unit 1-5
Biofeedback training has been used to help individuals with
anxiety.
Which of the following is a principle of Gestalt psychology?
closure
Which of the following is most directly related to the endocrine system?
hormones
What is defined by heredity, and is based on biological structures and processes?
nature
If two sounds differ in frequency, they are perceived as different ________.
pitch
Each kind of neurotransmitter has a unique chemical structure, and each can fit into a specifically tailored harbor, also known as a ________.
receptor site
In which part of the eye are photoreceptors found?
retina
Women who smoke show increased bone density.
False
A behavior therapy method in which fear-evoking stimuli are presented continuously in the absence of actual harm so that fear responses are extinguished is called ___________.
Flooding
Which of the following is an example of a nonconscious process?
Growing hair
Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer?
Money
Circulation of blood is an example of a_________
nonconscious process
The bulge in the hindbrain that lies forward of the medulla and transmits information about body movement is called the ________.
pons
Chika has lost the sensation of touch in her skin. Which part of her brain is most likely malfunctioning?
somatosensory cortex
When a neural impulse reaches the axon terminal of a neuron, the vesicles release varying amounts of neurotransmitters into the ________.
synaptic cleft
A person with normal color vision is labeled a ________.
trichromat
Correlations allow us to determine causality.
False
Erik Erikson focused more on unconscious processes and less on conscious choice and self-direction.
False
In operant conditioning, voluntary responses cannot be conditioned.
False
Sociocultural psychologists study those things we refer to as the mind.
False
The neural impulses that travel along a neuron are purely chemical in nature.
False
Stephanos smokes heavily and has a nicotine use disorder. Due to excessive cigarette smoking, he has developed lung cancer. In this scenario, which of the following chemical compounds is likely to have caused lung cancer?
Hydrocarbons
Which psychologist is most likely to reject the idea that the mind can be studied objectively?
John B. Watson
During which of the following are you most likely to experience hypnagogic hallucinations?
Non-rapid eye movement sleep
Which of the following may accompany narcolepsy and is characterized by the collapse of muscle groups or the entire body?
Sleep paralysis
Which of the following is a difference between sleep terrors and nightmares?
Sleep terrors usually occur during the first two sleep cycles of the night, whereas nightmares are more likely to occur toward morning.
Marisol was attempting to teach her boyfriend manners. In the beginning, she would compliment him if he was near her car door. After a period of time, she would only praise him if he would wait patiently outside of her door. Eventually, she would only pay him compliments if he opened her door. In this scenario, what is Marisol reinforcing?
Successive approximations of the goal
Prior to conditioning, Kofi salivates in response to lasagna being placed in his mouth. Using classical conditioning terms, which is the correct labeling of stimuli and responses in this situation?
The food is the unconditioned stimulus; Kofi salivating is the unconditioned response.
Which of the following statements is true of hormones?
They are secreted directly into the bloodstream.
What is the term for the habituation to a drug that includes the need for increasingly higher doses of the drug to achieve similar effects?
Tolerance
With respect to classical conditioning, the cognitive focus is about how well an organism can predict what will come next.
True
The fraction of the intensity by which a source of physical energy must be increased or decreased so that a difference in intensity will be perceived is called ________.
Weber's constant
Which of the following is true of Weber's constant?
Weber's constant for light is inaccurate when extremely bright or dull lights are compared.
Vibrations in the fluids within the chambers of the inner ear press against the ________.
basilar membrane
What similarity did Wilhelm Wundt share with Aristotle?
both saw the mind as a natural event that could be studied scientifically, like light and heat
How do pigments gain their colors?
by absorbing light from certain segments of the spectrum and reflecting the rest
Simone Biles is considered by many to be the greatest gymnast of all time. Which part of her brain is likely highly developed, helping her movements be smooth and balanced?
cerebellum
Yul entered a pizza-eating contest when he was in college. He finished five large pizzas by himself, but he felt nauseated and threw up a few hours later. For several years, the sight and smell of pizza made him feel sick. In this scenario, Yul's aversion toward pizza occurred through ________.
classical conditioning
The electroencephalograph is a method of ________.
detecting brain waves by means of measuring the current between electrodes placed on the scalp
In experiments on the extinction of conditioned responses, Pavlov found that repeated presentations of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus led to which of the following conditioned responses?
extinction
In the context of reinforcement schedules, if you were only paid for every individual webpage that you create, you are being paid on a __________.
fixed-ratio schedule
Which of the following psychologists might treat psychologically ill offenders, consult with attorneys on matters such as picking a jury, and analyze offenders' behavior and mental processes?
forensic psychologists
Older adults are more likely than younger adults to have insomnia because of a
greater incidence of poor health and pain.
