UNIT 1 - Challenge 2: Age of Exploration: 1400s - 1600s

The Crusades led to an increased exchange of goods between Europe and Asia. This sparked an age of exploration and ultimately resulted in the discovery of the New World. Which of the following concepts does this statement best exemplify? a.) Globalization b.) Commodification c.) Colonization

a.) Globalization

Why did Henry VIII declare himself the head of the Church of England? a.) He wanted an annulment from his wife, Catherine, because she failed to produce a male heir. b.) He figured he could better deal with the Puritans if he had more power over the church. c.) He believed in Luther's condemnation of the papacy and wanted to carry out his reforms. d.) He wanted land in the Americas that had been granted to Spain by the pope.

a.) He wanted an annulment from his wife, Catherine, because she failed to produce a male heir.

Which of these hypotheses was Christopher Columbus intending to prove by sailing westward in 1492? a.) The earth is not as large as we've supposed it to be. This means that the westward voyage to Asia is not as long as we thought and is therefore possible to undertake. b.) The earth is not flat like we've supposed, but round. This means that, instead of having to go over land to the east, we can also reach Asia by sailing west. c.) It is unlikely that the ocean to the west is as empty as we've supposed it to be. There are probably countless lands to be discovered and claimed. d.) The recent invention of the caravel allows us to sail great distances in a much shorter time. A westward trip to Asia was too long before, but it is possible now.

a.) The earth is not as large as we've supposed it to be. This means that the westward voyage to Asia is not as long as we thought and is therefore possible to undertake.

Which of the following premises is an essential part of Mercantilism? a.) The world is made up of competing nations, not competing people. b.) Africans are less than human and can thus be used as commodities. c.) Nations depend on international trade to keep their economies alive. d.) Wealth can be created by man and is thus potentially infinite.

a.) The world is made up of competing nations, not competing people.

What role did European exports play in the Triangular Trade? a.) Guns and gunpowder from Europe were exchanged for sugar in Africa. b.) Manufactured goods were used to buy African slaves from other Africans who captured them. c.) Rum was used to lure Africans into the voyage to America, where they would then be forced into slavery. d.) Slaves would be brought from Europe to the Americas in exchange for textiles, rum and other goods.

b.) Manufactured goods were used to buy African slaves from other Africans who captured them.

Which statement is most reflective of the English attitude toward Native Americans? a.) "We hope that healing and prayer will bring the natives toward a conversion to Catholicism." b.) "Although the natives have no arts and sciences, they seem capable and promising." c.) "We are interested in building commercial alliances with the native people on equal terms." d.) "The Pope himself has ruled that native territories belong to us."

b.) "Although the natives have no arts and sciences, they seem capable and promising."

Which statement is most reflective of the Spanish attitude toward Native Americans? a.) "The natives do not share our values, but they are clever in other ways." b.) "If you do not submit to our authority, your destruction will be your own fault." c.) "We were welcomed with great cordiality by the natives, with whom we exchanged gifts." d.) "Every land belongs by right to us by the decree of your own rulers."

b.) "If you do not submit to our authority, your destruction will be your own fault."

How did Dutch activity in the Americas differ from Spanish and French activity? a.) Dutch Catholics fled to New Netherlands in search of religious liberty. b.) Dutch colonization relied on corporations like the Dutch West India Company. c.) Dutch claims in the Americas were backed up with large numbers of settlers. d.) Dutch traders only traded with other Europeans, not with the natives.

b.) Dutch colonization relied on corporations like the Dutch West India Company.

As the colonial reach of European nations expanded, Native Americans found it harder to hunt and move freely, as they had previously done. Which of the following factors played the biggest role in that change? a.) Europeans introduced economic ideas about city-living that were highly influential among Native Americans. b.) Europeans claimed private ownership of large tracts of land, which they enclosed with fences and walls. c.) Europeans supplied advanced weaponry to Native Americans, which aggravated existing inter-tribal conflicts and made them afraid to encounter enemy tribes. d.) Europeans passed laws that restricted Native Americans to small reservations, often far away from their traditional hunting grounds.

b.) Europeans claimed private ownership of large tracts of land, which they enclosed with fences and walls.

Interactions between Native Americans and Europeans led to the commercialization of traditional beaver-hunting practices. Which of the following factors played the biggest role in that change? a.) Europeans introduced the concept of private ownership of hunting lands. b.) Europeans were willing to give Native Americans muskets in exchange for beaver pelts. c.) Europeans introduced capitalism and ideas about success through hard work. d.) Europeans brought new animals that made it easier to hunt for beavers.

b.) Europeans were willing to give Native Americans muskets in exchange for beaver pelts.

Which of the following statements is true about slavery prior to the Atlantic slave trade? a.) Slaves were almost always considered to be the property of their masters. b.) It could involve one person bonding himself to another so as to work off a debt. c.) It was largely an issue of race, as only people with darker skin could become slaves. d.) A person's religion had no impact on whether he or she could be enslaved.

b.) It could involve one person bonding himself to another so as to work off a debt.

