: setting a positive classroom climate for learning; clarifying the purposes and rules; organizing and providing learning resources; balancing both intellectual and emotional components of learning; and ensuring that students engage in self-evaluation to assess their progress and success.

Imports and Exports

Export is any international transaction that causes goods to flow into a country; an import similarly is any international transaction that causes goods to flow out of a country

Developmental Theory

Natural progression of growth A level of maturity/readiness must be reached Then students learn

Neolithic period

New Stone Age, domesticating animals systematic agriculture lived in towns and cities first civilization emerged in Mesopotamia and Egypt writing became more complex

Economic and Cultural Differences of North and South

North: factory workers, larger cities, smaller agriculture, urban areas, workers; South: Largely agricultural, large plantations, slavery

Science thinking skills

Observing Communicating Comparing Organizing Relating Inferring Applying

example of hyperbole

"I'm so hungry, I could eat an elephant!" is an [example of...]

The Civil War

(1861-1865) - A major war within the United States between (the Union) northern states and eleven Southern states (the Confederates) which secessed from the Union over states rights and slavery issues and formed the Confederate States of America under direction from Jefferson Davis. This war resulted in the southern states losing and being re-instated into the Union and the abolishment of slavery.

Hay-Bunau-Varilla treaty

(1903) treaty that granted the US land to build the Panama canal in exchange for $10 million and annual payments to Panama. Occured shortly after Panama's independance.

Niagara Movement

(1905) W.E.B. Du Bois and other young activists, who did not believe in accommodation, came together at Niagara Falls in 1905 to demand full black equality. Demanded that African Americans get right to vote in states where it had been taken away, segregation be abolished, and many discriminatory barriers be removed. Declared commitment for freedom of speech, brotherhood of all peoples, and respect for workingman

Mexican Revolution

(1910 - 1920) A political revolution that removed dictator Porfirio Diaz, and hoped to institute democratic reforms. While a constitution was written in 1917, it was many more years until true change occurred.

World War I

(1914 - 1918) European war in which an alliance including Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, and the United States defeated the alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, and Bulgaria.

World War II

(1939 - 1945) A war fought in Europe, Africa and Asia between the Allied Powers of Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States against the Axis Powers of Germany, Italy, and Japan.

Trail of Tears

(AJ) , The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.

The Louisiana Purchase

- The United States purchased Louisiana from the French in 1803 for an amazing bargain of only $15 million. This is significant because the 828,000 square miles that made up the Louisiana Purchase more than doubled the entire United States at that time.

Applications of Behavorism

-Basal readers -Minilessons -Repeated readings

Elements

112 basic kinds of matter

Chromosomes

46 total 23 from father 23 from mother

Thermosphere

4th layer of the atmosphere. Hotest layer of the atmosphere. Least dense layer Has the Ionosphere

Pearl Harbor

7:50-10:00 AM, December 7, 1941 - Surprise attack by the Japanese on the main U.S. Pacific Fleet harbored in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii destroyed 18 U.S. ships and 200 aircraft. American losses were 3000, Japanese losses less than 100. In response, the U.S. declared war on Japan and Germany, entering World War II.

Short Story

A fictional narrative written in prose, which is shorter than a novel.

Personification

A figure of speech in which an object or animal is given human feelings, thoughts, or attitudes

X-ray waves

A dentist uses X-rays to image your teeth, and airport security uses them to see through your bag.,,, Hot gases in the Universe also emit X-rays.

Jean Piaget

A Swiss biologist and psychologist constructed a model of child development and learning based on the idea that the developing child builds cognitive structures or mental maps, "schemes," or networked concepts for understanding and responding to physical experiences within their environment. The child's cognitive structure advances in sophistication with development and grows from a few innate reflexes such as crying to highly complex mental activities.

Accuracy

A description of how close a measurement is to the true value of the quantity measured.

Mnemonic Device

A device, such as a formula or rhyme, used as an aid in remembering.

War of 1812

A war between the U.S. and Great Britain caused by American outrage over the impressment of American sailors by the British, the British seizure of American ships, and British aid to the Indians attacking the Americans on the western frontier. Also, a war against Britain gave the U.S. an excuse to seize the British northwest posts and to annex Florida from Britain's ally Spain, and possibly even to seize Canada from Britain. The War Hawks (young westerners led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun) argued for war in Congress. The war involved several sea battles and frontier skirmishes. U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson seized Florida and at one point the British managed to invade and burn Washington, D.C. The Treaty of Ghent (December 1814) restored the status quo and required the U.S. to give back Florida. Two weeks later, Andrew Jackson's troops defeated the British at the Battle of New Orleans, not knowing that a peace treaty had already been signed. The war strengthened American nationalism and encouraged the growth of industry.

globalization

Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope.econ

Characterization

Actions, dialogue, and narrative description that reveal a sense of a character's personality to the reader.

Reading strategies

Activating prior knowledge; predicting or asking questions; visualizing; drawing influences; determining important ideas; synthesizing information; repairing understanding; confirming; using parts of a book; reflecting

Validity

Actually measuring exactly what you intend to measure

Captain John Smith

Admiral of New England, an English soldier, sailor, and author. This person is remembered for his role in establishing the first permanent English settlement in North America at Jamestown, Virginia, and his brief association with the Native American girl Pocahontas during an altercation with the Powhatan Confederacy and her father, Chief Powhatan. He was a leader of the Virginia Colony (based at Jamestown) between September 1608 and August 1609, and led an exploration along the rivers of Virginia and the Chesapeake Bay.

Intrapersonal

Affective reasoning--feelings, values, attitudes

Basic Components of Vocabulary

Affixes, root words, content clues

Major Rivers

Africa: Nile (world's longest), Congo (5th longest), Niger (largest delta in Africa), Zambezi (famous for the Victoria Falls, one of the "Seven Natural Wonders of the World"); South America: Amazon (worlds 2nd longest river); United States: Missouri (longest in U.S.), Mississippi (2nd longest in US), Colorodo (famous for the grand canyon), Niagara (famous for its falls), Rio Grande (between US and Mexico), St. Lawrence (links Great Lakes and Atlantic ocean)

Metacognition

An awareness and knowledge of one's mental processes such that one can monitor, regulate, and direct them to a desired end, self-mediation.

The Alien Act

Allowed president to expel any alien, or foreigner thought to be dangerous to the country.

KWL Chart

Allows students to activate prior knowledge. Step 1: Know Step 2: Want to know Step 3: Learn & still want to learn

Thomas Paine

American Revolutionary leader and pamphleteer (born in England) who supported the American colonist's fight for independence and supported the French Revolution (1737-1809) Common Sense 1776; Rights of Man

Doves

Americans who opposed the Vietnam War.

Hawks

Americans who supported the Vietnam War.

Cloze procedure

An assignment in which students find the correct terms omitted in a sentence or passage.

The Great Depression

An economic depression notable for its duration and intensity that struck the world from 1929-1933. Recovery was a long and difficult process. The farm economy was not prosperous, new construction declined, auto sales sagged, workers lost jobs, overpricing of stocks and selling and taking profits, stock market failed on October 29th, 1929.

Capitalism

An economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations, esp. as contrasted to cooperatively or state-owned means of wealth.

Traditional Economy

An economy in which production is based on customs and traditions and economic roles are typically passed down from one generation to the next.

Roman Empire

An empire established by Augustus in 27 BC and divided in AD 395 into the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern or Byzantine Empire. At its peak lands in Europe and Africa and Asia were ruled by ancient Rome

Consumers

An organism that obtains energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains. examples: rabbits, and bears.

Bankers and Entrepreneurs

Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, J.P. Morgan

Response generalization

Application of a learned behavior or skill to another setting

Synthesis (Create New)

Arrange things in a new way Generalize from given facts Relate knowledge from various areas

Major Mountain Ranges

Asia: Himalaya - largest mountain range on earth, Mt. Everest is its highest peak (29,035 feet), Karakoram and Pamir Europe: Alps, Caucasus, Carpathians, Pyrenees, Urals Africa: Abyssinian, Atlas, Ruwenzori, Kilimanjaro (inactive volcano) North America: Rocky Mountains and Appalachians South America: Andes; Australia: Kosciusko

Causes of WWI 1914-1918

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand on 28 June 1914; Nationalism in Serbia, Germany, France, and Britain; Alliance system and rivalry between powers; Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy and Trimple Entante of Britain, Russia, and France; First and Second Moroccan Crisis, 1905, Kaiser Wilhelm II; Annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovinia by Austria; Arms Race and militarism; International competition among European powers for colonies and economic markets, Imperialism

Ruled by one

Autocracy, Monarchy, and Dictatorship

Automaticity

Automatic information processing

Phonemic Awareness

Awareness of phonemes (sounds).

B. F. Skinner

Behaviorist theorist who explained that students learn to read by learning a series of discrete skills and subskills. Teachers use explicit instruction to teach skills in a planned, sequential order. Information is presented in small steps and reinforced through practice activities until students master it because each step is built on the previous one.

Scientific Revolution

Benedict de Spinoza rational pantheism that denied all free will and ended up with an impersonal, mechanical universe. Gottfried Leibniz worked on symbolic logic and calculus, and invented a calculating machine. John Locke (1632-1704) classified knowledge and believed reason and revelation were complementary and derived from God.

Rome and citizenship

Besides making one safe from the death penalty, a citizen enjoyed: suffragium - the right to vote commercium - the right to make contracts conubium - the right to contract a legal marriage Citizens did have responsibilities: they were taxed, and the men needed to complete a term of military service (in fact, only a citizen could become a Roman legionary).

Nonfiction Genres

Biography, autobiography, essay, news article, editorial, professional journal article, book review, political speech, technical manual, primary source material

Ozone layer

Blocks harmful ultraviolet rays from the sun from reaching the Earth's surface.

The big picture of Bloom's Taxonomy

Bloom's Taxonomy is responsible for formulating a classification of "the goals of the educational process". Bloom and a group of education psychologist developed a taxonomy based on the classification levels of intellectual behavior in important to the learning process. The taxonomy included three overlapping domains including cognitive, psychomotor, and affective.

Big Books

Books that are very large, with large print and pictures.

Economic sanctions

Boycotts, embargoes, and other economic measures that one country uses to pressure another country into changing its policies

Chained Response

Breaking down a task into smaller component parts so the student will complete the task in a sequence.

Segmenting

Breaking words down into sounds. Ex. Crack= C-R-A-C-K

Wait Time

By pausing (for about a minute) after asking a question, teachers will generate longer and more thoughtful answers from their students.

Feudalism-Social and Political Effects

By the 14th century the agrarian revolution, away from a rigid economic structure of agricultural production, wrought with servitude of peasantry with little or no recourse to freedom, had developed into what we can safely call, today, a capitalistic system.

Phoneme Segmentation

Children break a word into its separate sounds, saying each sound as they tap out or count it. Then they write and read the word. EX: How many sounds are in grab? g/r/a/b-thats right 4.

Sociological

Children learn through observations of others Educators should model and demonstrate concepts

Modeling

Children learn what is of high or low value by observing parents, peers, and significant others.

What is classical conditioning?

Classical conditioning is used by trainers for two purposes: To condition (train) autonomic responses, such as the drooling, producing adrenaline, or reducing adrenaline (calming) without using the stimuli that would naturally create such a response; and, to create an association between a stimulus that normally would not have any effect on the animal and a stimulus that would.

What is Guided Writing?

Classroom teacher supports student development with the writing process. Students are required to write sentences or passages while the teacher guides the process and instruction through conferences and mini lessons.

Physical Properties

Color-,, Density- ,, Hardness- ,, Conductivity-,,

General Strategies of Behavior Management

Create a comfortable and safe environment Involve students in creating rules and procedures Develop expectations and model appropriate behaviors Use immediate feedback and provide consistent reinforcements

Sociolinguistics

Created by Vygotsky. The study of language in relation to social factors, including differences of regional, class, and occupational dialect, gender differences, and bilingualism.

Great Wall of China

Created to keep out invaders. A series of fortifications made of stone, brick, tamped earth, wood, and other materials, generally built along an east-to-west line across the historical northern borders of China in part to protect them against intrusions

Visualization

Creating a visual mental picture of a concept

Critical Thinking

Critical thinking is relative to problem solving. Here, students use creativity, analysis, and logic regarding their ability to analyze facts, make comparisons, generate ideas, defend view points, draw inferences, evaluate arguments and solve problems.

Branches of Anthropology

Cultural anthropology: the study of living societies and their cultures; Biological anthropology: the study of human origins and biological adaptations - includes genetics, paleontology, and primatology; Archeology: the study of the human past through material remains, including buildings, artifacts, writing; Linguistics: the comparative study of languages.