Gustav Theodor Fechner, in his book Elements of Psychophysics, showed ________.
how physical events are related to psychological sensations and perception
Crystal has been having difficulty concentrating at work. She thinks it might be due to a lack of sleep and therefore she has been trying to sleep more. Unfortunately, this has created her autonomic activity and muscle tension. In this scenario, Crystal is most likely suffering from __________.
insomnia
Whenever we hear a loud, unexpected sound, we often have a startle response. The pattern of behavior that is triggered in this specific situation is called a (an) ________.
instinct
When Lyra picked up her puppy, she did not realize that he'd gained a pound since the last time she picked him up. This small increase in weight is not big enough to be a ________.
just noticeable difference
According to cognitive theorists, what is the process by which organisms make relatively permanent changes in the way they represent the environment because of experience?
learning
In the terminology of observational learning, a person who engages in a response that is imitated is a__________.
model
Messages from the brain or spinal cord are transmitted to muscles or glands through ________.
motor neurons
Which method allows psychologists and other scientists to observe behavior where it happens, or "in the field?"
naturalistic observation
The audience was very impressed by the singer's ability to hit the high and low notes. This most closely refers to ________.
pitch
Which of the following neurotransmitters is involved in emotional arousal and sleep?
serotonin
Which senses are considered chemical senses?
taste and smell
Operant conditioning is essentially learning __________.
the consequences that follow a behavior
Psychologists with which of these perspectives primarily venture into the realm of mental processes such as sensation and perception, memory, intelligence, language, thought, and problem solving to understand human nature?
Cognitive
Which of the following statements is true of rod cells in the retina of the eye?
They are sensitive only to the intensity of light.
Which gland is responsible for the production of epinephrine?
adrenal
Ivan is a waiter at a coffee shop. He gets paid $100 every day at 9 p.m. regardless of the number of customers he serves during the day. In this scenario, Ivan's payment is based on the
fixed-interval schedule
Famous neoanalysts such as Karen Horney and Erik Erikson differ from earlier psychodynamic practitioners in that they ________.
focused less on unconscious processes and more on conscious choice and self-direction
As you walk into a brightly lit room, the black structure in the center of your eye seems to shrink to a tiny black dot. This response is caused by the action of the eye structure called the ________.
iris
As we age and reach our late 30's to mid-40's, what structure in our eyes tends to have difficulty accommodating?
lens
Which of the following is a group of structures involved in memory, motivation, and emotion that forms a fringe along the inner edge of the cerebrum?
limbic system
Sara is a pregnant woman who is well past her due date, which was three weeks ago. The doctors decide that they must induce labor in Sara and inject her with ________.
oxytocin
Alex and Sean went hiking to celebrate their wedding anniversary, and saw a bear in their path. Which division of their nervous systems would prepare them for the fight or flight response?
sympathetic
Which branch of the autonomic nervous system that is most active during when you are scared?
sympathetic division
The semicircular canals are most helpful with your _______
vestibular sense
If you are in a room full of people conversing but can still pick out the speech of a single person, you are experiencing which phenomenon?
Cocktail party effect
Which theory related to dreams states that acetylcholine and the pons stimulate responses that lead to dreaming?
Activation-synthesis model
Sasha is undergoing chemotherapy, which makes her feel nauseous. To help treat the nausea, her doctor may prescribe her which drug?
Marijuana
Which hormone promotes sleep?
Melatonin
When people suffer from insomnia, they may have an even more difficult time falling asleep if they become stressed trying to make themselves sleep. Which branch of the nervous system is being triggered?
Sympathetic
Which of the following statements is true of depth perception?
Distant objects stimulate smaller areas on the retina than nearby ones.
Which perspective works on the assumption that thoughts, fantasies, and dreams—and the inborn or instinctive behavior patterns of various species—are made possible by the nervous system and especially by the brain?
Biological
Which of the following statements is true of insomnia?
Older adults are more likely than younger adults to have insomnia.
When cocaine is used, which neural process is debated as causes neurotransmitters to remain in the synaptic cleft longer?
Reuptake
Which of the following statements is true of nicotine?
It stimulates the release of neurotransmitters
People with frequent nightmares are more likely than others to have anxiety, depression, and other psychological problems.
True
Researchers historically agreed on four primary taste qualities: sweet, sour, salty, and bitter.
True
Norhan was temporarily blinded by the flash from the camera. The perception of being "blind" is best explained by a(n) ________.
afterimage
The best individuals for hypnosis are people who _______
are prone to fantasy
Gael has been exhibiting some behavioral issues at school lately. The teacher has developed a plan to ignore his poor behaviors and reinforcement him with positive praise and attention whenever he exhibits positive behaviors. The teacher is using ______________.
behavior modification
Which of the following can teachers learn to use to reinforce children when they are behaving appropriately and, when possible, to extinguish misbehavior by ignoring it?
behavior modification
When you are training a pet, you are most likely relying on which of the following psychological perspectives?
behaviorist
In the context of the human eye, the size of which structure is sensitive to an individual's emotions?
pupil
Ray often wakes up at night talking loudly and incoherently. During this time, his heart rate increases, and he recalls vague images of someone pressing on his chest. However, he is never fully awake and returns to sleep. In the context of sleep disorders, Ray is exhibiting symptoms of _____.
sleep terrors
The gate theory of pain suggests that pain sensations are processed and can be limited through neurons located in the ________.
spine
Which of the following monocular cues is based on the perception that closer objects appear to have rougher surfaces?
texture gradient
The outer ear funnels sound directly to which structure?
the eardrum
Julie's research work requires her to interview a sample of 200 people within two months. She needs to gather data about the sample group's attitude toward certain situations through a questionnaire, but she has limited time to gather the information. Which of the following methods should Julie use to gather the required information?
the survey method
One potential reason why women and certain ethnic groups are significantly affected by alcohol is because
they produce less aldehyde dehydrogenase than other groups.