Which of the following initially motivated Dutch exploration in North America? a.) Conversion of Catholic natives to Protestantism b.) Search for a northwest passage to Asia c.) The desire of national leaders to expand Holland overseas d.) Bountiful opportunities for trade with native peoples

b.) Search for a northwest passage to Asia

Which of the following motives played the biggest role in the European discovery of the New World? a.) Looking for previously undiscovered lands b.) Seeking new trade routes with Asia c.) Spreading Christianity to indigenous populations d.) Proving the earth to be round

b.) Seeking new trade routes with Asia

Which of the following factors contributed to the racialization of slavery in the New World? a.) Africans were willing to become slaves in exchange for food and shelter. b.) Slaves from Africa were more readily available than slaves from European nations like Ireland. c.) African nations began to outlaw slavery, so slave traders sought new markets for African slaves. d.) African workers were more docile and easily trained than workers from other places.

b.) Slaves from Africa were more readily available than slaves from European nations like Ireland.

After the New World was discovered, major European empires like the Spanish, English, French and Portuguese competed for control of the new lands, despite the presence of indigenous peoples. Which of the following concepts does this statement best exemplify? a.) Commodification b.) Globalization c.) Colonization

c.) Colonization

European traders discovered that they could sell chocolate from the New World back home in Europe. Which of the following concepts does this statement best exemplify? a.) Globalization b.) Colonization c.) Commodification

c.) Commodification

When early Spanish explorers reached what is now the southwestern United States, they encountered a number of flourishing agricultural centers. When the French arrived a century later, they found many of those villages deserted. Which of the following factors played the biggest role in that change? a.) Native Americans had been captured by the Spanish and relocated to Mexico as slaves under the terms of encomiendas. b.) The reports from early explorers were vastly exaggerated; most agricultural centers had already been long abandoned. c.) Native Americans were wiped out by European diseases like smallpox, which had been introduced by the Spanish explorers. d.) Native Americans had moved east so they could trade with other European settlers for advanced tools and weaponry.

c.) Native Americans were wiped out by European diseases like smallpox, which had been introduced by the Spanish explorers.

Which country played the biggest role at the beginning of the Atlantic slave trade? a.) Spain b.) England c.) Portugal d.) Holland

c.) Portugal

Which statement is most representative of the French approach toward native peoples in the Americas? a.) "The natives, although poor, show ingenuity and will welcome friendship with a superior civilization." b.) "The natives will submit to the absolute authority of the Crown." c.) "Your territory belongs to us by decree of the Catholic Church." d.) "Gift exchanges with natives will forge alliances and establish trade relationships."

d.) "Gift exchanges with natives will forge alliances and establish trade relationships."

Which of the following statements is characteristic of Martin Luther's position in 1517? a.) "I declare myself to be the head of the Catholic Church in my country." b.) "Individual monarchs have too much power." c.) "Reading scripture prepares people to receive God's grace if they are among the elect." d.) "The practice of selling indulgences is corrupt and has to stop."

d.) "The practice of selling indulgences is corrupt and has to stop."

In 1540, Francisco Vásquez de Coronado set out to find the rumored golden city of Quivira.What came of his expedition? a.) Quivira was discovered near present-day Albuquerque, stripped of its wealth and ultimately abandoned. b.) Coronado's expedition ended prematurely after a particularly brutal winter in the Rocky Mountains. c.) Quivira was found in modern-day Oklahoma, but its wealth had been greatly exaggerated in the rumors. d.) Despite a two-year expedition that got as far north as modern-day Kansas, Coronado never found Quivira.

d.) Despite a two-year expedition that got as far north as modern-day Kansas, Coronado never found Quivira.

Before founding St. Augustine, the Spanish defeated nearby Fort Caroline, which had been established by settlers from which other European nation? a.) Portugal b.) The Netherlands c.) England d.) France

d.) France

What was an effect that the Protestant Reformation had on English colonization of the New World? a.) Queen Elizabeth vigorously supported New World exploration as a way to spread Protestantism. b.) The colony of Roanoke was established for the English to launch raids on Spanish ships. c.) England united with other Protestant nations to increase their explorations in the New World. d.) Religious turmoil in Europe delayed England's attempts to build an empire in the Americas.

d.) Religious turmoil in Europe delayed England's attempts to build an empire in the Americas.

Which of the following elements was characteristic of slavery in West Africa prior to the Atlantic Slave Trade? a.) Chattel slavery was common. b.) Africans were targeted by Asian traders. c.) Slavery was often a life sentence. d.) Slaves often became parts of households.

d.) Slaves often became parts of households.

Which of the following events led to increased maritime exploration in the 15th century? a.) Competition between Catholics and Protestants b.) The invention of the printing press c.) Discoveries by the Vikings d.) The Crusades of the 11th, 12th and 13th centuries

d.) The Crusades of the 11th, 12th and 13th centuries

Which of the following factors played a significant role in the Spanish defeat of the Aztec, led by Hernán Cortés? a.) The Aztec were peaceful and did not want to engage in war. b.) The Aztec were unprepared for military conflict. c.) The conquistadores far outnumbered the Aztec. d.) They created alliances with other natives who disliked Aztec rule.

d.) They created alliances with other natives who disliked Aztec rule.

What was a significant factor in the demise of Dutch settlements in the Americas? a.) Conflict with native peoples b.) Territorial disputes with France c.) Internal struggles back in Holland d.) Too few European settlers

d.) Too few European settlers