Curriculum, Instruction, Assesment

Curriculum--What is taught Instruction--How it is taught Assesment--Whether it was taught

Convex

Curved Evenly, resembling a segment of the outer edge of a sphere,,,, look into a spoon,, you see yourself right side up

Semantics

The study of the meaning in language and the analysis of the meanings of words, phrases, sentences.

Automatic Reading (Automaticity)

Involves the development of strong orthographic representations, which allows fast and accurate identification of whole words made up of specific letter patterns.

Mesopotamia (c. 3500-c. 2350 BCE)

Invention of writing, military expertise, city-states, Code of Hammurabi. Sumer constructed dikes and reservoirs. Invention of writing in 3500 BCE marks the beginning of civilization

Digestive and Excretory systems

D breaks down food, E removes waste from food out of blood

Davio Ausubel

Davio Ausubel pointed out that learning is based primarily on the types of superordinate processes that occur during the early learning stage. New material is related to relevant idea in the existing cognitive structure. David Ausubel Subsumption Theory is concerned with how individuals learn vast amounts of meaningful material from lecture assignments in a school setting. Verbal learning was seen as the predominant method of classroom learning. David Ausubel felt discovery learning techniques are often uneconomical, inefficient, and ineffective. He felt most school learning is verbal learning (receptive learning) and indicated that individuals tend to forget things because certain details become integrated and lose their importance.

Napoleon's goals, conquests, empire, and defeat

Dec. 25, 1799. Domestic reforms and policies affected every aspect of French society. Concentrated power in his hands. Downfall resulted from inability to conquer England, economic distress caused by the boycott of British goods, the Peninsular War with Spain, the German war of liberation, and invasion of Russia. Actual defeat of him occurred at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815.

Imagery

Description that appeals to the senses (sight, sound, smell, touch, taste)

Ferdinand and Isabella

During the late 15th century, they became King and Queen of a united Spain after centuries of Islamic domination. Together, they made Spain a strong Christian nation and also provided funding to overseas exploration, notably Christopher Columbus.

Purpose

Early in the writing process, the writer needs to definitively determine the purpose of the paper and then keep that purpose in mind throughout the writing process.

telegraphic speech

Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram--'go car'--using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting 'auxiliary' words

Structured Language Approach

Involves an in-depth focus on letter/sound relationships and progresses through letters, phonemes, blended syllables, to whole words.

Free Enterprise

Economic system in which individuals and businesses are allowed to compete for profit with a minimum of government interference

Mixed economies

Economic systems in which some allocation of resources is made by the market and some by the government

Factors that affect settlement patterns

Economic, cultural, physical, political reasons

readability graph

Edward Fry. mathematical equation gives the relationship between two variables: the number of sentences per 100 words and the number of syllables per 100 words. the result of graphing this information is the grade level of the book.

Embedded Phonics Instruction

Embedding of phonics instruction in texts selected for reading can result in a more implicit approach that relies a large extent on incidental learning.

What is emergent spelling?

Emergent spelling is typical of preschoolers, ages three to five and involves the stringing and scribbling of letters to form words. Emergent spelling represents a natural, early expression of the alphabet and other concepts about writing. Children may write randomly across the page. Students tend to prefer using uppercase letters.

Glittering Generalities

Emotionally appealing words associated with highly-valued concepts that carry conviction without supporting information.

Social-Emotional Domain

Emotions are an expression of feelings that reflect needs and desires. If their basic needs are met, a bond forms with the care-giver, which permits other social relationships to emerge and more complex emotions to evolve.

Active listening

Empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies.

Sound energy

Energy caused by an object's vibrations,,, examples:, guitar string,, bang on a drum,,, It travels through solid, liquid, and gases, but travels best through a denser object, such as a solid.,,, It has more molecules to vibrate.

Conduction

Energy is passed from atom to atom, through direct contact.,,, examples:, cooling of a car, and heating a pan, on a stove.

Kinetic energy

Energy of motion,,, example:, vehicle moving, after starting

Radiation

Energy that is radiated, or transmitted, in the form of rays, or waves or, particles traveling great distances, with no contact, during transferring the heat,,, examples:, food in a microwave, X-ray machine, and nuclear weapons

Learning cycle (5 E model)

Engage, Explore, Explain, Elaborate, Evaluate.

John Cabot

English explorer who claimed Newfoundland for England while looking for Northwest Passage

Credit unions

Established originally by large organizations, trades, and other large employment groups. The facility operates for the benefit of their "members", are not-for-profit corporations, and are licensed under the National Credit Union Administration.

Questions to Increase Reading Comprehension

Examples: 1. "Right there" questions that can be answered by one specific portion of text, such as, "Who was Frog's friend?" 2. "Think and search" questions that can usually be answered in multiple places in the text, such as, "Why was Frog sad?" 3. "Author and you" questions require students to comprehend text and then relate it to their prior knowledge, such as, "What do you think Frog felt, seeing Toad again?" 4. "On you own" questions require students' previous experiences and knowledge more than text, such as, "How would you feel if your best friend moved away?"

Syntactic Cueing

Involves evaluating a word for its part of speech and its place in the sentence E.G. The reader determines if it is a noun, verb, adjective, etc.

Expository Text

Factual text written to explain and give information about a topic.

Rise of Fascism in Italy

Fascism included a sense of nationalism (a powerful sense of patriotism) and leaders were often dictatorial, ruthless in suppressing opposition, and interested in centralizing power. Italy received just some of the territories promised by the Allies. Chaos ensued as peasants seized land, workers went on strike, veterans faced unemployment, trade declined, and taxes rose. The government could not end the crisis. Benito Mussolini brought in Fascism into Italy;

Banks

Financial institutions that accept deposits and make loans

Bill of Rights

First ten amendments to the Constitution, drafted by Madison, placed limitations of government and protects natural rights.

Aspects of Listening

Following directions, responding to questions appropriately, focusing on the speaker.

Sub-Saharan Africa 2

Forest kingdoms. Guinea (the southern coast of West Africa) was home to a variety of states known as the forest kingdoms, renowned for their achievements in bronze sculpture. Among the largest were Oyo, Benin, and Ashanti. In addition to gold, forest kingdom industries included palm oil and pepper.

Parlimentary systems

Form of government in which a leader is chosen by and responsible to the legislature, as well as being members of the legislature.

Contingency contract

Formal agreement between teacher and student that identifies behaviors the student will exhibit and the reinforcers that will follow.

Methods of Assessing Fluency

Formal measurement would be timed passages-words per minute. Graph on a chart. Informally, student reads to teacher and making a judgment-should use formal measures.

Assesment

Formative assesment-Collection of data through on-going daily lessons or units of study in order to analyze student achievement and assist students in the learning process Summative assesment-is the collection of data at a specific completion point in order to identify needs and make decisions to support student learning. Used at end of a unit.

Rights of Democratic Citizens

Freedom of speech, religion, press, assemply, petition and privacy

Recessive gene

Gene that is expressed only in the absence of a dominant gene

Prewriting

Generating and gathering ideas for writing; preparing for writing; identifying purpose and audience for writing; identifying main ideas and supporting details. Strategies- taking and oral activities; brainstorming, clustering; questioning, reading, keeping journals in all content areas.

Uses of Geography

Geography can be helpful when interpreting past or present events of phenomena

railway locomotive

George Stephenson made commercially successful

Alfred Weneger

German scientist created the continental drift theory (1915)

What is the Gestult Theory?

Gestalt theorists followed the basic principle that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. In other words, the whole (a picture, a car) carried a different and altogether greater meaning than its individual components (paint, canvas, brush; or tire, paint, metal, respectively). In viewing the "whole," a cognitive process takes place - the mind makes a leap from comprehending the parts to realizing the whole. The fundamental premise of Gestalt psychology relates to a sense of wholeness. Gestalt theory emphasized a higher-order cognitive process relative to behavior, and endorses the notion of grouping characteristics of stimuli to allow for the interpretation of a problem.

Personification

Giving human characteristics to nonhuman things Ex. "The run-down house seemed to be depressed"

Question Answer Relationship (QAR) Strategy

Giving students questions and/or helping students to formulate questions, to answer when they are reading provides students with purposes for their reading.

Causes of WWII 1939-1945

Great Depression; emergence of the Nazi party; Treaty of Versailles; War Guilt Clause; Reparations; German Disarmament/demilitarized; Territorial losses from Germany; Hitler's Actions: built up military, made alliances, expansionist; Failure of Appeasement; Invasion of Poland; Failure of the League of Nations; Emergence of Fascism

Urban conditions post Civil War

Growth of factories, city life, industry

Government's role in economics

Guides the overall pace of economic activity, attempting to maintain steady growth, high levels of employment, and price stability. By adjusting spending and tax rates (fiscal policy) or managing the money supply and controlling the use of credit (monetary policy), it can slow down or speed up the economy's rate of growth -- in the process, affecting the level of prices and employment.

Word Recognition

Has to do with instantly identifying words as wholes, without resorting to analyzing words letter by letter and blending sounds to access an approximate pronunciation.

Convection

Heat transferred, by the movement, of fluids-liquids and gases,,, examples:, breezes, water, heat in a oven.

Developmental Approach

Students go through several states of development from invented spelling to conventional spelling.

Hoover's Depression Policies

Hoover felt it wasn't the Governments place to try and fix the Depression. He felt the depression would fix itself and people individually could work itself out

Fluency

How well a student is able to read something. (E.g. Are they slow readers who constantly have to slow down/stop to sound out words?)

Howard Gardner

Howard Gardner is credited with coining the Multiple Intelligences Theory which is a pluralized way of understanding the intellect. Researchers believe that each person's level of intelligence is made up of autonomous faculties that can work individually or in concert with other faculties. Howard Gardner identified seven such faculties he labels as `intelligences' including: musical intelligence, bodily-kinesthetic intelligence, logical-mathematical intelligence, linguistic intelligence, special intelligence, interpersonal intelligence, and, intrapersonal intelligence

Paleolithic and Neolithic Periods

Hunter-gatherer and agricultural revolution

Informal reading inventories

IRI: Student reads aloud while teacher notes miscues. Student then answers comprehension questions. Then the student is timed while reading the passages silently and answering comprehension questions.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

If all the needs on this hierarchy are met, the child will have the ability to seek knowledge, learn and develop appropriately. (From bottom up) Level I: Basic needs, exploration, manipulation, physiological needs II:Security, protection, safety III:Closeness and love IV:Esteem and self-esteem V:Self-actualization

Impact of French Revolution

Increased criticism directed toward governmental inefficiency and corruption, and toward the privileged class. Members of the directory believed that through peace, they would gain more wealth and prestige. Impacted American Revolution. Gave rise to a new government and constitution in the hands of Napoleon

Context clues

Information from the reading that hints at a word's meaning.

Round-robin Reading

Is an outdated reading strategy that attempts to teach students to read by having them follow other students in reading specific passages of text identified by the teacher. This technique is not recommended because it hampers reading fluency, its boring, and it causes students to lose interest in the story.

Word Relationships

It is best when teaching new words to show relationships between words, such as Antonyms, synonyms, etc.

Derivational Relations Spelling

It is common among students ages 11-14. Students explore the relationship between spelling and meaning during the derivational relations stage, and learn that words with related meanings are often related in spelling despite changes in vowel and consonant sounds (e.g., wise-wisdom, sign-signal, nation-national). Examples of spelling errors include: CRITISIZE (criticize), APPEARENCE (appearance), and COMMITTE or COMMITEE (committee). The focus in this stage is on morphemes, and students learn about Greek and Latin root words and affixes.

What is essential for families to use when trying to motivate young children to become better readers?

It is essential for families to provide access to print and books. Adult demonstrations of literate behavior, support to the child, and storybook reading.

John B. Watson

John B. Watson convinced psychologists that the real explanation of behavior was found in the nervous system, and that the study of the brain would explain the concept of conditioning as it related to behavior change.

Strategies to activate students prior knowledge

KWL Charts, semantic maps, anticipation guides, browsing, predictions="Anticipatory set"

Das Kapital

Karl Marx's book that said all social classes should end and everyone should be equal with equal ownership of businesses

Classification of living things

Kingdom, >Phylum, > Class, > Order, > Family, > Genus, > Species

Emergent literacy

Knowledge and skills relating to reading that children usually develop from experience with books and other print media before the beginning of formal reading instruction in school.