Uno is a person who is excitable, and she has a hard time gaining weight. Which of her glands is most likely malfunctioning?
thyroid
In the context of psychological research, debriefing is the process of explaining the purposes and methods of a completed procedure to a participant.
true
Psychoanalysis is the name of the theory of personality developed by Sigmund Freud.
true
There is a correlation between the viewing of media violence and aggressive behavior, but media violence is not the only factor.
true
Someone is having trouble adjusting to the new students in their classroom. This individual does not have any serious psychological disorders but has trouble making new friends. What kind of psychologist would most likely be consulted to help the person?
developmental
Pedro is confused and hearing voices. If he has schizophrenia, to which neurotransmitter is he most likely extra sensitive?
dopamine
Amy accidentally hit her elbow against the edge of a wall. Amy's mother rushed to her and rubbed the affected elbow. Amy's pain subsided. Which theory would best explain this incident?
due to the principles of perceptual organization
Why do the two lines in the Müller-Lyer illusion appear to be of different lengths even though they are the same length?
due to the principles of perceptual organization
Usually, in operant conditioning, people would
enjoy being negatively reinforced and dislike being positively punished.
Ivan Pavlov proved that reflexes cannot be learned by association.
false
Lim, a 26-year-old man, often falls asleep suddenly. During these sleep attacks, he falls asleep for around 15 minutes and wakes up feeling refreshed. He also hallucinates that a person is sitting on his chest. In this scenario, Lim is likely suffering from __________.
narcolepsy
Allen was adopted at an early age by a Japanese American couple. As a result, he grew up speaking both Japanese and English fluently. In terms of genetics, this manifestation of Allen's ability to speak is an example of a(n) ________.
phenotype
According to the ethical guidelines of the American Psychological Association, animals cannot be harmed under any circumstance while conducting research
False
An electroencephalograph measures respiratory rates during sleep studies and helps researchers study the stages of sleep
False
Cones allow us to see in black and white, while rods provide color vision. Cones are more sensitive to dim light than rods are.
False
Flooding and counterconditioning are techniques for inducing fears.
False
People woken up during NREM are more likely to report they were dreaming than people awoken during REM.
False
Which of the following statements is true of psychoanalysis?
It aims to help patients find socially acceptable ways of expressing wishes and gratifying needs.
Which of the following statements is true in the context of the effects of violent video games?
Moderating variables such as social connectedness figure into the effects of media violence.
Which of the following statements is true of the signal-detection theory?
The intensity of a signal is one factor that determines whether people will perceive sensory stimuli or a difference between signals.
Identify a true statement about taste aversions.
They motivate organisms to avoid harmful foods.
Psychology seeks to describe, explain, predict, and control behavior and mental processes.
True
Somnambulism seems to be a sleep disorder that people grow out of as they enter adolescence and adulthood.
True
Huy has always feared going to the dentist as he associated these visits with pain. After repeated visits to the dentist, Huy also developed the fear of bright lights as he had started associating it with the dentist's cabin. In the given scenario, the development of Huy's fear of bright lights is due to ________.
higher-order conditioning
Evelyn's therapist keeps reminding her that she must take responsibility for her thoughts and actions, and reinvent herself. Which approach is her therapist most likely using?
humanistic-existential
Chloe has been having a lot of difficulty paying attention at work and sleeping at night. Which of the following structures might be the cause of these issues?
reticular formation
You approach the closed door of the classroom. As you open the door, the shape the door casts on your retina changes due to you viewing the door from a different angle. You know the door did not actually change from a rectangle to a trapezoid figure. This is because of ________.
shape constancy
A person who cannot move during the transition from consciousness to sleep, during which hallucinations occur, is experiencing
sleep paralysis.
Laila and Raheem were practicing a song for a cultural program. Their music teacher insisted that Norhan sing the verses in a high pitch. Which of the following could be a reason for the music teacher's decision to select Layla for the high pitch sounds and not Raheem?
A woman's vocal cords are usually shorter and vibrate at a greater frequency.
People using which perspective were the first to believe that the mind functions by combining objective and subjective elements of experience?
structuralists
It is not uncommon for students to stay awake all night to prepare for an exam. If students do this for more than one consecutive night, they may have trouble learning and remembering information. What are they suffering from?
Sleep deprivation
Ravi is unable to choose the right career path after completing his college education. He plans to visit a psychologist who might help him find the right career. In this scenario, Ravi is most likely to visit a human factors psychologist.
false
Being left-handed appears to provide a somewhat greater-than-average probability of ________.
having dyslexia
According to your text, older adults sleep less because
of physical discomfort.
