UNIT 1 APES TEST
Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the following possible relationships between organisms in an ecosystem. (A) Commensalism (B) Parasitism (C) Mutualism (D) Predation (E) Competition Exemplified by moss growing on a tree trunk in a forest
(A) Commensalism
Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the following possible relationships between organisms in an ecosystem. (A) Commensalism (B) Parasitism (C) Mutualism (D) Predation (E) Competition Exemplified by ticks feeding on a deer
(B) Parasitism
) Photosynthesis (B) Eutrophication (C) Denitrification (D) Decomposition (E) Transpiration The process by which a soil nutrient is reduced and released to the atmosphere as a gas
(C) Denitrification
Which of the following best describes the net primary productivity of an ecosystem? A Net primary productivity is the amount of energy captured by producers through photosynthesis over time. B Net primary productivity is the amount of energy lost by producers through respiration over time. C Net primary productivity is the amount of energy lost through respiration by producers subtracted from the gross primary productivity of an ecosystem. D Net primary productivity is the amount of energy lost through respiration by producers added to the gross primary productivity of an ecosystem.
Answer C Correct. Net primary productivity of an ecosystem is equal to gross primary productivity minus respiration by producers.
Which of the following pathways indicate how nitrogen is added to the largest nitrogen reservoir? A)Nitrifying bacteria and lightning B)Decomposing plant and animal material C) Denitrifying bacteria and volcanic activity D) Nitrates taken up by plant roots
Answer C Correct. The atmosphere is the major reservoir of nitrogen. About 78 percent of our atmosphere is composed of nitrogen gas. Denitrifying bacteria and volcanic activity release nitrogen gas.
This biome has the highest net primary productivity, in part because of consistently warm temperatures and abundant sunlight. A Temperate grassland B Taiga C Tropical rainforest D Tundra.
Answer C Correct. Tropical rain forest has a net primary productivity of about 2000 g C/m2/year2000 g C/m2/year . Net primary productivity is highest where temperatures are consistently warm, water is abundant, and day length is consistent all year. The tropical latitudes meet these conditions better than the latitudes of the other biomes
This biome contains plants that are adapted to prevent water loss due to the low average rainfall and high temperatures year-round. A) Savanna B) Boreal forest C) Tropical rain forest D) Desert
Answer D Correct. Deserts are hot and dry year-round, and plant species are adapted in a variety of ways (small leaves, stems that store water, and modified spines) to reduce water loss.
Which of the following best describes gross primary productivity in an ecosystem? A Gross primary productivity is the total amount of energy captured by producers plus the energy used by consumers over time. B Gross primary productivity is the total amount of energy captured by producers minus the energy that producers respire over time. C Gross primary productivity is the total amount of energy lost as heat during energy transfer between trophic levels. D Gross primary productivity is the total amount of solar energy captured by producers through photosynthesis over time.
Answer D Correct. Gross primary productivity is the total rate of photosynthesis of producers in an ecosystem over time.
Which of the following biomes is best characterized as an area that forms the narrow band along the coast that experiences a range of environmental conditions (including daily changes in sunlight, temperature, and water) ? A Open ocean B Lakes C Coral reefs D Intertidal zones
Answer D Correct. The intertidal zone is found along coastlines (from rocky cliffs to sandy beaches) that experience different levels of high and low tide. Organisms that inhabit these areas must be adapted to withstand changes in direct sunlight, temperature, and desiccation as well as the crashing waves.
The two major processes involved in the carbon cycle are A weathering and erosion B photosynthesis and respiration C evaporation and transpiration D erosion and deposition E fixation and denitrification
B photosynthesis and respiration
Phytoplankton are most abundant in the upper few hundred feet of most bodies of water because A they can most readily hide from predators there B sunlight does not penetrate to great depths in water C as primary producers, they must be accessible to many other organisms D they are benthic organisms E they feed on zooplankton, which are found only in the top layers of water
B sunlight does not penetrate to great depths in water
The process in the hydrologic cycle in which water vapor is released from leaves into the atmosphere is called A infiltration B transpiration C sublimation D reflection E percolation
B transpiration
Of the following organisms, which occupies the lowest trophic level? A Spider B Deer C Lion D Hawk E Snake
B Deer
Snakes Mice Grasshopers 18,705 kg grasses Based on the laws of thermodynamics, which of the following is the applied mathematical routine used to estimate the biomass of the mice in the pyramid? A 18,705kg×10 B 18,705kg/10×100 C 18,705kg×0.10×0.10 D 18,705kg/0.10
C 18,705kg×0.10×0.10
A field is abandoned, and an invasive plant that can live in nutrient-poor soil moves into the field. If the land is later cleared of this invasive species and it is discovered that the soil has an abundance of nitrogen compounds, what conclusion can best be made? A The plants used up all of the phosphorus and potassium and left the nitrogen behind. B Primary succession always produces an abundance of nitrogen. C Bacteria in soil and in root nodules converted free nitrogen into nitrogen compounds. D The plants were able to produce nitrogen in their leaves. E More rock was weathered and broken down to release nitrogen compounds.
C Bacteria in soil and in root nodules converted free nitrogen into nitrogen compounds.