Orthographic knowledge

Knowledge of common letter patterns that skilled readers use rapidly and accurately to associate with sounds

Orthographic knowledge

Knowledge of spelling patterns and pronunciations- part of the word knowledge stage

Bloom's Taxonomy

Knowledge — Obtain information. Comprehension — Understand the information obtained Application — Use the information in different situations Analysis — Analyze the information so you understand sub-parts, and see how it compares to other information Synthesis — Combine the information with previously-learned information to come up with new information/conclusions Evaluation — Use the information to make the best judgement possible about something

Rows Supporting the Periodic Table

Known as a period and follows a pattern of increased by atomic number

With-It-Ness

Kounin's theory where teachers must have this or the awareness of what is happening in their classrooms in order to mange their classrooms well. Also must create smooth transitions between activities.

Lawrence Kohlberg

Lawrence Kohlberg developed the theory suggesting that children proceed through a series of stages during which they refine their concept of justice. The Theory of Moral Reasoning is designed to help teachers identify a student's level of reasoning and to stimulate their moral and behavioral growth.

Constructivism (Theory of Human Development)

Learning evolves and becomes more complete and complex over time as individuals build upon prior knowledge. Piaget was instrumental in describing that children develop by constructing or building knowldge based on what is already known. Two principles of this theory: Learning is an active process; students learn different things from the same experience. Learners must be actie in the learning process.

Levis Vygotsky

Levis Vygotsky is credited with developing the Social Cultural learning model. Vygotsky pointed out that culture is the prime determinant of individual development and humans are the only species to have created culture that helps children develop in the context of its culture. Language is an important process in the learning scheme.

Scarcity

Limited quantities of resources to meet unlimited wants

Root Words

Main part of the word that provides the word's basic meaning also known as 'base words'.

Mastery Learning

Mastery learning proposes that all children can learn when provided with the appropriate learning conditions in the classroom.

Uses of figurative language

Metaphor, simile, alliteration

Repeated Reading

Method in which children reread a short, meaningful passage until a degree of fluency is achieved.

Neurological Impress Method (NIM)

Method of working with struggling readers who need to increase reading speed. A struggling reader with a more fluent reader, reads text aloud simultaneously.

Minilessons

Minilessons are associated to direct instruction and skill-and-drill activities. Teachers use direct instruction during the mini-lesson to teach about reading and writing procedures, skills, and strategies. The second kind of teaching is indirect teaching. Here, teachers use indirect teaching for brief, on-the-spot mini-lesson as they respond to students' questions or assist students who need specific help. Mini-lesson takes place during whole-class activities, conferences with students, or working with small groups. Teachers may also do indirect teaching as they model reading when reading aloud to the class, and as they model writing during collaborative writing exercises. (Tompkins, 2002 - p. 66)

Olmec society in Mesoamerica (c. 1200-c. 400 BCE)

Monumental sculpture, ceremonial centers, writing. The first major civilization in Mexico. They lived in the tropical lowlands of south-central Mexico. Practiced ritual bloodletting and played the Mesoamerican ballgame, hallmarks of nearly all subsequent Mesoamerican societies

Metaphor

More complex than using "like" or "as". A comparison that establishes a figurative identity between objects being compared. Largely used in poetry. EX: 'Her lovely voice was music to his ears.'

Morphemes

Morphemes are word forms and another component of syntax. Morphemes are also the smallest meaningful units in language and word parts that could also change the meaning of a word.

Cognitive Domain

Most critical-mental skills are essential for the development of all other domains. -Focuses on primary skills of thinking and reasoning. -Other skills: Remembering, problem solving, decision making, naming, recognizing, making generalizations, understanding cause and effect relationships and analyzing perceptions. -Theorists who concentrated on this: -Skinner: Behavioral learnign theory -Piaget: Cognitive Development Theory

Compare and Contrast methods

Point by point: each aspect of 1 point is followed by an aspect of the other block Several aspects of 1 point followed by several of the other

Visible waves

Our eyes detect visible light,,, bulbs, and stars all emit visible light.,, Waves we can see; ,colors of the rainbow; ,all colors have different wavelengths, travel at same speed-combine, to make white light

After two or three readings of a big book such as "Hattie and the Fox", most 5 and 6 year olds know it by memory because of the book's ....

Predictability of the plot and language Big books such as these with their repetitive refrains, colorful illustrations, and cumulative plot endings allow children to make predictions and participate immediately in shared reading experiences.

Executive branch

President and Vice President President is the commander -in -chief of the armed forces appoints cabinet member nominates judges to the federal court system grants pardons recommends legislation has the power to veto legislation

Comprehension of Informational Text

Previewing & Skimming: looking through content quickly Graphic Organizers: KWL Anticipation Guides: Statements for students to think about before they read to activate prior knowledge

The First New Deal

Primarily focused on relief, targeted the unemployed, faced more criticism, many programs found unconstitutional, FDR created programs to help pull the country out of the Depression. During the Hundred Days, Congress passed 15 major acts, known as

question

Q in SQ3R

Physical Map

Shows the physical landscape features of a place. They generally show things like mountains, rivers and lakes and water is always shown with blue. Mountains and elevation changes are usually shown with different colors and shades to show relief.

Scan reading

Read for comprehension.

Reading Workshops

Reading workshops is designed to encourage students to read self-selected books independently or in small groups. Afterwards, students are expected to respond to the books by writing in their reading logs and discussing the book in small groups to other students who are also reading the same book. This approach helps students to become fluent readers and to deepen their appreciation of books and reading.

Analysis (Take apart)

Recognize patterns, organize parts, implications

Other Geographical Features

Rivers, bays, mountain ranges, plateaus, valleys, plains, ice caps, tundra, forest, grassland, desert, island

steamboat

Robert Fulton invented in 1807, a boat that moves by the power of a steam engine, made it easier and quicker to travel goods

Stages of a Writer

Role Play Emergent Developing Beginning Expanding

Basic Elements of Comprehension

Role of prior knowledge, literal and critical comprehension, metacognition

Syntax

Rules for forming sentences in a particular language.

Strategies for literary response skills

Semantic feature analysis Story mapping Sketch to stretch Compare and contrast chart KWL Response journals

Topographical Map

Similar to a physical map in that it shows different physical landscape features. They are different however because they use contour lines instead of colors to show changes in the landscape. Contour lines on topographic maps are normally spaced at regular intervals to show elevation changes (e.g. each line represents a 100 foot (30 m) elevation change) and when lines are close together the terrain is steep.

Guided Reading Strategy

Small group reading strategy used to foster improvement in reading strategy skills and comprehension that will lead to autonomously fluent reading skills.

Divergent Thinking

Students explore many possible solutions to a problem (e.g. brainstorming). This process is often creative and there is no one right answer.

Cloze Procedure

Students fill in missing words based on context (e.g. fill-in-the-blank sentences).

The Spanish-American War

Started with the blowing up of the Main battleship in Havana harbor that killed 166 American sailors. U.S. government blamed Spain and issued an ultimatum that the Spanish evacuate Cuba and they did. On May 1, 1898 U.S. warships destroyed Spanish fleet at Manila in Philippines. Two months later U.S. navy sank Spanish Atlantic fleet off Santiago, Cuba and in mid-August Spain was suing for peace

Constructivism

Students learn by taking experiences and seeing how they fit into their view of the world (assimilating) or else by changing their view of the world to fit with their experiences (accommodating). Learning is an individual process that must be motivated by the student. Everyone learns different things from different experiences. Teachers are suppose to be facilitators (help the student reach their own understanding of a concept) not lecturers.

Synthetic Phonics Instruction

Students learn how to change letters or letter combinations into speech sounds and then blend them together to form know words "sounding out".

Cooperative Learning

Students must utilize positive interdependence, individual accountability, interactions with others, and equal participation Think-Pair-Share: Teacher poses a question, students can think about it, then share Round Robin recall: Students are divided into small groups, and each member must recall what they know about a topic in a set amount of time

Round Robin Reading

Students take turns reading from a book.

Interactive Writing

Teachers and students compose passages and stories that are written collaboratively. Students are free to print some words or interact with the print as facilitated by teacher (shared pen).

Identify the characteristics of the whole language philosophy?

Teachers believe that language serves personal, social, and academic purposes in children's lives. Whole language approach reflects the beliefs that students learn to read through meaningful experiences such as reading, writing, speaking, and listening to things hat are more important to them.

When teacher develop their knowledge about teaching and learning, teachers engage in a process of seeking and making meaning from experiences. Which experiences have the least influence?

Teachers come to know about literacy learning through 1. personal experiences (past and present as readers and writers) 2. practical experience and knowledge of their craft as they work with and learn from children 3. professional study that allows them to develop and extend their knowledge base about teaching and learning literacy (personal and practical experience)

Application

The teacher helps students practice the strategy until they can apply it independently.

What is assimilation?

The cognitive process where information from the environment is integrated into existing schemata to use and apply recently learned knowledge into one's thought pattern in solving problems.

Marketing

The commercial processes involved in promoting and selling and distributing a product or service

What are initial blends?

The joining of two or more consonant sounds represented by letters that begins a word without losing the identity of the sounds. For example, /bl/ in black and the joining of the first consonant and vowel sounds in a word such as /b/ and /a/ in baby. This skill is important in learning phonics.

Using Developmentally Appropriate Practices

To meet the needs of all learners in a suitable environment. Must consider age of students, skill level, interests, cultural backgrounds, and social behaviors

Effects of Japan's isolation until 1850s

Tokugawa shogunate from 1603-1850 It allowed no commercial contact with foreign countries and no contact whatsoever between the population and the foreigners, and had banned all voyages abroad. -Did not experience industrialization like Western World -Inferior military powers -Poor stance to withstand intimidation from other powers -America helped them modernize their military. Led to the rapid militarization, the colonization of Korea and the deterioration of Sino-Japanese relations and the subsequent Sino-Japanese war and Pacific war during WWII.

Thomas West

Took over as governor after John Smith was not productive enough, London merchant who suggested that the Virginia Company form a joint-stock company and have colonists send back fish, furs, and timber in return for passage and supplies

Running Record

Tool to track a student's ability to recognize words--they read aloud from 250 words selection teacher follows along and checks each word they get wrong

Trade Books

Trade books are written specifically for children, but they are not textbooks. Trade books are storybooks, books of poetry, picture books, etc. and used to teach language arts.

Informative Writing

Writing that informs the reader in an attempt to create newfound knowledge.

Compare/Contrast Writing

Writing that shows how two or more things are the same or different

Russian Revolution 1917 Causes

Tsar's mismanagement; economic strain of WWI; widespread shortages of basic food and working conditions in factories deteriorated; Prices soared; Famine in large cities; Poor working conditions; Upper class resented Tsar Nicholas's autocracy; German wife left at helm of gov't under sway of Rasuptin; Army's morale was low; No political reforms; popular opposition to Tsar Nicholas; Oppression of the lower classes; Poor city living conditions; Political radicalism inspired by the West

Magnets

Two poles that have opposing charges of force: (+) positive charge, (-) negative charge

Homonym

Two words are _________ if they are pronounced or spelled the same way but have different meanings. (to two, too)

Diphthongs

Two-vowel combinations where both vowels are heard, but not quite making their usual sounds because of the blending (i.e. oy in TOY)

Narrative Writing

Writing that tells a story (e.g. has a plot). Has chronology (experiences time).

tools for vocabulary acquisition

[tools for...] include (1) affixes; (2) root words; (3) context clues

Classroom Management

Use app. lesson materials, vary tasks, assignments and activities, remove visual and auditory distractions, give directions in concise repetitive mannners, use modeling and demonstratisons for new tasks, support students when they make mistakes, listen to the learners, establish special areas for enrichment, help students organize work and work area, allow adequate time for learning, be clear about expectations

Alliteration

Use of the same consonant at the beginning of each stressed syllable in a line of verse. EX: "musical melody of the mystic minstrels"

Strategies to develop and improve fluency

Use of word lists, Phrases and passages at appropriate instructional level, Modeling of fluent reading, Paired reading, Echo reading, Readers theater.

Visual

Use spatial reasoning (maps, charts, illustrations)

Decoding

Uses the phonics skills students learn and apply that help them to figure out the pronunciation of an unfamiliar word in print.

Kyle, Kagan and Scott Approach

Utilizes win-win discipline and three pillars -no adversaries -shared responsibilty -long-term learned behavior Identify disruptive behaviors and create structures

Language/Communication

Vygotsky: Communication and language are critical. Language must become meaningful to children and they must acquire skills using language structures, pattern combinations, gestures, facial expressions, early literacy and expressive and receptive language in order to develop in this area. Early literacy development is a child's first introduction to reading and writing. Children must be exposed to activities that stimulate oral language and listening in order for them to acquire reading and writing skills.

want to know

W in KWL

Blend

Weaving individual sounds together to produce a word (e.g. "t-o-p")

Opportunity Cost

Whatever must be given up to obtain some item

Emergent Literacy

When a child uses books and writing materials to pretend to read/write, even though they do not actually know how to read/write.