How many pairings of the unconditioned stimuli and conditioned stimuli are needed for taste aversion to occur?
one
Biofeedback training, behavior modification, and programmed learning are all applications of__________.
operant conditioning
Labib has been having severe epileptic seizures since a very young age. His seizures have become less frequent since he underwent an operation. However, he has problems expressing what he feels. When he feels happy, his facial expressions often show anger. Labib has most likely undergone a(n) ________ operation.
split-brain
Dion was bored in class and doodled on the corners of his notebook pages to make his own flipbook. On each consecutive page, he draw the image slightly different. When he quickly flips through the pages, it looks like the doodle is moving. This is an example of _______
stroboscopic motion
Darren is on the way to his university to take an exam. He is disturbed by thoughts of failing because he is not prepared for the exam. However, he pushes away thoughts of failing and focuses on studying. In this scenario, Darren is using _____.
suppression
Which of the following is a drawback of case studies?
Interviewers may influence participants to give responses that suit their expectations.
Who was among the first to show that intelligence tests are culturally biased?
Jorge Sanchez
Which of the following substances is classified as a barbiturate?
Nembutal
In the context of auditory perception, which of the following statements is true?
The frequency theory appears to account only for pitch perception between 20 and a few hundred cycles per second.
Consolidation of memory is connected to REM sleep.
True
Direct artificial stimulation of the parietal lobe produces a sense of being touched somewhere on your body.
True
Which of the following statements is true about secondary reinforcers?
They acquire their value through association with established reinforcers
Another term used for REM sleep is paradoxical sleep.
True
In terms of the just noticeable difference, with auditory stimulation, people are more sensitive to changes in loudness
False
Odors trigger firing of receptor neurons in the olfactory membrane high in each nostril.
True
Traits such as sociability and aggressiveness are thought to be ________.
polygenic
When we sleep, our brain waves become identical to those emitted when we are conscious.
False
These neurons fire when an animal observes the behavior of another animal and that behavior stimulates imitative behavior in the first animal.
Mirror neurons
Who was a founder of the school of functionalism?
William James
Response set theory suggests that you can be hypnotized against your will.
False
Retinal disparity causes feelings of tension in the eye muscles and provides a binocular cue for depth.
False
Structuralists emphasized the tendency to organize perceptions into wholes and to integrate separate stimuli into meaningful patterns.
False
Lamar got a head injury while playing football, and his doctor wants to see which parts of his brain are active while he is doing various mental tasks. Which technology should Lamar's doctor choose?
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
Who was the founder of behaviorism?
John B. Watson
Which agent creates physiological dependence on tobacco products?
Nicotine
Which of the following best identifies the behaviorists' primary emphasis for the study of psychology?
Observable behavior
Jedda's mother is indigenous and her father is Spanish, how much genetic overlap does she have with each parent?
50%
Psychophysicists studied absolute thresholds and established them based on a when individuals in their tests detected a stimulus which percentage of the time?
50%
When children reared by adoptive parents are more similar to their natural parents in a particular trait, strong evidence exists for a genetic role in the development of that trait.
True
The body's system of ductless glands that secrete hormones and release them directly into the bloodstream is known as which of the following?
endocrine system
Breonna insists racism is only present if a person violently attacks someone of another race while spewing racial slurs, but Jacqueline believes that racism happens when someone supports policies that benefit one group over another. On which point and aspect of critical thinking do Breonna and Jacqueline disagree?
examine definitions of terms
Amir has a conditioned fear of snow due to an incident in the past. It's not December and he keeps seeing pictures and movies with Santa Claus in them. Santa is always standing in a snowy, winter scene. This leads to Amir becoming fearful of Santa Claus. This is an example of _______.
higher-order conditioning
A person in which field primarily focuses on the relationships between people and work?
industrial psychologist
Which of these is best defined as a sudden variation in an inheritable characteristic, as distinguished from a variation that results from generations of gradual selection?
mutation
The first four stages of sleep are collectively known as
non-rapid eye movement sleep.
Tavish was so excited to see the ocean for the first time that he jumped right in. The water was very cold! After a few minutes though, Tavish didn't seem to notice how chilly the water was anymore. This is an example of ________.
sensory adaptation
A hypothesis is a ________.
statement about behavior or mental processes that is testable through research
Veronica wants the people in her study to reflect the proportionate demographics of her country. Which type of sample should she seek?
stratified
Which of these s the school of psychology that argues that the mind consists of three basic elements—sensations, feelings, and images—that combine to form experience?
structuralism
Which contemporary perspective is most likely a combination of structuralism, functionalism, Gestalt, and the ideas of Socrates?
cognitive
The axons of ganglion cells form which structure of the eye?
optic nerve
Which gland is sometimes called the "master gland" or "gland champion" because it controls other glands?
pituitary
When you look at a pair of train tracks and see them appear to converge as they move into the distance, you're experiencing ________.
perspective
One of the concepts of evolutionary psychology is that not only physical traits but also many patterns of behavior, including social behavior, evolve and can be transmitted genetically from generation to generation.
