Understanding Nutrition
What represents the usual sequence of stages in the development of a nutrient deficiency resulting from inadequate intake?
Declining nutrient stores, abnormal functions within the body, and overt signs
What is a result of the metabolism of energy nutrients?
Energy is released
What set of values is used to recommend the average kcalorie intake that maintains population groups in energy balance?
Estimated Energy Requirement
How are the RDA for almost all vitamin and mineral intakes set?
High, to cover virtually all healthy individuals
As a registered dietitian at Jones Hospital, you are instructed to write a policy statement on nutrition assessment procedures for all new patients. What is the most useful parameters for the nutrition assessment of individuals?
Historical information, anthropometric data, physical examinations, laboratory tests
What term describes a food that resembles and substitutes for another food but is nutritionally inferior to it?
Imitation food
What is not a characteristic of vitamins?
Inorganic
What cannot add fat to the body?
Inorganic nutrients
What foods' kcalories would be considered as part of one's discretionary kcalorie allowance?
Jam
To identify early-stage malnutrition, a health professional would use this parameter?
Laboratory tests
What is used to determine the presence of abnormal functions inside the body due to a nutrient deficiency?
Laboratory tests
What is allowed in the diet of a lactovegetarian?
Milk products and plant foods only
What is the meaning of a double-blind experiment?
Neither subjects nor researchers know which subjects are in the control or experimental group
What nutrient sources yields more than 4 kcalories per gram?
Plant fats
What is are leading causes of death in the U.S. does not bear a relationship to diet?
Pneumonia and influenza
You have been asked to help a top nutrition researcher conduct human experiments on vitamin C. As the subjects walk into the laboratory, you distribute all the vitamin C pill bottles to the girls and all the placebo pill bottles to the boys. The researcher instantly informs you that there are two errors in your research practice. What steps should you have done differently?
Prevented yourself from knowing what was in the pill bottles, and distributed the bottles randomly to the subjects
What best describes a college-educated nutrition and food specialist who is qualified to make evaluations of the nutritional health of people?
Registered dietitian
Who would be the most appropriate person to consult regarding nutrition information?
Registered dietitian
What type of deficiency is caused by inadequate absorption of a nutrient?
Secondary
What is a feature of the minerals as nutrients?
Some become dissolved in body fluids
A food scientist is developing a new and improved cereal bar. She consults with you to ask in what order the ingredients should be listed on the food label. The ingredients are: Sugar: 30 g, Puffed wheat: 28 g, Dry milk powder: 5 g, Red food coloring: 35 mg, Salt: 2 g. What is the appropriate order in which to list these ingredients on the food label?
Sugar, puffed wheat, dry milk powder, salt, red food coloring
The most common causes of death today in the United States doesn't include
TB
What entity coordinates nutrition-related activities of federal agencies?
The National Nutrition Monitoring program
A health magazine contacted you for your expert opinion on what measure best describes the amounts of nutrients that should be consumed by the population. Your reply should be:
The Recommended Dietary Allowances because they represent the average daily amount of a nutrient considered adequate to meet the known nutrient needs of practically all healthy people.
What does the Tolerable Upper Intake Level of a nutrient represent?
The maximum amount from all sources that appears safe for most healthy people
What statement defines the association between a risk factor and the development of a disease?
The more risk factors for a disease, the greater the chance of developing that disease
What is a major weakness of a laboratory-based study?
The results cannot be applied to human beings
Greg is trying to decide which brand of cereal to buy, but he is a somewhat confused by the health claims. Which of the following represents the highest level of significant scientific agreement?
"This product contains whole grains which have been proven to reduce the risk of heart disease and certain cancers"
What is characteristic of an essential nutrient?
Cannot be made in sufficient quantities by the body
What is the benefit of using a large sample size in an experiment?
Chance variation is ruled out
A normal half-cup vegetable serving weighs approximately how many grams?
100
How many vitamins are known to be required in the diet of human beings?
13
What is the weight (lbs) of the "reference" adult male?
154
How many minerals are known to be required in the diet of human beings?
16
A weight reduction regimen calls for a daily intake of 1400 kcalories which includes 30 g of fat. Approximately what percentage of the total energy is contributed by fat?
19
What is the AMDR for fat?
20-35%
Population groups such as sedentary older men, sedentary younger women, and active older women have a daily energy need (kcalories) of approximately
2000
If a person consumed the upper AMDR limit for protein as part of a diet containing 2500 kcalories, approximately how many grams of protein would be ingested?
219
A diet provides a total of 2200 kcalories, of which 40% of the energy is from fat and 20% from protein. How many grams of carbohydrate are contained in the diet?
220
The complete lining of a person's digestive tract is renewed approximately every
3-5 days
Approximately how many nutrients are considered indispensable in the diet?
40
What is the AMDR for carbohydrate?
45-65%
Which of the following figures falls within the carbohydrate range of the AMDR?
50%
Excluding fast-food establishments, approximately what percentage of restaurants in the United States show an ethnic emphasis?
60
Bob consumes about 2500 kcalories per day, which is apportioned as 150 g of fat, 140 g of carbohydrate, and 150 g of protein. What would be the appropriate revisions to help Bob adjust his nutrient intake so that it matches the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges?
70 g fat, 156 g protein, 313 g carbohydrate
Approximately how much water (lbs) would be found in a 120-lb person?