Treaty of Verdun

When the son of Charles the Great dies his three sons agreed upon division of the land into three parts

William Glaser

William Glaser is credited with the Concept Control Theory. The Concept Control Theory is a motivation theory developed that contends that behavior is inspired by what a person wants most at any given time: survival, love, power, freedom, or any other basic human need.

Woman's Suffrage

Woman's right to vote; 19th amendment

3 metalinguistic abilities

Word Consciousness Language and conventions of print Functions of print

Reading and writing composition are dependent on ??? ???.

Word Knowledge

Sight Vocabulary

Words that a reader recognizes without having to sound them out.

Mayans

Yucatan, Guatemala and Eastern Honduras. By 500 BCE agricultural people had begun using a ceremonial calendar and built stone pyramids on which they held religious observances

stone pyramids

Zapotecs Totonacs Olmecs Toltecs also begun to use the ceremonial calendar

emergent literacy skills

[...skills] are developed from birth and include (1) listening, (2) speaking, (3) memory, (4) recognizing pattern and rhyme, (5) print awareness, (6) critical thinking, and (7) the development of fine motor skills necessary for writing.

phonological awareness skills

[...skills] include (1) rhyming and (2) segmenting

decoding skills

[...skills] include being able to (1) know the letters in the word and their appropriate sounds, (2) remember each of these sounds in sequence, and (3) put the sounds together to create a word.

critical comprehension tasks

[...tasks] include (1) determining author's purpose and tone; (2) distinguishing fact from opinion; (3) recognizing bias; (4) drawing logical inferences and conclusions

forms of fiction

[forms of...] include allegory, drama, fable, folktale, myth, novel, parable, short story, and tall tale

Reading strategies

activating prior knowledge predicting or asking questions visualizing drawing inferences determining important ideas synthesizing information repairing understanding confirming using parts of a book reflecting

visualizing

active readers create visual images based on the words they read int eh text. these created pictures enhance their understanding.

first grade number sense

addiciton and subtraction without manipulatives or using fingers

second grade number sense

addiction and subtraction usage on worksheets and timed tests

environmental print

advertisements, fast food chains, Ex. Mcdonalds sign, or an EXIT sign

second level of physical education

aerobic and basic skills, recreation activities and formal sports, cardiovascular activities

locomotor skills

aid student in traveling or moving some distance, fundamental skill for accessing home, school and community

Rural Electrification Administration

an administration to create affordable electricity would improve the standard of living and the economic competitiveness of the family farm; created to bring electricity to rural areas like the Tennessee Valley; many opposed

approach spelling with

alphabet knowledge, letter-sound correspondences, left-to-right directionality, word families, spelling patterns, phonics, word structures, irregular spellings, manipulating or building words

French Revolution

also called Revolution of 1789, the revolutionary movement that shook France between 1787 and 1799 and reached its first climax there in 1789. Hence the conventional term "Revolution of 1789," denoting the end of the ancien régime in France and serving also to distinguish that event from the later French revolutions of 1830 and 184

muscular strength

amount of force a muscle can produce

decoding

an ability to sound ot new words or to interpret a word from print to speech through the skill of sound-symbol correspondence

biography

an account of another person's life

autobiography

an account of the author's own life

Group processing

an activity in which members of a group reflect and evaluate their functioning as a group.

neurological-impress method (NIM)

an approach that adults had probably been using with children for generations. Developed by R.G. Heckleman. He advocates that the teacher sit slightly behind the reader; the teacher and learner hold the book jointly and read aloud together whenever possible. The teacher should slide a finger along each line and follow the words as the two say the words together. Method helps: 1. develop fluency in reading 2. impress the words into the memory of the learner 3. foster correct phrasing, intonation, fluency, mechanics, and pronunciation 4. build the learner's confidence 5. provide immediate success and feedback 6. provide a pleasant reading experience.

supply and demand

an economic concept that states that the price of a good rises and falls depending on how many people want it (demand) and depending on how much of the good is available (supply)

tsunami

an enormous wall of water that crashes

tall tale

an exaggerated story, usually about a real person

International Dateline

an imaginary line on the surface of the Earth, that runs from the north to the south pole and marks one calendar day from the next. It passes through the middle of the Pacific Ocean at 180 degrees longitude. Opposite of the Prime Meridian

Reflecting

an important strategy is for students to think about, or reflect on, what they have just read. Reflection can be simply thinking, or it can be more formal, such as a discussion or writing in a journal

Metalinguistic Awareness

an understanding of one's own use of language

Heterogeneous

an uneven, distribution of the substances, in the mixture throughout.,,, example:, milk (water and butterfat particles, which can be reversed, or separated

iambic foot

an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable

transformation

analysis of information, formation of opinions and actions taken. critical thinking and cultural pluralism

observation

anecdotal records and checklists to record students being observed doing tasks

Compounds

are when you have two or more different kinds of atoms in the molecule, and you have a given amount of that substance example:, Water - hydrogen combined with oxygen- H₂O

atoms

are 3 microscopic components of elements, electrons, neutrons, protons

Prehistory and Early Civilization

are Hominids, homo sapiens sapiens paleolithic period, or old stone age, mesolithic period or middle stone age and neolithic period or new stone age.

Columns Supporting the Periodic Table

are called groups (18 total), and indicate elements with similar chemical, and physical properties. 1through 18, moving left to right

Neanderthals

are extinct appeared in Africa between 200,000 and 150,000 years ago.

Volcanoes

are formed by constant motion of tectonic plates opening a weak area for heat to be released through lava in the earths crust.

Seas

are large bodies of salt water; smaller than ocean; often landlocked

Fungi

are multicellular organisms, sophisticated organization systems made up of eukaryotic cells, do not contain chlorophyll, cannot produce food through photosynthesis. examples: 1. mushrooms, 2. mold, 3. mildew, 4. yeast

The major events in history

are the Japanese attack Pearl Harbor, U.S. drops the atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Castro overthrows the Cuban government and Rosa Parks refuses to give up her seat on a public bus to a white man.

Mesopotamia and Egypt

are the first civilizations.

Oceans

are the largest bodies of salt water between the continents; there are 5 oceans: Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic, and Southern

Molecules

are two or more atoms bonded together in a chemical bond. examples:, natural- O₂,,, CO₂

vocabulary acquisition

as readers mature, they should gain a more extensive vocabulary

confirming

as students read and after they read, they can confirm the predictions they originally made. There is no wrong answer. One can confirm negatively or positively. Determining whether a prediction is correct is a goal.

Scientific Advances of 20th c

atomic power, atomic bomb, space travel, satellite tech, computers, genetic manipulation, internet, e-commerce

Syntactic Cues

attention to syntax can increase comprehension, or understanding. These cues include grammatical hints; the order of words; word endings; and the way the words function, or work, in a phrase, sentence, or passage.

key points in study of people

avoid stereotypical content, specify historical periods, variety of resources, diverse information

metacognition

awareness of one's own knowledge; self monitoring to assess progress, identify difficulties, and employ strategic problem-solving

language skills are developed

based on experiences they have and materials presented

Federal Income tax system

based on self assessment and voluntary compliance with tax law (promotes conveience). Taxpayers determine in privacy the amount of their income, deductions, and tax due (considered correct unless IRS detects an error). Relies on honesty and integrity of taxpayers

letter knowledge

basic knowledge of the alphabet and what sounds each letter makes; foundational for literacy accquisition

Monera

consists of unicellular organisms. the only group of living organisms made of prokaryotic cells examples: 1. blue-green algae 2. spirochetes 3. bacteria

synthetic phonics

convert letters into sound sequences and blend sounds to form words

second-language learners

basic principles to promote successful literacy for these students are: (1) place value on literacy skills they already possess; (2) utilize and enrich first-language knowledge; (3) ensure that instruction is at a developmentally appropriate level; (4) provide explicit vocabulary instruction; (5) provide ample exposure to rich language input; (6) maintain open communication, provide positive feedback, and encourage peer relationships.

semiphonic spelling

begins to understand letter-sound correspondence

Writing development

begins with scribbling, then developing pseudo- letters, then invented word, until conventional spelling is achieved

health curriculum

behaviors and conditions to ensure proper health, instill skills to use behaviors, teach attitudes, values and knowledge of behaviors, provide opportunities to practice skills

Shilites

believe they are Mohammed's true successors

Protists

contains a type of eukaryotic cell and includes diverse, mostly unicellular organism that live in aquatic habitats examples: 1. protozoans 2. various types of algae 3. Amoeba 4. Paramecium 5. Euglena

parallel process

blending an arts related activity with an academic subject activity

phonemic awareness

blending sounds in a word to say the word

physical fitness

body's ability to function efficiently and effectively

cardiovascular efficiency

body's capacity to maintain vigorous physical activity for a period of time

Structural Analysis

breaking a word into its parts or syllables

segmenting

breaking a word up into its individual component sounds.

Freeze-thaw

breaks down rock when water gets into rock joint or cracks and expands (freezes)

Warmer areas

coastal areas

fluency

coordinate the words and meaning so reading becomes automatic

Economic resources

by which resource means is goods and services produced

environment and society curriculum goals

consuming resources and altering natural patterns have consequences, building structures changes the region, reasons people compete for control, relationships of nature and people, carrying capacity, intended and unintended repercussions of human interaction with the earth

array

can model a multiplication problem. 2 X 3 = 6 would be two rows and three columns which equal six

expanded notation

can show the value of each number in its place. using 543, the values are (5 X [10 X 10]) + (4 X [10 X 1]) + (3 X 1)

Exponential notation

can show the value of each number. using 543, the exponential values are (5 X 10^2) + (4 X 10^1) + (3 X 10^0)

Mixed Economies

contain command and traditional economies.

Living

carry on life functions such as respiration,, nutrition,, response,, circulation,, growth,, excretion,, regulation,, and reproduction.

core beliefs of mathematics education

challenged in math instruction, qualified teachers, primary standards, utilize and apply number, algebra, geometry, measurement and statistics concepts, activities related to math content, meaningful to students and integrated with other subjects, technology, altermative approaches, assessment related to math content, research

phoneme substitution

changing one phoneme for another to make a new word

three concepts for physical education curriculum

children develop motor skills at different rates, child's ates doesn't predict motor ability but obtained through use and practice, children develop motor skills through play

sociological theory

children learn through their observations of others

ways to encourage citizenship

class newsletter, classroom management system, individual service projects, discuss public issues, participate in elections, school councils, create logo, motto or rules for class

Learning Theories

cognitive, behavioral, developmental, psychodynamic, sociological, ecological, eclectic

diagnostic assessment

collect information about a student to use in assessment throughout the period of instruction

portfolios

collection of completed student work selected by the student and the teacher

affixes

common beginnings and endings that add meaning to a base word.

performance tasks

complete a problem or project with an explanation for an answer

Solution

components are distributed evenly, with a even concentration throughout.

traditional literature

composed of ancient stories. people have passed these stories down through the centuries by word of mouth.

orthographic knowledge

comprehending that sounds in language are represented by printed or written symbols

Local Processing

comprehension at the phrase and sentence level

inquiry promotes

comprehension of scientific concepts, appreciation of scientific knowledge, understanding nature of science, acquisition of skills to become independent thinkers

reasons for use of computers and technology in science

computers available and used throughout the world, students comfortable with electronic equipment, information readily available, electronics provides opportunities for investigation, learning needs can be addressed by use of technology, technology vehicle of science scientists use

The Public Works Administration

concentrated on construction of large scale publics works like dams and bridges. contributed to a revival of us industry

models

concrete, visual representation of something that cannot otherwise be seen

Saint Thomas More

condemned to death by King Henry VIII of England for not accepting him as head of the Church.

Talking to the Text

conducting an internal dialogue with the text and its author while reading

economics activities

create classroom societies, study the market, prepare personal budgets, workforce education

The Sedition Act

created to control against publishing bad things about the government, but allowed for using truth as a defense

three categories of arts standards

creating arts, arts as inquiry, arts in context

Socrates

criticized the Sophists and emphasized a process of questioning, or dialogue.

Anasai

culture in the south western United States and northern Mexico developed adobe architecture had a highly developed system of irrigation made cloth and baskets

Weight

is the amount of gravitational force exerted over an object. ,,Can change:,, example: Moon and Sun have different gravitational pulls, but the mass of the objects are the same.

direct daily measurement

daily assessment of a student's performance on the skills taught each day and used to modify instruction

things to include when completing tasks on probability and statistics

data analysis, manipulatives, graphing data, interpretation of data

1492

date in which from Spain 90 men three ships Nina, Pinta, and the Santa Maria three trips before landing on Plymouth rock

Great Depression

deals with a limited money supply and rising prices.