True
Pitch and loudness are two psychological dimensions of sound. The pitch of a sound is determined by its frequency, or the number of cycles per second as expressed in the unit hertz (Hz). The loudness of a sound is expressed in decibels (dB).
True
The left hemisphere of the brain is relatively more involved in tasks that require logic and problem solving than the right hemisphere.
True
You had not heard the song that you and your previous boyfriend used to listen to in years. Upon hearing it again, you were surprised by all of the mixed emotions that you were experiencing. This is an example of spontaneous recovery.
True
Which of the following statements is true of applied research?
It is designed to find solutions to specific personal or social problems
Your friend Adelina tells you that she is red-green color blind. This means that she sees things in ________.
all colors except either red or green
Which of the following represents your full genetic potential?
genotype
In psychology class students are learning about afterimages. Dakota's teacher is having them stare at a red square on the board. What color will the afterimage be that Dakota and their classmates will perceive?
green
Shantra is a young girl who was in a bus accident a few years ago. Since her accident, Shantra is only able to remember people she had met before the accident and instances from her childhood. However, she is unable to remember people she met recently or events that are currently happening in her life. She reads the same newspaper for several days without realizing that she has read it before. The accident has made Shantra unable permanently store new information because she sustained an injury to her ________.
hippocampus
Which of the following perspectives stresses people's capacities for self-fulfillment and the central roles of consciousness, self-awareness, and decision making?
humanism
Which perspective is grounded in the work of Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow?
humanistic-existential
Akira's pituitary gland is acting strangely, sending random signals to his other glands. Akira may have damage in which brain structure that controls the master gland?
hypothalamus
Which structure in the front of the eye dilates and constricts to determine how much light will be allowed to get into the eye?
iris
In the context of the effects of media violence, most organizations of health professionals agree that:
media violence contributes to aggression among people.
Which is the oblong area of the hindbrain involved in regulation of heartbeat, blood pressure, movement, and respiration?
medulla
The concept that holds that adaptive genetic variations among members of a species enable individuals with those variations to survive and reproduce is called ________.
natural selection
Chukuameka is similar in appearance to his siblings. Which of these is determined by nature and nurture?
phenotype
Yael was caught speeding on the highway. He was pulled over and given a ticket for going 15 over the speed limit. After this, Yael always follows the speed limit. Being given the speeding ticket is an example of _______.
positive punishment
Liz sustained a head injury in a car accident. When she was fully awake, the doctor approached her and asked her questions such as "What is the last thing you remember?" and "When were you born?" Liz was able to answer all these questions correctly. In this scenario, the questions asked to Liz summon up __________.
preconscious information
B. F. Skinner proposed ________.
that organisms learn to behave in certain ways because their behavior has a positive outcome
According to cognitive psychologists, _________.
the changes caused by learning influence an organism's behavior
Kahlil observed a quick succession of cars moving together on the road. His first thought was that they were all a part of a convoy of some sort. Which law of perceptual organization best explains Kahlil's assumption?
the law of common fate.
Food and water are examples of _______.
primary reinforcers
Which of the following senses is dominant in human beings?
vision
When light signals are transduced from sensory receptors in the eyes and then sent to the occipital lobes of the brain, what should occur next?
visual perception
You move to a new house and it has a completely different layout than your previous home. It is also much larger. A few weeks after moving in, the power goes out late at night and you need to locate your flashlights. You are able to quickly navigate your way throughout your new home as you have apparently learned the layout of it regardless of that fact you haven't been reinforced for this feat. What did you use to help you navigate your surroundings?
A cognitive map
A schedule in which reinforcement is provided after a fixed number of correct responses is known as a fixed interval schedule.
False
According to Weber's Law, the absolute threshold for all senses is the same for everyone.
False
Dreams are more likely to be coherent in plot than emotionally gripping.
False
Dreams are most likely to be vivid during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, whereas images are vaguer and more fleeting during rapid eye movement sleep (REM) sleep.
False
In their continuing research, psychologists have come to define consciousness in only one way, as the continuing self in the world.
False
John B. Watson developed the social-cognitive perspective, arguing for the influence of social factors over cognition
False
Norepinephrine is manufactured exclusively by the adrenal glands.
False
In the beginning of Pavlov's experiment in classical conditioning, the bell initially did not elicit a response from the dog. During this part of the process, which type of stimulus is the bell?
Neutral
Which of the following statements is true of the scientific method?
Psychologists are guided by principles of critical thinking as they try to draw conclusions from research evidence collected through the scientific method.
Avani, a sleep researcher, noticed that her sleeping patient had a high level of neurological arousal. Based on this information, which stage of sleep can Avani assume the patient is in?
Rapid eye movement
According to your text, children watching violence in the media are potentially impacted by all of the following EXCEPT:
Reduced probability of aggressive behavior.
Which of the following statements is true in the context of classical conditioning?