Which of the following is true of carbon as it cycles in nature? A Carbon dioxide is released during photosynthesis. B Carbon compounds rarely exist in the gaseous state. C Carbon sinks include forests and oceans. D The carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere is reduced by cutting trees. E Carbon is concentrated in igneous rocks.
C Carbon sinks include forests and oceans.
How does the burning of fossil fuels contribute to the net increase in atmospheric carbon? A Photosynthesis is reduced by virtue of increased smoke and haze. B Carbon released by the burning is not in a form that can be readily absorbed by plants, leaving residual carbon in the atmosphere. C Carbon that has been sequestered underground is added to the carbon cycling between the atmosphere and the biosphere. D Carbon released by the burning is more easily absorbed in the atmosphere than that produced by natural means. E Carbon released by the burning increases plant growth, producing more carbon for the atmosphere.
C Carbon that has been sequestered underground is added to the carbon cycling between the atmosphere and the biosphere.
Which of the following best explains why decomposers in soils and water are important to ecosystems? A They remove heavy metals. B They store carbon dioxide. C They recycle nutrients. D They neutralize acid deposition. E They produce more oxygen than they consume.
C They recycle nutrients.
For a primary producer, the main function of photosynthesis is to manufacture A oxygen B carbon dioxide C glucose D proteins E water
C glucose
The major biological source of dissolved oxygen in the ocean comes from A decomposition of organic sediments on the ocean floor B metabolic processes of coral in reefs C oxidation of sulfur by bacteria in ocean vent communities D photosynthesis by phytoplankton E respiration by zooplankton
D photosynthesis by phytoplankton
The net annual primary productivity of a particular wetland ecosystem is found to be 8,000 kcal/m2 per year. If respiration by the aquatic producers is 12,000 kcal/m2 per year, what is the gross annual primary productivity for this ecosystem, in kcal/m2 per year? A 4,000 B 8,000 C 12,000 D 20,000 E 96,000
D 20,000
Snakes Mice Grasshopers 18,705 kg grasses Based on the diagram, which group of organisms would be considered herbivores? A Snakes B Mice C Grasshoppers D Grasses
D Grasses
Which of the following best illustrates an abiotic component of the environment affecting a biotic component of the environment? A Composted manure is added to agricultural soil during spring tilling. B Coral reefs modify the direction of an ocean current. C Plants release O2 into the atmosphere during photosynthesis. D Low phosphorus content in soil limits the growth of vegetation. E A thick planting of ground cover reduces soil erosion on a hillside.
D Low phosphorus content in soil limits the growth of vegetation.
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Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the qualities of water samples. Acidity Turbidity Hardness Dissolved oxygen Salinity Decreased by the breakdown of organic waste
Dissolved oxygen
The greatest amount of fresh water is found in which of the following? A The atmosphere B Estuaries C Lakes D Rivers and streams E Polar ice caps and glaciers
E Polar ice caps and glaciers
Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the following energy efficiencies, expressed percentages. (A) 100% (B) 95% (C) 30% (D) 15% (E) 1% Approximate efficiency of the conversion of light energy to chemical energy in photosynthesis A 100% B 95% C 30% D 15% E 1%
E 1%
The ultimate source of energy for terrestrial ecosystem is A nutrients in soil B nutrients in vegetation C primary consumers D producers E the Sun
E the sun
Which of the following statements is true of aquatic biomes? A) Freshwater and marine biomes are evenly distributed on Earth. B) Freshwater biomes are a vital source of drinking water. C) Freshwater biomes supply a greater portion of Earth's oxygen than marine biomes. D)Marine biomes include streams, rivers, ponds, and lakes.
Answer B Correct. Drinking water comes from water stored in freshwater biomes, not marine biomes.
Which of the following best describes the movement of energy in an ecosystem? A Energy is constantly recycled by decomposers for use by producers. B Energy is harnessed by producers, and available energy decreases with each trophic level transfer. C Energy is absorbed by plants through water and soil and then moves up the food chain through consumers. D Energy is magnified as it moves up the trophic levels, and tertiary consumers store the most energy in a food web.
Answer B Correct. Energy is harnessed from the sun by producers and is passed through trophic levels. The second law of thermodynamics explains how 90% of energy is lost between trophic levels.
In a given ecosystem, producers convert solar energy into 15,000kcal15,000kcal of chemical energy stored in organic compounds. Which of the following is the most likely amount of energy available to secondary consumers? A 1.5kcal1.5kcal B 150kcal150kcal C 1,500kcal1,500kcal D 13,500kcal
Answer B Correct. It is estimated that only 10%10% of available energy is passed on through trophic levels. This energy transfer moves through two trophic levels (primary consumers and secondary consumers.). 15,000kcal×.10=1,500kcal;1,500kcal×.10=150kcal15,000kcal×.10=1,500kcal;1,500kcal×.10=150kcal.
Based on the diagram, which of the following reservoirs contains the most phosphorus? A Plants B Sediments C Soil D Oceans
Answer B Correct. The primary reservoirs of phosphorus are rocks and sediments. 8.4×108Tg
Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the following possible relationships between organisms in an ecosystem. (A) Commensalism (B) Parasitism (C) Mutualism (D) Predation (E) Competition Exemplified by bees consuming nectar and carrying pollen from one flower to another
C) Mutualism