Microeconomics

deals with specific issues related to the decision-making process at the household, firm, or industry levels.

Global Processing

deeper comprehension abilities such as used while reading a murder mystery

Scope Processing

defined along a continuum of local to global

Strength of forces

depends on: size, distance, and proximity

economics skills

describe economic problems, alternatives, benefits and costs, identify consequences in changes of economic policies, analyze economic evidence

Volume

describes the amount of space that matter takes up.

Blue moon

describes the appearance of two full moons in one month

imagery

descriptive writing that appeals to the senses

Neo-Skinnerian Model

desired behaviors can be obtained by shaping and modeling. Consistency is key, behavior is shaped by implementing consequences and rewards.

journal writing

determine student learning from thinking processes, formation of ideas, and development of skills in creative and factual writing

body composition

determined amount of fat cells in comparison to the amount of lean cells within a person's body mass

examples of primary sources

diaries/journals, letters, interview, and surveys are [examples of...]

estimation instruction

different types of manipulatives, various strategies, situations that reflect real life situations

instructional approaches for reading

direct instruction, inquiry based instruction, cooperative learning

explicit comprehension instructoin

direct instruction, model, guided practice, application

Experiences that support emergent readers

direct instruction, social interaction, shared reading, repeated reading, reader response, word walls, text innovation, shared writing. READING, WRITING SPEAKING, AND LISTENTING

forecasting

discovering, simplifying, and applying patterns in scientific discovery

instructional cycle for science instruction

discrepant event, question, inquiry

Topographical Map

displays landscape, mountains, deserts, plateaus, oceans and lakes.

Political Map

does not show any topographic features. It instead focuses solely on the state and national boundaries of a place. They also include the locations of cities - both large and small, depending on the detail of the map. A common type of political map would be one showing the 50 U.S. states and their borders along with the United States' north and south international borders

William the Conqueror

duke of Normandy who fought in the Battle of Hastings and became King of England

third level of physical education

fitness concepts of muscular strength and flexibility, development of specific skill exercises

Hominids

earliest know humans lived in Africa 3-4 millions years ago

Reasons for movement of people

econmic reasons cultural reasons physical reasons political reasons

Command economies

economic systems in which the government largely decides what goods and services will be produced, who will get them, and how the economy will grow

Socialist economies

economic systems in which the means of production, along with most natural resources, are publicly or collectively owned rather than privately owned.

Capitalist economies

economies based on the private ownership of property and the investment of capital for the purpose of making a profit

Comparative Method

is the belief that generalizations about human behavior can only be made on the basis data collected from the widest possible range of cultures, both contemporary and historical.

Promotive Interaction

element of cooperative learning in which the students' promote their peers' learning through praise, help, support, and encouragement

Basic Elements of Fiction or Non-fiction texts for children

elements of literature present: plot, character, conflict, setting, theme

Plato

emphasized ethics

Sophists

emphasized the individual and attainment of excellence through rhetoric, grammar, music, and mathematics.

critical comprehension

employs reasoning to infer deeper meanings and draw conclusions not directly stated in a passage

Francesco Petrarch

encouraged the study of ancient Rome, collected and preserved work of ancient writers and produced a large body of work.

Ancient and Medieval times

invention of plow development of the wheel, harnessing of the wind learned smelting techniques developed solar calendars Mesopotamia-Sumerians constructed dikes and reservoirs along with loose confederation of city-states.

indicators of attitude about science

enjoys science, participates in additional science activities, inquires about science topics, curious about topic, displays verbal skills, wants more time to participate

physical and human systems curriculum goals

events are formed by human perceptions of places and regions, events of past provide insights into climate, resources, ecosystems, and migration of humans, why certain events happened a certain way

Somatic cells

every other cell in the body

Eukaryotic cells

evolved from prokaryotic cells and in the process became structured and biochemically more complex. 1., with nucleus, 2., membrane bound organelles, 3., DNA tightly wrapped around histone proteins in chromosomes, 4., cellulose in plant cell walls.

hyperbole

exaggeration for emphasis

Surface water

examples: 1. streams, 2. lakes, 3. rivers, 4. oceans.

The phase of literacy development when young children enjoy being read to and begin to engage in outstanding reading and writing activities is _________________.

experimental reading and writing phase

Teaching the 3 laws

experiments with variables time, speed, distance, and direction

force and motion

explains phenomena such as tides and tsunamis on Earth and keeps the planets, sun, and moon in their orbits.

embedded phonics

explicit instruction for using letter-sound relationships during the reading of connected text to sight read new words

phonics instruction approach

explicit instruction in phonemic awareness, phonics instruction in context, learn when address reading and writing activities

curriculum plan for political science

families and schools, cities, state, federal government, ancient and foreign governments

Adaptations

features or characteristics of an organism that best help it to survive its environment.

social structures activities

field trips to community entities, various technology, study economic systems, build skills in areas of communication

citizenship activities

field trips to government facilities, scenarios for useful problem solving, discuss and debate current events

Metaphor

figure of speech comparing two different things

primary source

first-hand account of an event by someone who participated in it or observed it at the time that it was happening.

Language Experience Approach

focuses on language as a bridge between oral and written language -- in other words, the child's ability to produce language is the bridge between spoken and written language

Chemical Properties

is one type of matter (element), which can react, with the chemical properties, of other types, of matter.

Holism

is the belief that the experiences of a human group are unified and patterned.

Heat

form of energy,,, Example:, the energy from a burning, flame

aptitude test

formal measure of tests to evaluate student ability to acquire skills

criterion-referenced test

formal measure that evaluates a student on a subject area by answering specific questions

norm-referenced test

formal standardized evaluation comparing a student to other peers in the same age group

achievement test

formal tool measuring student proficiency of a subject area already learned

Geological processes

formation of: deserts, mountains, river, oceans

Appalachian mountains (us)

formed 250 million years ago by colliding tectonic plates

Rome

founded around 800 and 500 B.C.E first by Pompey and Julius Caesar who emerged as Rome's most powerful men.

Mesolithic period or middle stone age

from 10,000 to 7000 B.C.E., marks the beginning of a major transformation known as the Neolithic Revolution. Humans domesticated plants, planted and harvested crops and they made tools and weapons.

purpose of teaching reading

gain information from text, improve communication, increase pleasure

Poetry

genre that is difficult to define for children, except as 'not prose'. Poetry is the use of words to capture something: a sight, a feeling, or perhaps a sound.

literature analysis needs

genre, content, structure, language of text, prior knowledge

Elements of European Exploration

geographic incursion- lands and resources reallocated to settlers, manipulation; social and cultural destruction- values, norms, beliefs ignored, cultural genocide as civilizing efforts; external political control and economic dependence- prevented aboriginal self-government; provision of low-quality social services; racist social interactions- natural inferiority

how to develop number sense

gradually, experiment with numbers, visualize numbers, use numbers, understand number relationships

Concept web

graphic organizer that helps to identify who the readings is about, what, why, when and where it happened.

sociology activities

group membership, involve community studies, social problems, investigate communication

Ruled by few

group of influential people takes control of the government; these people appoint one of their own to function as the supreme leader of the government; theocracy, aristocracy, oligarchy, military

stanza

groups of lines of poetry, named for how many lines they contain

Word Families

groups of words all formed from the same root

Simple machine

has few or no moving parts,, examples: screw, hammer, wedge, inclines, or seesaw

complex machine

has two or more simple machine working together to create work,, examples: wheelbarrow, can opener, or a bicycle.

solid

have mass, occupy a defined amount of space (volume), have a defined shape, and are dense,,, example:, Ice

liquid

have mass, occupy a definite volume, and can take shape of their container,,, example:, water

gas

have matter, no definite volume, no definite shape, but can take shape of their container,,, examples:, oxygen, and helium

rhyming

having an ending sound that corresponds with another.

two primary reasons for standards in the arts

help define what art education should provide and to ensure that schools support the arts

creative level of comprehension

highest level of understanding. the student must read beyond the lines. student must often make judgments about other actions to take. answers will vary among students. teacher must take care not to stifle creativity by saying one action is better than another.

Beginning readers benefit from developmentally appropriate practices that are ____________.

home centered, play centered, and language centered

citizenship curriculum

how government works, ways to change society for the better, value-based decision making, analyze social settings and conditions, define key political issues

muscular endurance

how long can a muscle produce force

overall importance of the arts

integrates other subjects, promotes symbol systems, improves language, uses higher order thinking skills, allows creative self-expression, develops independence, self-concept and self confidence, encourages use of personal strengths, enhances cultural awareness

question

integrates the variable for selected investigation

six traits approach

ideas, organization, voice, word choice, sentence fluency, conventions

components of decision making

identify and define a problem, identify and define values, predict consequences and outcomes, reach decision, justify decision, if needed alter decision

phoneme deletion

identify the word that remains when a phoneme is removed from an existing word

word recognition

identify words in print, which is vocabulary development

phoneme categorization

identify words that don't belong in a set

repairing understanding

if confusion disrupts meaning, readers need to stop and clarify their understanding. readers may use a variety of strategies to "fix up" comprehension when meaning goes awry.

Mongols (Tartars)

invaded Russia in 1221 and completed conquest in 1245 and cut contact with the west for almost a century.

Age appropriateness

implies that there are sequences of growth and change during the first nine years that a teacher must consider when developing the classroom environment and experiences.

social discipline

improving social skills through the use of appropriate behaviors

Topographical map

includes altitudes and levels above or below sea level

Incidental Exposure of Vocabulary

incorporating less familiar words in discussions and providing contextual clues to their meanings

divergent

indicates that more than one answer is correct

convergent

indicates that only one answer is correct

number sense

individual's basic understanding of numbers and operations and how to apply this knowledge to solve dilemmas and make decisions about mathematical problems and concepts

Contextual Analysis

infer or predict meaning of words from context in which they appear

drawing inferences

inferring is when the readers take what they know, garner clues from the text, and think ahead to make a judgment, discern a theme, or speculate about what is to come.

ecological theory

influences from home, school, and community affect how well the student will learn

anecdotal record

informal measurement based on observation of student work or performance

ecological-based assessment

informal observation of student interacting with the evironment

assessment of locomotor skills

informal observation, authentic assessment, formal observation, testing

context clues

information in the text surrounding a new word that helps provide meaning

Infrared waves

infrared waves (felt by heat,, can be picked up through night vision goggles or to map dust between stars.

Scaffold

involves demonstrating, guiding, and teaching. providing support

Earth

is a magnet with opposing forces North pole (+) positve South pole (-) negative

Geologic maps

is a special-purpose map made to show geological features.

Feudalism

is a system in which people were protected by lords in exchange for their labor.

Socialism

is an economic system in which the basic means of production primarily owned and controlled collectively.

Newton's 1st law (inertia)

is an object at rest will remain at rest unless acted upon by an (unbalanced) force,,, think laziness with a desire to change,,, example: falling,, hitting a solid object changes the speed

Matter

is anything that takes up space and has mass.

Newton's 3rd law

is for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction,,, pushing the petals on a bike or hitting a ball in the game of pool

Static electricity

is not "flowing or being transferred, it is caused by friction,, causing a spark, and a noise,, heard from a jump,, from negative to a positive charge.,,, examples:, 1., lightning,, 2., balloon rubbed on a head and sticking to a wall,, 3., feet being rubbed on carpet and a spark on another object

Andean

known for beautifully made pottery intricate fabrics flat-topped mounds

reading aloud promotes

language acquisition, oral vocabulary and usage, reading comprehension skills

Students who struggle such as nonreaders and ELLs can benefit best from __________.

language experience approach (LEA): The language experience approach is an approach to reading instruction based on activities and stories developed from personal experiences of the learner.

laboratory-experimentation

large group activity everyone does same experiment, inquiry not a part of learning process

first level of physical education

large muscle skill development, little formal organization, lifestyle activities

Traditional Economies

largely rely on custom to determine production and distribution issues. It is slow to change and are not well-equipped for sustained growth. Many of the poorer countries use this economy.

Fred Jones Model

learner motivation and desired behaviors are stressed. Non-verbal actions are used to prevent undesirable behaviors.

Asteroid

left over planets

Life Cycle

life begins with seed or fertilized egg, maturation, reproduction, and death. Insects and butterfly - egg > larva > pupa > animal > reproduction then death. Frog- egg > Embryo > Tadpole > Frog > reproduction then death. Human- egg > Embryo or Fetus > Child through adolescent > human adult > reproduction then death. Tree- seed > sprout > growing plant > mature tree > reproduction then death.