Reflexes can be learned by association
Terrance is affected by obesity and snores when he sleeps. He often wakes up in the morning not feeling well rested. What is Terrance most likely suffering from?
Sleep apnea
When our brain waves slow down from the alpha rhythm and enter a pattern of theta waves, which stage of sleep have we entered?
Stage 1 sleep
Naomi is afraid of dogs. While she is feeling relaxed, her therapist shows her a dog from a distance. The therapist gradually brings the dog closer until Naomi's fear is completely extinguished. In this scenario, which of the following techniques is being used to extinguish Naomi's fear of dogs?
Systematic desensitization
Which of the following causes Down syndrome?
The presence of an extra chromosome on the 21st pair.
Biofeedback training is a system that provides information about a bodily function so the organism can gain control of that function.
True
Many psychologists suggest that the Little Albert experiment was unethical, partially due to the infant never being counter-conditioned.
True
It seems like every day you experience a decrease in your mental alertness around 2 or 3 o'clock each afternoon. This daily occurrence in your mental alertness is an example of
a circadian rhythm.
Active touching means continuously moving your hand along the surface of an object so that you continue to receive sensory input from the object.
a clear image of an object to be projected onto the retina
Paul is a 55-year-old man who has been having some difficulty recalling important details. On visiting a doctor, he was told that he was in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease. Which neurotransmitter is most associated with Alzheimer's disease?
acetylcholine
Every morning, Zuri's parents watch for the school bus to arrive. They repeatedly are looking out the window to see if the bus has arrived. This schedule is a __________
variable-interval schedule
Alex was trying to work on an assignment that was due the next day. However, they were constantly thinking about a recent argument with a friend. They consciously pushed these thoughts away and tried to focus on the assignment. In this scenario, what was Alex using to eject the disturbing thoughts?
Suppression
According to the American Psychological Association's Handbooks of Ethics in Psychology, which of the following criteria must be met for psychologists to use deception in their experiments?
The participants are debriefed afterward.
Which condition(s) must be met before an ethics committee will approve an experiment that harms animals?
There must be no alternative, and the benefits justify the harm
Identify a true statement about social-cognitive theorists.
They note that people engage in intentional learning by observing others.
In classical conditioning, extinction is the process by which stimuli lose their ability to evoke learned responses because the events that had followed the stimuli no longer occur.
True
Your friends had to tell what the painting meant because all you could see was a bunch of random dots on the canvas. You are most likely using bottom-up processing. Correct!
True
People with frequent nightmares
are more likely than others to have anxiety and depression.
If you mix red, blue and green paint together you will get ________.
black
The perception of objects that do not stimulate the known sensory organs refers to ________.
clairvoyance
Researchers in which field primarily study how we perceive and mentally represent the world, how we learn, remember the past, plan, problem solve, and use language?
cognitive psychology
In the fovea, a central region of the retina, we have a dense concentration of which kinds of visual cells?
cones
During a guided meditation session, Rachel was asked to picture a green valley under a clear blue sky. She was asked to "feel" the wind against her face and "hear" the birds chirping around her. Although none of these stimuli were actually present, Rachel was conscious of them. This scenario illustrates an aspect of consciousness called _____.
direct inner awareness
Consider an experiment in which a pigeon is placed in a Skinner box with a button on the wall. The cage contains a small green light that is turned on and off intermittently throughout the day. When the pigeon pecks the button when the green light is on, the behavior is reinforced with food. When it pecks the button when the green light is off, the behavior is not reinforced. The pigeon soon learns that button pecking will be rewarded only when the green light is on. In this scenario, the green light is a(n) __________.
discriminative stimulus
Tunde has concluded that the only reason Jerry chooses bullying behaviors is due to his lack of dopamine. Which aspect of critical thinking has Tunde mistaken?
do not oversimplify
Elijah is a web-content writer. He gets paid $100 for every five articles he publishes. In this scenario, on which schedule of reinforcement is Elijah's payment based?
fixed-ratio schedule
A participant's agreement to participate in research after receiving information about the purposes of the study and the nature of the treatments is referred to as ________.
informed consent
Karen Horney and Erik Erikson are two examples of psychologists who put their own spin on Freud's methods, and call themselves ________.
neoanalysts
Cancer, heart disease, and lung and respiratory diseases are all side effects of which drug?
nicotine
When we see modeled behavior being reinforced, we are vicariously reinforced. This is called __________.
observational learning
B. F. Skinner taught pigeons and other animals to engage in behavior that manipulates the environment. This kind of behavior is called __________.
operant behavior
While industrial psychologists focus on the relationships between people and work, the behavior of people in workplaces such as businesses is studied by which of these fields?
organizational psychologists
Which part of the brain do some researchers consider to be the "executive center" of the brain, where decisions are made to keep information in working memory and to solve problems?
prefrontal cortex
In the context of classical conditioning, which of the following helps organisms adapt to situations that recur from time to time?
spontaneous recovery
Which hormone stokes the growth of muscle and bone and the development of primary and secondary sex characteristics in a male body during puberty?
testosterone
Which of the following is a goal of psychology?
to explain behavior and mental processes
Which of the following is a new basic taste that was recently added to the primary taste qualities?
umami
Jordan is a professional skydiver. During their freefall, they are able to automatically sense their body's position in relation to the earth's gravity without really having to look around them. This allows them to adjust their position appropriately during their fall to regulate their momentum. The sense that is illustrated in this scenario is the ________.
vestibular sense
What percentage of genes are shared by monozygotic twins?