72
By law, a serving size on beverage food labels is
8 fl oz
What describes the legal limitations, if any, for a person who disseminates dietary advice to the public?
A license to practice as a nutritionist or dietitian is required by some states
What is a flexitarian?
A vegetarian who occasionally eats small amounts of meat
The percentage of kcalorie intakes for protein, fat, and carbohydrate that are thought to reduce the risk of chronic diseases are termed the
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges.
What are the "ABCDMV" principles of diet planning?
Adequacy, balance, kcalorie control, nutrient density, moderation, and variety
What is the benefit of using placebos in an experiment?
All subjects receive a treatment
All of the following are recognized, credible sources of nutrition information except
Correct answer Who's Who in Nutrition. these are credibile sources - a. the Food and Drug Administration. b. the American Dietetic Association. c. the United States Department of Agriculture.
Which of the following represents a rationale for setting the recommendation for energy?
Because a large number of people are overweight, the figures are set to induce a gradual weight loss in most individuals
The RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowances) for nutrients are generally
designed to meet the needs of almost all healthy people.
A person viewing an exciting sports match of her favorite team and eating because of nervousness would be displaying a food choice behavior most likely based on
emotional comfort.
In nutrition research, observations of the quantities and types of foods eaten by groups of people and the health status of those groups are known as
epidemiological studies.
Which of the following is not one of the six classes of nutrients?
fiber the 6 classes are: Inorganic- minerals, water Organic - carbs, lipids (fats), proteins, vitamins
What is an enrichment nutrient for grains?
folate
The addition of calcium to some orange juice products by food manufacturers is most properly termed nutrient
fortification
Of the ten leading causes of illness and death, how many are associated directly with nutrition?
four
All of the following sets of values are included in the Dietary Reference Intakes except
these are included - AI. RDA. EAR. not included Correct response is LUT.
A clinical trial must involve
human beings as subjects.
All of the following are results of making poor food choices except
these are the results of bad food choices - a. over the long term, they will reduce lifespan in some people. b. they can promote heart disease and cancer over the long term. c. over the long term, they will not affect lifespan in some people. Correct Response when made over just a single day, they exert great harm to your health
General features of legumes doesn't include
they are high in fat.
All of the following describe features for application of the recommended nutrient intakes except
this does not apply - the recommendations also apply to sick people. These are right - a. the recommendations are designed to be met through intake of foods and not supplements. b. it is difficult and unnecessary to meet the recommended intakes for all nutrients each day. c. the recommendations are neither minimum requirements nor necessarily optimal intakes for everybody.
A subclinical nutrient deficiency is defined as one that
is in the early stages.
calcium.
is not a macronutrient
International units of energy are expressed in
kilojoules
Documented benefits for people following a vegetarian diet doesn't include
lower rates of anemia.
Overcooking a food is least likely to affect which of the following groups of nutrients?
minerals
Providing enough, but not an excess, of a food is a diet-planning principle known as
moderation
A child who developed a strong dislike of noodle soup after consuming some when she was sick with flu is an example of a food-related
negative association
An increase in exercise accompanied by a decrease in body weight is an example of a
negative correlation.
RDA and the AI share the same feature except for
neither is useful for evaluating nutrition programs for groups of people.
The study of how a person's genes interact with nutrients is termed
nutritional genomics.
Before publication in a reputable journal, the findings of a research study must undergo scrutiny by experts in the field according to a process known as
peer review
Inspection of hair, eyes, skin, and posture is part of the nutrition assessment component known as
physical examination
A term that describes a food that doesn't provide health benefits beyond its nutrient contribution is
phytonutritional food.
The Dietary Reference Intakes may be used to
plan and evaluate diets for healthy people.
A parent who offers a child a favorite snack as a reward for good behavior is displaying a food behavior known as
positive association.
Overeating and gaining body weight is an example of a
positive correlation
What is an example of a macronutrient?
protein
Factors known to be related to a disease but not proven to be causal are called
risk factors
All of the following are minimum requirements for becoming a Registered Dietitian except
wrong = completing up to a three-week clinical internship or the equivalent. correct a. earning an undergraduate degree. b. completing approximately 60 semester hours in nutrition and food science. c. passing a national examination administered by the American Dietetic Association.
What is not a typical characteristic of a vegetarian?
their zinc absorption is efficient due to their high soy intake.
What is a feature of vitamin B12 nutrition in vegetarians?
The vitamin B12 in fermented soy products may have low bioavailability
What is a characteristic of enriched grain products?
They have all of the added nutrients listed on the label
This is not a characteristic of minerals?
Unstable to light
What is an example of a micronutrient?
Vitamin C
What is an organic compound?
Vitamin C
By chemical analysis, what nutrient is present in the highest amounts in most foods?
Water
Your friend Carrie took a daily supplement of vitamin C and stated that she felt a lot better. Her experience is best described as a(n)
anecdote
Which of the following is an anthropometric measure?
body weight
The motive for a person who alters his diet due to religious convictions is most likely his
values
What represents a food choice based on negative association?
An elderly gentleman who refuses a peanut butter and jelly sandwich because he deems it a child's food
What is an overt symptom of iron deficiency?
headaches
According to food labeling laws, acceptable synonyms for nonfat milk does not include
no-fat milk
What is the most calcium-dense food?
nonfat milk
A food label that advertises the product as a "rich source of fiber" is an example of a
nutrient claim.