Reflection

light bounces off

Quotas

limitations on the amount of specific products that may be imported from certain countries during a given time period

scarcity and choice

limited goods and services, nothing freely available, restricts options and forces decision

poetry instruction helps

literal and figurative meanings of words, metaphors, similies, patterns of language

fiction

literary material that is not an accurate account of real people and events but rather is imagined or embellished by the author

non-fiction

literary material that is presented as being factual and accurate

Ghanaian

lived in the area now known as Ghana and the kingdom fell to Berber group in the late eleventh century

Songhai

lived near the Niger River

Levels of government

local, state, federal

Lakes

located in lower elevation created by rainfall that collects

Rivers

located in lower elevations created by rainfall collects and runs to the ocean. Rivers can be Constructive and destructing

Adaptive Reasoning

logical thinking. the capacity to think logically about the relationships between concepts and situations.

5 layers of the Earth's atmosphere

lowest to outer layers Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Thermosphere Exosphere

phoneme addition

make new words by adding a phoneme to a word

The Great Awakening

many revivals were sweeping through the colonies, not coordinated but many local events dedicated to the "religion of the heart" --> emotional and personal Christianity

geography areas of knowledge

map skills and spatial organization of the world, places and regions of the world, physical and human systems, environment and society, uses of geography

Atmosphere

mass of gas around 348 miles thick which supports life on Earth. It separates Earth from space. 78% nitrogen 21% oxygen 1% argon

Positive Interdependence

members of a group who share common goals perceive that working together is individually and collectively beneficial, and success depends on the participation of all the members

mnemonic devices

memory related devices to help remember

Bronfenbrenner Ecological Model

microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem

Microwave waves

microwave oven and astronomers us microwave waves.,, One to cook,,, the other to learn about the structures,,, of the nearby galaxies

Cotton Mather

minister, part of Puritan New England important families, a scholar, one of first Americans to promote vaccination of smallpox when it was believed to be dangerous, strongly believed on witches, encouraged witch trials in Salem.

demonstration

models or visual examples of the information

Satellites

moons orbiting the planets

modern literature

more recent.

basic concepts in physical education

motor development, body awareness, social adjustments and interaction

control

movement more controlled and skill repeatd in similar manner everytime it's demonstrated

precontrol

movement or equipment moves the child instead of child being in control

utilization

movements and skills carried out with intensified instinctive actions

proficiency

movements or skills become natural and completed without thought

Animalia (animals)

multicelluar, multiple forms and shapes, most sophisticated type of organism, highest level of evolution. examples: 1. sponges, 2. worms, 3. insects, 4. fish, 5. amphibians, 6. reptiles, 7. birds, 8. mammals

Plantea (plants)

multicellular, sophisticated organization system, they have chloroplasts, examples: 1. ferns 2. moss, 3. grass, 4. flowers

A reading professional continually needs to study the knowledge base from a ______________ perspective.

multidisciplinary (composed of or combining several usually separate branches of learning or fields of expertise)

phonemic awareness fostered with

music and songs, poetry and rhymes, games and puzzles

Delaware River

was crossed on Christmas night 1776 increases success of the war by catching the British soldiers off guard and hung over from their party.

Phases of the moon

new moon crescent moon half Moon, or first quarter moon gibbous moon full moon

narrative texts include

new vocabulary, descriptive words, realistic viewpoints of people and environment

ten general standard strands

numbers and operations, algebra, geometry, measurement, data analysis and probability, problem solving, reasining and proof, communicatins, connections, representations

process indicators

observing, measuring, identifying content, interpreting data, classifying, predicting, researching, communicating, inferring, hypothesizing, experimenting

Divestment

occurs when a country remove itself, whether economically, militarily, or socially, from something in which it had previously invested.

Confederacy

occurs when one group joins in opposition to another.

Five pillars of faith

one god and Mohammed is his prophet faithful must pray 5 times a day perform charitable acts fasting from sunrise to sunset during the holy month of Ramadan must make a haj (pilgrimage) to mecca

Aaron Burr

one of the leading Democratic-Republicans of New york, and served as a U.S. Senator from New York from 1791-1797. He was the principal opponent of Alexander Hamilton's Federalist policies. In the election of 1800, he tied with Jefferson in the Electoral College. The House of Representatives awarded the Presidency to Jefferson and made him Vice- President.

addition strategies

one-more-than and two-more-than facts, zero facts, doubles, near-doubles, make ten facts

Sunnis

oral traditions about the prophet most Muslims

Four Types of Vocabulary

oral, print, receptive, and productive

Greeks

organized around the polis, or city-state. control--- Oligarchs > tyrants > democratic governments

Periodic table (Organization by elements

organizes by elements 1., It classifies the elements according to their atomic number, 2., tells us about the nuclear composition of any given element, 3., describes how electrons are arranged around a given, 4., element allows us to predict how one element will react with another.

concepts and skills for social studies

organizing data, problem solving, comparing and contrasting, model building, planning, forecasting, decision making

Closed-Captioned

originally designed to aid the deaf, this is a tool that benefits ELL and LD students

predicting or asking questions

questioning is the strategy that keeps readers engaged. when readers ask questions, even before they read, they clarify understanding and forge ahead to make meaning. asking questions is at the heart of thoughtful reading

Radio waves

radio and aircraft communication, is done through radio waves.,, Stars and gases in space,, omit radio waves.

onset and rime

parts of words in the spoken language smaller than syllables

The Homestead Act

passed in 1862,the law offered 160 acres of land free for anyone who agreed to live on and improve the land for 5 years- only $10 fee

primary components of learning geography

pattern, regularity, reasons for spatial organization

Nok

peaceful farmers in the area now know as Nigeria

Accommodation

people adapt their thinking to incoming information The cognitive process where existing schemata are modified or/and new schemata is restructured to fit the child's environment.

The characteristics of highly effective literacy teachers include the thorough integration of ______________ to support the development of children's literacy skills and strategies.

reading and writing activities and the extensive use of instructional scaffolding

Cultural Diffusion

refers to the extending of an aspect of culture from one area to another and its inclusion in the culture(s) of other people.

curriculum for reading include

phonemic awareness instruction, phonics, spelling, reading fluency, grammar, writing, reading comprehension strategies

people, places and regions curriculum goals

physical and human characteristics of certain places and regions, human relationships that exist and hwo they function in places and regions, similarities and differences of diverse places and regions

Elegy Poem

poem with mournful lament for someone or for something, such as love or an idea

blank verse

poetry that is metered but not rhymed

free verse

poetry that is neither rhymed nor metered

fourth and fifth grade number sense

refined mastery of multiplication and division

Byzantine Empire

was divided between Emperor Theodosius 2nd two sons. One ruled the east and on one ruled the west

KWL

pre- and post-reading exercise in which students identify what they already know/knew, want/wanted to know, and need/needed to learn

types of number activities from 10-20

pre-place-value, more and less, doubling or near doubling

five spelling stages

precommunicative, semiphonetic, phonetic, transitional, correct

four levels of physical education assessment

precontrol, control, utilization, proficiency

comprehension skills lead to

predict outcomes, create questions, monitor understanding, clarify, connect

alternative assessment

solve realistic problems and completing projects using close to real-life situations

closed circuit

when connectors are touching, creating a path, for energy to travel.,, Example:, light switch on,,, "on" ,,,or a door bell, pushed in

skills needed to decode

print concepts, letter knowledge, alphabetic principle

skills critical to learning to read and write

print knowledge, emergent writing, linguistic awareness

Weathering

process of breaking down rock, soil, and minerals through natural, chemical, and biological processes. examples: 1. Exfoliation 2. Freeze-thaw

decoding skills

process of understanding letters in text represent phonemes in speech

Exfoliation

processes in which layers are naturally removed due to expansion (heat) and contracting (cold). Example seen in desert where soil is exposed to extreme changes in temperature.

Capitalist Economies

produce resources owned by the individuals.

Socialist Economies

produce resources owned collectively by society. The resources are under the control of the government.

phonics

promotes understanding of alphabetic principles and relationship between phonemes and graphemes

Pronoun Antecedent Agreement

pronouns and antecedents must agree in number and gender

literal level of comprehension

the lowest level of understanding. Involves reading the lines, or reading and understanding exactly what is on the page. Students may give back facts or details directly from the passages as they read.

expository method

provide lecture, deliver demonstrations, impart explanations of science topics

Electromagnetic spectrum

range of different wavelengths, and frequencies, that distinguish, by type of wave from another,,,below ranking from longest wavelengths,,, and lowest frequencies.,,, examples:, 1., Radio waves,, 2., Microwave,, 3., infrared,, 4., Visible ,, 5., Ultraviolet,, 6., X-ray,, 7., Gamma ray

Scanning

rapidly covering a large amount of text for the purpose of locating a specific fact

literature based reading approach

read aloud to class, student oral reading periods, shared reading, sustained silent reading

gain print knowledge

read aloud, children talk about story, independent reading center, environmental print, alphabet and word games

A teacher's practical knowledge is characterized by the beliefs, values, and attitudes one constructs about _______________.

readers and writers, texts, reading and writing processes, learning to read and write, and the role of the teacher in the development of children's literate behavior

activating prior knowledge

readers pay more attention when they relate to the text. readers naturally bring thier prior knowledge and experience to reading, but they comprehend better when they think about the connections they make between the text, their lives, and the larger world.

The single most import activity for building understandings and skills for reading success appears to be ________________________.

reading aloud to children

factors that predict reading achievement

recognize and name letters of the alphabet, print knowledge, phonemic awareness

Individual Appropriateness

recognizes that each child is unique

Graphophonic

referring to the sound relationships between the orthography, AKA spelling and phonology AKA sounds of language

volume

refers to how much space is inside a three dimensional, closed container

Manifest Destiny

refers to the belief in the expansion of the American nation to the Pacific Ocean and beyond.

fraction manipulatives

region/area, length, set

metric system of measurement

relates to the base-10 place value scheme. Kilo- thousand (1,000) Deci- Tenth (0.1) Centi- Hundredth (0.01) Milli- Thousandth (0.001)

secondary source

reporting of an event by people who did not experience events first-hand, but who draw on primary sources and present collected research to the reader

Color

represent how matter is reflected or perceived by the human eye.

Temperature

the measure of heat,,, example:, reaction of chemical caused by heat (thermometer,,, the hotter it is the chemicals expand,,, the colder it is the chemicals retract,,,

Critical level of comprehension

requires a high level of understanding. The students must judge the passage they have read.students must read beyond the lines. students determine whether a passage is true or false, a statement is a fact or opinion, detecting propaganda, or judging the qualifications of the author for writing the passage are examples of using the critical level of comprehension.

examples of secondary sources

research articles, books, and encyclopedias are [examples of...]

Protons

rest inside the inner most circle of the atom and holds a (+) positive charge,, Shares space

Neutrons

rest inside the inner most circle of the atom, and holds a neutral charge,, shares space

Electrons

rest on the outer circles of the atoms and holds a (-) negative charge

five levels of phonological awareness

rhyming and alliteration, sentence segmentation, syllable blending and segmentation, onset rime, blending and segmentation, phoneme blending and segmentation

evaluating sources

when doing this, teachers and students should check for reliability, bias, accuracy, and up-to-date information

omni

root word meaning "all"

mal

root word meaning "bad"

geo

root word meaning "earth"

multi

root word meaning "many" (begins with M)

poly

root word meaning "many" (begins with P)

mono

root word meaning "one"

demo

root word meaning "people"

sol

root word meaning "sun"

aqua

root word meaning "water"

script

root word meaning "write"

Meridians

run pole to pole help measure longitude (east - west of equator)

Informal assessments

running record miscue analysis readability graph retelling

Endothermic reaction

when heat is absorbed, during a chemical change,,, examples:, 1., cold pack 2., baking soda and vinegar 3., photosynthesis

recite

second R in SQ3R

Exothermic reaction

when heat is given off, during the chemical change,,, examples:, 1., burning fire,, 2., hand warmer,, 3., out body temperature

interpretive level of comprehension

second level of understanding, requires students to read between the lines. Students must explain figurative language, define terms, and answer interpretive or inferential questions. Inferential questions require the students to infer, or figure out, the answers. Asking students to figure out the author's purpose, the main idea or essential message, the point of view, and the conclusion are examples of inferential questions. Inferential questions may require students to draw conclusions, generalize, derive meaning from the language, speculate, anticipate, predict, and summarize.

Which student behaviors actively rely upon metacognition?

self knowledge task knowledge self monitoring

The ability of students to regulate reading by keeping track of how well they are comprehending is know as __________________.

self monitoring

enrichment strategies

self-paced instruction, mentoring, ability grouping, compacting, telescoping, tiered lessons

Semantic cues

semantics can include "hints" within the sentence and from the entire passage or text that help the reader determine the meaning. Semantic cues, then, are meaning clues

onset-rime phonics

separate onsets and rimes in words so students may read them and blend parts into words

Political map

shows political boundaries, counties, cities, towns, churches, schools, and other representations of government and people.

fraction teaching strategies

simple contextual tasks, connect meaning of fraction computation with whole-number computation, estimation and informal methods to develop strategies, explore each operation using manipulatives

strategies to help map reading

simple maps to begin, instruct on simple symbols used, students construct a map

Ground water

sinks to the bottom of the soil until it hits rocks and waits for someone to open it up.