100 percent
Which of the following is a likely consequence of low thyroxin secretion in adults?
Adults who secrete too little thyroxin may feel tired and sluggish and may put on weight.
Which of the following refers to an unlearned response in which an organism attends to a stimulus?
An orienting reflex
Phoebe recently suffered a major fall in which she sustained brain injuries. Since then, she has had immense difficulty in communicating with others. She appears to understand what others tell her, but her responses are slow and laborious. Her sentences are always incomplete, with important grammatical words missing. Which of the following conditions best reflects Phoebe's case?
Broca's aphasia
What is a schedule of reinforcement in which every correct response is reinforced?
Continuous reinforcement
When you are taking a test, you are awake and alert. This means that your brain is currently generating _____.
beta wave
Which of these can be defined as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes?
psychology
Nasreen and her younger brother Abdellah have a genetic overlap of ________ percent.
50
Rani has just consumed a substance that provided an increase in energy that made it difficult to fall asleep. She has a reduced appetite and is suffering from hallucinations and delusions. What did Rani likely ingest?
An amphetamine
What is the term for the view that learning occurs when stimuli provide information about the likelihood of the occurrence of other stimuli?
Contingency theory
One of the first people to do research on the effects of rewards and punishment did so by trapping cats in puzzle boxes and collecting data on them attempting to escape. Who was this researcher?
Edward L. Thorndike
In the context of hypnosis, a positive response to each suggestion of the hypnotist sets the stage in which the subject is less likely to follow further suggestions.
False
Interval schedules of reinforcement usually lead to more rapid learning compared to continuous reinforcement.
False
Media violence and aggressive video games decrease viewers' level of emotional arousal.
False
Positive reinforcers increase the probability that a behavior will occur when the reinforcers are removed, and negative reinforcers increase the probability that a behavior will occur when they are applied.
False
Which is a classical conditioning procedure in which a previously neutral stimulus comes to elicit the response brought forth by a conditioned stimulus by being paired repeatedly with that conditioned stimulus?
Higher-order conditioning
Sujay is conducting research on a group of factory machinists as part of a study on workplace stress and heart disease. Before conducting his study, he explains the objective of the study to the subjects and tells them what they would need to do. He gives them the opportunity to choose if they want to participate or not. In other words, Sujay is seeking ________.
Informed consent
Which of the following is a principle of critical thinking?
Insist on evidence
Which of the following statements is true of instinctive behavior?
Instinctive behavior tends to resist modification, even when it serves no purpose.
In the context of pain, which of the following statements is true?
Pain is usually sharpest where nerve endings are densely packed
Which of the following statements highlights the relationship between dopamine and schizophrenia?
People with schizophrenia may have more receptor sites for dopamine in an area of the brain that is involved in emotional responding.
Nathan is known to have moments of unnecessary drama when he behaves as if he is having a panic attack, even though he really isn't. During these moments, his friend friend Agador helps him to relax by giving him two tablets that Nathan thinks are real medication. In fact, they are just compressed baking soda that have no medicine in them. If Nathan feels better after taking the tablets, stating that they help him relax, the baking soda pills are acting as a(n) ________.
Placebo
Which of the following is a consequence of regular usage of opiates?
They stop the production of neurotransmitters in the brain.
As opposed to a dependent variable, an independent variable is manipulated by the experimenters so that its effects may be determined.
True
As Dagwood is chomping on a huge sandwich, he thinks about how glad he is that he does not have to consciously control his digestion because that function is handled by his ________.
autonomic nervous system
Javinder was arguing with Pina, Kurt, over the best approach to studying psychology. John insisted that we should consider only what we can observe, while Kurt maintained that human perceptions cannot be explained only in terms of basic units, that it is more than the sum of its parts. To which school of thought does John subscribe?
behaviorism
People learning to emit alpha waves through feedback from an electroencephalograph is an example of __________.
biofeedback training
When you look at paint samples, they may look different when you are in different lighting conditions. You, however, know that their hue hasn't actually changed due to which principle?
color consistency
In his initial experiments, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate when he sounded a tone or a bell. Pavlov termed these trained salivary responses __________.
conditional reflexes
Which of the following is the first step in the scientific method?
formulating a research question
Which of the following is an important factor emphasized by the sociocultural perspective in understanding behavior and mental processes?
gender
Caroline is a psychologist who studies how stress induces ailments such as heart problems and headaches. Some of her clients are smokers, and she is helping them quit smoking. She also suggests lifestyle changes to her clients to help them reduce and cope with stress. Caroline can best be described as a(n) ________.
