Unit 1 Chapter 17. A&P 2

Lymphoid stem cells

Originate in red bone marrow and Produce lymphocytes. Others migrate to lymphoid tissues including the thymus, spleen and lymph nodes. As a result, Lymphocytes are produced in these organs as well as red bone marrow.

Electrolytes

Other solute 1 of 3 found in plasma. Normal extracellular ion composition is essential for vital cellular activities. Major plasma electrolytes are: Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Cl⁻, HCO₃⁻, HPO₄⁻, and SO₄²⁻.

Hematopoiesis

Process of developing formed elements which takes place in red bone marrow.

The Heart (Action)

Propels blood and maintains blood pressure

Hematocrit (packed cell volume)

or (PCV). Percentage of formed elements in a sample of whole blood. Adult male average is 47. Adult female average is 42. Males is higher due to male hormones that stimulate red blood cell production.

Transferrin

Iron that is extracted from the heme molecules may be stored in the phagocyte or released into the bloodstream where it binds to transferrin, a plasma protein. Where then RBCs absorb amino acids and Iron from the bloodstream to synthesize new Hb molecules and start over again.

Platelets (thrombocytes)

Makes up <.1% of formed elements in blood. Small, membrane-bound cell fragments that contain enzymes and other substances important to blood clotting.

Hemoglobin (Hb, Hgb)

Molecules responsible for transport of respiratory gases. more than 95% of an RBC's intracellular proteins. Has a quaternary structure. Each Hb molecule has two alpha and two beta chains of polypeptides. Each chain contains a single molecule of heme, a nonprotein pigment complex. Roughly 98.5% of the oxygen carried by the blood travels through the bloodstream bound to Hb molecules inside RBCs. The rest is dissolved in plasma.

Red blood cells (erythrocytes)

Most abundant blood cells. Essential for oxygen transport in the blood.

Oxyhemoglobin (HbO₂)

When iron from the heme unit of the hemoglobin interacts with an oxygen molecule it forms this. Blood containing RBCs filled with oxyhemoglobin is bright red.

Albumins

1 of 3 that makes up plasma protein. Albumin makes up 60% of plasma protein. Major contributors to the osmotic pressure of plasma.

Erythropoietin

(EPO) is released into the plasma when peripheral tissues, especially the kidneys, are exposed to low oxygen concentrations. It is released 1.during anemia, 2. when blood flow to kidneys declines, 3. when oxygen content of air in the lungs declines, due to disease or high altitude. and 4. When the respiratory surfaces of the lungs are damaged. Once in the blood stream EPO is carried to areas of red bone marrow, where it stimulates steam cells and developing RBCs.

Globulins

2 of 3 that makes up plasma protein. Makes up 35% of the proteins in plasma. Important plasma globulins includes antibodies and transport globulins. Antibodies (AKA immunoglobulins) attack foreign proteins and pathogens. Transport globulins bind small ions, hormones, lipids and other compounds.

Fibrinogen

3 of 3 that makes up plasma protein. Functions in clotting and normally makes up about 4% of plasma proteins. Under certain conditions forms large insoluble strands of Fibrin that forms the basic framework for a blood clot.

Formed Elements

45% of volume of whole blood. Cells and cell fragments suspended in plasma. (99.9% Red blood cells, <.1% platelets, <.1% White blood cells.)

Plasma

55% of volume of whole blood. A liquid matrix that transports organic and inorganic molecules, formed elements, and heat. (7% plasma proteins, 1% other solutes, 92% water).

White blood cells (leukocytes)

<.1% of formed elements in blood. play a role in body's defense mechanisms. There are five classes of leukocytes, each with slightly different functions.

Deoxyhemoglobin

A hemoglobin molecule whose iron is not bound to oxygen. Blood containing RBCs filled with deoxyhemoglobin is dark red.

Three blood vessels

Arteries, Capillaries, and Veins.

Bilirubin

Bilirubin is formed from biliverdin in the macrophages and is released into the bloodstream where it binds to albumin and is transported to the liver for excetion in bile.

Arteries (Action)

Blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart to the capillaries

Capillaries (Action)

Blood vessel that permits diffusion between blood and interstitial fluids

Veins (Action)

Blood vessel that returns blood from the capillaries to the heart.

Blood Functions

Distributes oxygen, carbon dioxide, and blood cells; delivers nutrients and hormones; transports waste products; assists in temperature regulation and defense against disease; regulates pH and ion composition of interstitial fluids; restricts fluid loss at injury site

Hemolytic disease of the newborn

During pregnancy when fetal and maternal vascular systems are closely intertwined, the mothers antibodies against RBC surface antigens may cross the placenta, attacking and destroying fetal RBCs.

Megakaryocytes

Enormous cells with large nuclei. During their development and growth, they manufacture structural proteins, enzymes, and membranes before shedding cytoplasm into small, membrane-enclosed packets. These packets are platelets that enter the bloodstream.

Components of the cardiovascular system

Heart, Blood vessels (Arteries, Capillaries, and Veins), and Blood

Colony-Stimulating factors

Hormones released by activated lymphocytes and other cells during an immune response to stimulate blood cell formation.

Myeloid stem cells

Stem cells in red bone marrow that divide to give rise to all types of formed elements other than lymphocytes.

Proerythroblasts

The earliest precursor of the erythrocyte series.

Hemolysis

The rupture of RBCs in the bloodstream

Monoblasts

are normally found in bone marrow and do not appear in the normal peripheral blood. They mature into monocytes which, in turn, develop into macrophages.

Lymphoblasts

immature cells which typically differentiate to form mature lymphocytes. Found in bone marrow

Myeloblasts

is a unipotent stem cell, which will differentiate into one of the effectors of the granulocyte series. Either Neutrophil, eosinophil, or basophil.

Agglutination

process when surface antigens on RBCs of one blood type are exposed to the corresponding antibodies from another blood type and the RBCs will clump together (aka agglutinate).

Hemocytoblasts

self-renewing, multipotent stem cells found in red bone marrow of adults. They produce Lymphoid stem cells and Myeloid stem cells.

Antigens

substances that can trigger a protective defense mechanism called an immune response. Most antigens are proteins.