The four states of matter

solid,, liquid,, gas,, plasma,,

activities to gain language knowledge

sound games, syllable clapping, rhyming songs, poems, jokes and silly rhythms, pictures in books

phonemes

sound units, of which words are made up

focus of physical education

spatial awareness, effort, and peer relationships developed through movement concepts and skill themes

types of number relationships for 1-10

spatial, one and two more, one and two less, anchors, part-part-whole

inquiry

state question, formulate hypothesis, describe variables, indicate controls, collect data, organize data, use mathematical applications, conclusion, enrichment activities

purpose of physical education

steer children into the practice of becoming physically active throughout their lifetimes, improve academic achievement and ability to gain knowledge

Reverend Martin Luther King Jr.'s speech

steps at Lincoln Memorial in Washington D.C. during a march on Washington for jobs and freedom symbol for civil rights ranked at the top American speeches in the 20th century "I have a dream...."

Water cycle

storage, evaporation, precipitation, runoff.

Poetic Elements

structure/form, meter, stanzas, verses, rhyme, alliteration, meter, imagery

phonics instruction

student names, nursery rhymes, sound games, read poems, sing songs, alphabet books, discuss words and sounds, word banks, point out consonants and vowels

analytic phonics

students analyze letter sound relationships from learned words to those not familiar while not pronouncing sounds in isolation

free discovery method

students involved and motivated in learning process, children create situation of learning meaningful to them.

partitive division

students know the number of groups, but they do not know the number of objects in each set. There is a plate of 8 cookies. there are 4 children. how many cookies does each child get if they divide the cookies evenly? the question asks the students to determine how many are in each group.

constructivism

students learn by building on prior knowledge and by doing

Cooperative Learning Model

students share knowledge with other students through a variety of structures. Cooperative Learning, as a phrase, originated in the 1960's with the work of David and Roger Johnson. True cooperative learning includes five essential elements: positive interdependence, face-to-face interactions, individual accountability, some structured activity, and team-building (group processing) skills. Similar to the "Social Learning Model."

using part of a book

students should use book parts- such as charts, diagrams, indexes, and the table of contents- to improve their understanding of reading content

Interpretative Sociology

studies the processes whereby human beings attach meaning to their lives.

science-technology-society perspective

study of social, political, and cultural values and their impact on scientific research and techological innovation as well as society, politics and culture as a whole

subtraction strategies

subtraction as think-addition, subtraction facts with sums to 10, sums greater than 10

Embedded Instruction

when target vocabulary words are not central to the story, teachers give information about the words' meanings via short definitions or synonyms, interrupting the reading-aloud flow as little as possible

doctrine of predestination

swiss theologian john calvin=> lutheran. God "elected" some people to be saved and condemned others to damnation. each person's destiny was determined before birth, and no one could alter their destiny

synthesizing information

synthesizing involves combining new information with existing knowledge to form an original idea or interpretation. Reviewing, sorting, and sifting important information can lead to new insights that change the way readers think.

unifying processes of science

systems, order and organization, evidence, models and explanation, change, constancy and measurement, evolution, equilibrium and cycles, form, function and structure

problem solving teaching strategies

task analysis, guided practice at conclusion of leve, closure activity, homework as a form of practice, writing to express mathematical thinking, cooperative learning

intrinsic phonics

taught gradually in the context of meaningful reading

phonics and spelling

teach children to segment words into phonemes and create words by writing letters for phonemes

guided inquiry

teacher choose topic of study and identify process, students construct own investigation, determine needed resources, find answers and organize information

List-Group-Label

teacher supplies stimulus topic, students provide related vocabulary and then are challenged to categorize and label groups of these words

Transmission Educators suggest

that if a child is not ready to read, the teacher should get the child ready.

decoding

the ability to apply the knowledge of letter-sound relationships in order to pronounce written words.

fluency

the ability to read text smoothly, without paying much conscious attention to the mechanics of reading.

Homo-sapiens

the biological species to which modern human beings belong

compound word rule

the child divides a compound word into its parts

alphabetic principle

the concept that written language is comprised of letters that represent sounds in spoken words

Declaration of Independence

the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain

Judicial branch

the federal court system and all the way down Their function is to interpret the Constitution, resolve conflicts among states, and interpret laws and treaties.

Etymology

the history or study of words

social studies

the integrated study of the social sciences and humanities to promote civic competence

letter-sound correspondence

the knowledge of the sounds that are associated with each letter of the alphabet

measurement division

the students know how many are in each group but do now know how many sets. A homeowner has a group of 400 pennies, he plans to give each child 5. How many children can receive a treat. in this case, the students know the number of pennies (measurement) each child will receive; they need to fine the number of children.

Semiabstract method

the students work with one symbol to represent objects; instead of actual objects, pictures, or abstract (numerical) representation, the students use one symbol. The semiabstract method can be used to represent a multiplication problem.

Semiconcrete method

the students work with visual representations (pictures) instead of actual objects.

Linguistics

the study of how language works as a medium of communication among humans.

Social anthropology

the study of human groups, with a particular emphasis on social structure.

Cultural anthropology

the study of learned behavior in human societies.

Physical anthropology

the study of the biological, physiological, anatomical, and gen tic characteristics of both ancient and modern human populations.

Archaeology

the study of the cultures of prehistoric people.

Morphology

the study of word structure as formed from the smallest units of meaning

Traditional economies

things are done the way they have always been done; economic decisions are based on custom or habit

Prohibitory Act

this document cut off all trade between the colonies and England AND removed the colonies from the "King's Protection"

Crisis in the Balkans

this would all start because of the fall of the ottoman empire. Austria-Hungary and Russia saw there chance to take this. Austria-Hungary would annex Bosnia and Herzegovina and this would cause a lot of controversy, this was known as ---. the problem was that Serbia wanted Bosnia and Herzegovina to form a Slavic speaking kingdom.

foundations of literacy

those early stages during which students gain the basic literacy skills that will be the building blocks of their future reading and writing.

determining important ideas

thoughtful readers grasp essential ideas and important information when reading. readers must differentiate between less important ideas and key ideas that are central to the meaning of the text.

Seasons

tilting of the Earth

v/cv and the vc/cv rules

to use the rules successfully, the child must first determine if each letter in a word is a vowel or a consonant. Looking for the v/cv or vc/cv pattern, the child separates the word att the appropriate place.

Intonation

tone of voice

three stages of map reading

topographical, projective, Euclidian

Light energy

travels in waves, and in a straight-line path,,, example:, sun

The National Industrial Recovery Act

tried to balance the economy through sensible planning. They made industry-wide codes that spelled out fair practices and regulate wages, working conditions, production and prices. They set a minimum wage and gave organized labor collective bargaining rights. Soon businesses said the codes were too complicated and it was too rigid.

supplementary

two angles equal 180 degrees

complementary

two angles equal 90 degrees

Compound Complex Sentence

two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses

spondaic foot

two stressed syllables in a row

anapestic foot

two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed syllable

pyrrhic foot

two unstressed syllables in a row

Chemical reactions

typically:, same groups of elements will not react with each other,,, different groups may react,,, the greater distance of the elements on the periodical table, the better chance of a reaction,,, example:, trash can in the rain (rust

economics curriculum goals

understand basic economic concepts and issues, recite economic facts about the US, explain historical events from economic perspective, trace historical economic patterns, compare economic systems, make decisions and realize decisions affect self and others

geography curriculum goals

understand relationships of places to one another, distribution of resources throughout the world, how use of goods influence people who consume them, how decisions people make shape present and future, places change over time

phonological awareness

understanding that sounds are related to written words

literal comprehension

understanding the meaning of the words in a passage

transitional

understands conventional alternative for sounds and structure of words

discrepant event

unusual phenomenon demostrated or described to students

Aids for ELL learners

use language above abilities, repeat key words, slow speech rate, clearly articulate, avoid using difficult words, simplify materials

third and fourth grade place value

use of place value and hundreds and thousands

reactive

used after inappropriate behavior occurs, ignore the behavior, use non-verbal interactions and person-to-person dialogue

Class pets

used for showing life cycles and how their environment effects them.

proactive

used prior to occurence of inappropriate behavior, use positive interaction, elimiate differential treatment, and prompting

Active Verb

verb that shows an action performed by the subject of the sentence

monometer

verses contain 1 foot

dimeter

verses contain 2 feet

trimeter

verses contain 3 feet

anthropology activities

visit museums, library research, study artifcts, native cultures, examples of cultural conflicts, storytelling

five levels of learning geometry

visualization, analysis, informal deduction, deduction, rigor

Aspects of Speaking

voice, volume, pitch, posture, movement, gestures, eye contact, -purpose; audience; tone. Aspects of ________.

Dante Aleghierl

was a Florentine writer whose Divine Comedy, describes a journey through hell, purgatory, and heaven.

Battle of Waterloo

was fought on 18 June 1815, it was Napoleon Bonaparte's last battle. His defeat put a final end to his rule as Emperor of the French. It also marked the end of the period known as the Hundred Days, which began in March 1815 after Napoleon's return from Elba, where he had been exiled after his defeats at the Battle of Leipzig in 1813 and the campaigns of 1814 in France.

Gregory I

was the first member of a monastic order to rise to the papacy.

Capital

wealth in the form of money or property owned by a person or business and human resources of economic value

The Coercive Acts

were also known as the Intolerable Acts and were designed to punish the people of Massachusetts for their resistance against Britain. It was a British reaction to the Boston Tea Party

citizenship curriculum

what a government is and does, values of American democracy, role of Constitution, relationship of US to other nations, responsibilities of US citizen

political science curriculum goals

what a government is and how governments function, how rules are made and enforced, why government is necessary, democratic values and beleifs of civic life

Prose

what people write and speak most of the time in everyday intercourse: unmetered, unrhymed language. -textbooks -narrative

open circuit

when connectors are not,, touching or when a non conductive, is interrupting the connection.,,, Example:, light switch on,,, "off" ,,, or a door bell, at rest

Buddha (in India)

who advocated two levels of aspirations a monastic life that renounced the work a high, but not to difficult, morality for the layperson

first and second grade place value

work with units and tens, learning place value strategies

Responsibilities of literacy coaches may include __________________.

working with students, engage in dialogic conversations with teachers and observations, provides observation lessons, plan and prepare for training sessions, and engage in professional book study

figurative language

writing that goes beyond the literal meaning of the words and uses comparison to convey meaning

The Social Security Act

written by Frances Perkins. Established a permanent system of universal retirement pensions (Social Security), unemployment insurance, and welfare benefits for the handicapped and needy children in families without father present. Established the framework for the U.S. welfare system.

letter

written correspondence from one person to another

Phonology

Refers to sounds in speech

Stress

Refers to speech intensity - the loudness/softness of spoken words.

Syntax

Refers to the rules or patterned relationships that correctly create phrases and sentences from words.

Reflective Teaching

Reflective teaching involves the ability to: research & explore, question & analyze, and make changes to both lessons and curriculum based on learning results experienced in the classroom.

The Black Death

Refuse, excrement, dead animals, and poor street sanitization paved way for this. Merchants brought it to Europe from Asia carried by fleas on rats. Arrived in Europe in 1347. By 1350, killed 25-40% of the European population.

Four Types of English Orthography

Regular, for reading and spelling (cat, print,) Regular, for reading but not for spelling (float - flote) Rule-based (canning - doubling rule, faking - drop "e" rule) Irregular (beauty)

Social Institutions

Relatively enduring clusters of values, norms, social statuses, roles, and groups that address fundamental social needs

Shintoism

Religion located in Japan and related to Buddhism. Shintoism focuses particularly on nature and ancestor worship.

Dealing with Native Americans

Removal Act of 1830 provided for the federal enforcement of the removal of all Native American tribes to an area west of the Mississippi River. Trail of tears, the forced march escort of thousands of Cherokee Indians to the west.

Semantic Cueing

Requires determining the meaning of the word, phrase, or sentence.

Receptive Language

Requires the receiver of a message to decode or unlock the code of the spoken or written communication used by the sender.

Expressive Language

Requires the sender of a message to encode or to put his/her thoughts into a symbolic form. Most often takes the form of spoken or written words.