health psychologists
Zara is observing a painting. She perceives one object in the painting as a two-dimensional circle and another object as a three-dimensional sphere. Which of the following monocular cues can account for this effect?
interposition
You moved to a new town and have to learn the layout of the streets and locations of various businesses. You learn the layout of the town without any reinforcements. Your friend asks you to go to a specific store for them to pick up an order. You are able to easily do this by following a route you have never taken. This is an example of ______________.
latent learning
Angelica is pregnant and has just gone into labor. Her body is most likely flooded with ________.
oxytocin
The thin, light sensitive membrane that lies at the back of the eye and contains the sensory receptors for light is the ________.
retina
As part of a study in auditory perception, students were made to listen to a low-volume music track. When they first put on their headphones, they almost couldn't hear anything. But as they became more attentive, the sound gradually became clearer. This is an example of ________.
sensitization
What usually results from damage to the structures of the inner ear, most often the loss of hair cells?
sensorineural deafness
A sleep disorder in which the person repeatedly stops breathing during sleep is called _______.
sleep apnea
One night when Denzel was four years old he was sleeping soundly in his bed when he started screaming and thrashing about. His parents rushed to his side but could never fully wake him up. The next day he had no recollection of the event. Denzel most likely experienced a(n) _____.
sleep terror
Dion was bored in class and doodled on the corners of his notebook pages to make his own flipbook. On each consecutive page, he draw the image slightly different. When he quickly flips through the pages, it looks like the doodle is moving. This is an example of _______.
stroboscopic motion
Which two early approaches are no longer followed by psychologists today?
structuralism and functionalism
Identify a true statement about social-cognitive theorists.
they note that people engage in intentional learning by observing others
Which concept states that in response to sound waves of frequencies between a few hundred and 4,000 cycles per second, groups of neurons take turns firing to transmit sensory information about pitches?
volley principle
The strength, or energy, of brain waves is expressed in _______.
volts
What evidence is there that the left hemisphere of the brain is the primary language processing area?
Broca's and Wernicke's areas are usually on the left.
Which of the following substances is a stimulant?
Cocaine
In every experiment, what the researcher is trying to determine has changed or not is called the ________.
Dependent variable
Mindfulness meditation (MM) provides clients with techniques they can use to attain spiritual enlightenment.
False
In the context of behavioral genetics, identify the correct statement.
Heredity is apparently involved in psychological disorders ranging from anxiety and depression to personality disorders.
Which early researcher published Elements of Psychophysics, showing how physical events can stimulate psychological experiences?
Fechner
Which of the following is true of functionalism?
It looks at how habits help one cope with common situations.
Which of the following statements is true of clinical psychologists?
They evaluate problems such as anxiety and depression through interviews and psychological tests.
Nicotine, alcohol, and many other drugs are pleasurable because they heighten levels of ________.
dopamine
Derris is a research assistant in Dr. Smith's psychology lab. When the participant asked him what the conditions of the study were, Derris replied, "I do not know.' This is an example of a ________ study.
double-blind
Chandler was once awoken from her sleep by a white rat that fell on her. Following this incident, she began fearing all furry white objects including white fur coats and white stuffed animals. In this scenario, Chandler's fear of all furry white objects is due to _____.
generalization
In Pavlov's experiment, he conditioned his dog to salivate when it was shown a circle. Later, the dog salivated when it was shown other closed geometric figures including squares. Through his experiment, Pavlov demonstrated _________.
generalization
A parent buys their child a toy in order to stop the temper tantrum they are throwing. Next time they go to the store, the child throws another tantrum and the parent buys them another toy so they stop throwing a fit. The parent's behavior of buying the child a toy has been _______.
negatively reinforced
Which of the following choices is one of the proposed forms of extrasensory perception?
psychokinesis
Which addictive depressants are used to relieve anxiety or induce sleep?
Barbiturates
Which of the following is true of behaviorism?
Behaviorists define psychology as the scientific study of behavior, not of behavior and mental processes.
The nucleotides found along just one of the rungs of a DNA double helix are also called the ________.
genetic code
What is the purpose of a split-brain operation?
To integrate the functions of both the hemispheres of the cerebral cortex.
Gestalt psychologists claimed that one cannot explain human perceptions, emotions, or thought processes in terms of basic units.
True
In the 1940s and 1950s, psychodynamic theory dominated the practice of psychotherapy.
True
The brain and the spinal cord make up which of these parts of the nervous system?
central nervous system
Ijeoma hurt her knee when she fell while learning a new snowboarding trick. She is already starting to feel better before taking pain killing medication due to her body releasing which morphine-like neurotransmitter?
endorphins
Raoul is one of the best football players on the Newborn Warriors. However, his stamina has been reducing and he has been unable to sustain an entire game due to his habit of smoking cigarettes. In order to improve his performance, Raoul is most likely to consult a ________.
health psychologist
Jakob is always too warm and perspires frequently. Which of the following structures is most responsible for him being too warm?
hypothalamus