Aerobic respiration

Respiration, in which oxygen, is consumed, and glucose is broken down entirely;,, water,, carbon dioxide,, and large amounts, of ATP,, are the final products,,, example:, when humans inhale, oxygen,, and then exhale, carbon dioxide.

Text innovation

Rewrites, helps struggling readers with existing text materials that may be too challenging, teachers rewrite a text so that the reading level is low enough for struggling readers

Round vs. Flat Character

Round: fully developed, complex--3 dimensional, undergo change Flat: one dimensional, undeveloped, static

Zone of Proximal Development

Russian psychologist Vygotsky. When children have assistance with learning, they can do more collaboratively than by themselves. ZOPD: Difference between what a child can do on her own and what that child can do with assistance, either from adults or peers. V. believed that children who interact and work with others perceive things differently and this collaboration facilititates movement into this zone where certain learning processes occur.

reading instruction should include

phonics instruction and whole language instruction, alphabetic principle, phonemic awareness, vocabulary, fluency, comprehension

Satellite Images

pictures of the land surface based on computer data collected from satellites

meteoroid

pieces of rocks in space

Science as Inquiry

questioning, gathering data, drawing reasonable conclusions.

Allegory

A story in verse or prose with characters that represent virtues and vices.

Realistic Fiction

A story using made-up characters that could happen in real life.

Folk Tale

A story with no known author that originally was passed on from one generation to another by word of mouth

Repeated readings

A strategic approach designed to increase reading fluency and comprehension... repeated reading, students read and re-read a selected short passage until they reach a satisfactory level of fluency.

Graphic Organizers

A strategy for comprehension that helps readers focus on text structure, show relationships within text, organize ideas for better summarizing, and illustrate concepts (Venn diagrams, story maps, story webs)

Contingent Teaching

A strategy for helping a student and eventually fading out the support as he gains mastery

Scaffolded Instruction

Teachers provide temporary support to a student who is not ready to perform a task independently. As the student gains confidence/skill, this support is slowly taken away until the student can function independently.

Martha Combs' stages of development in literacy

1. Emerging Literacy Stage- children are making the transition from speaking to writing and reading with the support from others. Reading might involve predictable books; these books will be at the child's frustration reading level initially, but as the children practice, the books are at the instructional level of the children and eventually at their independent level. shared reading and interactive writings, which the children compose and the teachers record, provide practice and build confidence. 2. Developing stage- children are becoming more independent in their reading, their writing and their speaking. These children are usually on a middle-first to late-second grade level. Their texts should include many decodable words- these are words that follow a regular pattern and have a predictable sound: man, tip, me. The children can practice their decoding skills as they read and gain confidence; they are progressing with their handwriting skills and are becoming more independent in spelling words 3. Transitional reading stage- children usually have an instructional reading level of second grade or beyond. Ideally, these children should spend much of their time with independent level and instructional level materials. Their instructors are still there to help them, but the children are able to refine their old skills and practice new skills.

Purpose of Instructional Design

1. Ids the outcomes of the instruction and for the learners 2. Guides the development of content through a scope and sequence 3.Establishes the assesment plan to gauge instructional effectiveness

Four Levels of Student Achievement in Phonics Instruction

1. Intensive - students needing the most help 2. Strategic - students needing extra support 3. Benchmark - students achieving at expected levels 4. Advanced - students surpassing expected achievement

Causes of Civil War

1. Issue of slavery 2. Abolitionists want slavery to end 3. South fears it will lose power in the national government 4. Southern states secede after Lincoln's election 5. Confederates bomb Fort Sumter; Crisis of 1850 slavery, Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854, Dred Scott Decision 1857, freedom of a slave who escaped to a free state denied, election of 1860 Lincoln won, The Secession Crisis December 20, 1860 SC seceded from the Union

6 Components of Language Structure

1. Phonology 2. Orthography 3. Morphology 4. Syntax 5. Semantics 6. Pragmatics

The Writing Process Stages

1. Prewriting Stage- the students begin to collect information for the writing that they will do. 2. Composing or Writing Stage- students may consult with one another and use various books and materials to construct their papers. The student writer don't worry about spelling and mechanics. This is the drafting stage. Some will use invented spelling. they will later edit and revise the words, but on first writing their drafts, they can simply record the word quickly and go on to the next word in the sentence. 3. Revising Stage- writers polish and improve their compositions 4. Editing/evaluation/postwriting stage- students read and correct their own writing and the works of others. The teacher doesn't have to do all the evaluating. Students use the dictionary, the thesaurus, their peers, and even the spell-check program on the computer. 5. rewriting stage- after self evaluations and after their classmates and teachers share praise and constructive criticisms, including spelling and punctuation corrections, the students rewrite their ocmpositions 6. publish stage- the student shares their completed writing

4 formats for Choral Reading

1. Unison Reading 2. Echo Reading 3. Antiphonal Reading 4. Reading in Rounds

Function of the Atmosphere

1. absorbing energy from the sun to sustain life. 2. recycling water and other chemicals needed for life. 3. maintaining the climate, working with electric an magnetic forces. 4. Serving as a vacuum that protects life.

What are the attributes of a supportive literacy home environment?

1. access to print and books 2. adult demonstrations of literacy behavior 3. supportive adults 4. storybook reading

Layers of the Earth

1. crust (soil, metal, and rocks) - several floating tectonic plates. 2. mantle is the thickest layer (rocks and metal) intense heat melting the layer to create magma which results in lava. 3. Core: outer core (solid) and inner core (liquid)

Evidence of the Industrial Revolution

1. great economic growth bringing about the age of discovery and exploration 2. scientific Revolution - mechanical inventions and technological advances 3. increase in population in Europe 4. nineteenth-century political and social revolutions which rises the middle class

Conditions Required for Students to Learn to Read

1. phonological awareness 2. phonemic awareness 3. alphabetic principle 4. orthographic awareness 5. comprehensive monitoring strategies

Amendments

1. separation of church and state; freedom of religion, speech and press; and the right to peaceful assembly 2.rights to keep and bear arms 3. made it illegal to force people to offer quarters to soldiers in time of peace. r. rights to privacy and unreasonable searches or seizures 5. rights to due process, protection against self-incrimination, and protection from being indicated for the same crime twice (double jeopardy) 6.rights to speedy public trial by an impartial jury and to counsel for one's defense 7. right to sue 8. protection against cruel and unusual punishment 9. enumeration of specific rights in the Constitution cannot be taken as a way to deny other rights retained by the people. 10.rights to delegated to the federal government by the Constitution are reserved to the states or to the people.

Simple Sentence

A sentence consisting of one independent clause and no dependent clause. example: I like ice cream.

Exclamatory Sentence

A sentence expressing strong feeling, usually punctuated with an exclamation mark

Complex Sentence

A sentence structure that is a combination of a dependent clause and an independent clause. (Example: If you walk to the top of the tower, you will find a sacred sardine can.) ___________ Sentence.

Interrogative Sentence

A sentence that asks a question

Declarative Sentence

A sentence that makes a statement or declaration

Declarative Sentence

A sentence that makes a statement.

Imperative Sentence

A sentence that requests or commands

Running Record

An assessment device in which a student's oral reading errors are noted and classified in order to determine whether the material is on the appropriate level of difficulty and to see which reading strategies the student is using.

Running Record

An assessment method that documents a child's reading as he or she reads aloud and allows the teacher to evaluate the reading level as well as to not explicit types of miscues. Specific marks are made to indicate the types of errors. Training is required, but once trained, it is quick and easy to do.

What is an affix?

An attachment to the end or beginningof base or root words. A generic term that describes prefixes and suffixes word parts "fixed to" either the beginnings of words (prefixes) or the ending of words (suffixes).

Shared reading

An interactive reading experience that occurs when students join in or share the reading of a book or other text while guided and supported by a teacher. The teacher explicitly models the skills of proficient readers, including reading with fluency and expression.

Open Syllable

An open syllable has one and only one vowel, and that vowel occurs at the end of the syllable.

Choral Speaking

An oral interpretation in which several voices speak together in a group

Decomposers

An organism that lives on decaying organic material from which it obtains energy and nutrients. examples: fungi, or bacteria.

Content Enhancements

Teachers use various techniques that enhance more complex info so students may remember and utilize more effi. Content enhancement: include notes, graphic organizers, and mnemonic strats.

John Calvin

Frenchmen in Geneva, a Swiss state that adopted anti-Catholic position. 1540, Geneva was capital of Reformation. He emphasized the doctrine of predestination, which indicated that God knew who would obtain salvation before those people were born. Believed the Church and state should unite.

Rise of Global Culture

Globalization is the notion that no one nation stands by itself, rise of information technology, interation has effects on all aspects of life-environmental, cultural, political, economic, and social.

Needs and wants

Goods and services refer to things that satisfy human needs, wants, or desires. Money is the medium of exchange

Thomas Hutchinson

Governor of Boston who ordered cargo of tea to be unloaded in Boston despite colonial objection which set in motion the Boston Tea Party

The Iranian Crisis

In 1978, a revolution forced the shah of Iran to flee the country, replacing with a religious leader, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. After the exiled shah came to the U.S. for medical treatment in October 1979, some 400 Iranians broke into the American embassy in Teheran on Nov. 4, taking the occupants captive, requiring that the shah be returned for trial. Carter rejected and froze Iranian assets in the U.S. and a trade embargo. After extensive negotiations with Iran, in which Algeria acted as an intermediary, the American hostages were freed on January 20, 1981.

Aspects of Listening

Listening to and following directions, responding to questions, responding to literature read aloud, agreeing or disagreeing with the ideas in a speech, asking for clarification, expanding on an idea, repeating or paraphrasing to verify one's understanding, calling for evidence, summarizing major ideas and supporting evidence, interpreting volume, pitch, pace, gestures, evaluating mood or tone

Literature Circles

Literature cirlces is important to the cooperative reading process. Tompkins (2002) endorsed four components of literature circles including: reading, responding, creating projects, and sharing.

Consequences of WWII

Massive human dislocations; extensive casualties; Nuremberg War trails; Space Race; Early comp. technology; third-world nationalism movement; De-colonization of European empires; colonized countries fought for independence; US and USSR emerged as superpowers; Cold war; Division of Germany; UN; Japanese war trials; Japan placed temp under US control; Russian army built up and occupied most of Eastern Europe; Creation of International Monetary Fund and GATT; US economy booms; new technology developed; computers; atomic bomb changed nature of future bombs; Women involved in workforce

Direct Vocabulary Instruction

Specific word instruction and word learning strategies.

Dialect

Speech variations associated with various geographic regions or ethic groups.

Orthography

Spelling patterns used in English, linking letters (graphemes) to sounds (phonemes) in spoken language.

Basic Elements of Effective Teaching

Teachers must: 1. model new skills 2. provide multiple examples of new tasks they teach 3. avoid repetition 4. engage students during instructional activities 5. encourage students for their efforts 6. provide immediate feedback 7. use robust curricula

during-reading

Teachers need to help or scaffold students as they develop strategies for interacting effectively with various texts. Students must learn to ask questions, make predictions, read and comprehend the selection, make connections among important ideas, decide what is important, take notes and write summaries. This is done when?

Basal Reader

Textbooks used to teach reading and associated skills to students. usually published as anthologies that combine previously published short stories, excerpts and original works.

Rime

The part of a syllable (not a word) consisting of its vowel and any consonant sounds that come after it, the first vowel in a word along with all of the sounds that follow, for example, /-utterfly/ in "butterfly."

Prohibition

The period from 1920 to 1933 when the sale of alcoholic beverages was prohibited in the United States by a constitutional amendment

European Imperialism

The policy in which stronger nations extend their economic, political, or military control over weaker territories. Europeans had sought to expand the size of their nation seeking raw materials. (19th century) The political and economic control by European powers of areas in Africa, Asia, and the Pacific.

Multiple Intelligence Theory

Verbal, logical, visual, musical, intrapersonal, interpersonal,kinesthetic, naturalist, existential

body management

ability of a student to control his physical self, personal movements, recognize spatial conditions, and develop body-space relationships

linguistic awareness

ability to understand sound structure of language

Evaluative Comprehension

ablility to use critical thinking skills, logical analysis, and aesthetic considerations to evaluate a text.

alphabetic principle

the understanding that words are made up of letters that have different sounds

phonological awareness

the understanding that words are made up of sound units.

comprehension strategies

these STRATEGIES include (1) annotating texts; (2) inferential reading; (3) metacognition; (4) multi-pass strategies; (5) pre-and post-reading exercises; (6) summarizing; (7) using graphic organizers

Paleolithic period or old stone age

they appeared around 2.5 million years ago until approximately 10,000 B.C.E. These nomads lived in groups of 10 to 20 and made tools and weapons from stones and bones.They lived in caves and other natural formations.