Unit 1 (chapter 4) History of Graphic Design

Majuscules

__________- capital letter

beatus of Fernando and Sancha, Apocalypse

After New Year's Eve 999 CE, New interpretations of the "thousand year" phrase were made and Beatus's "Commentary" continued to be produced. _________ __ ____________ _____ ___________ Scribe and illustrator Fernando schematic figures acting out the final tragedy. In a hot and airless space created by flat horizontal bands of pure hue. -Thick color is bright and clear - Chrome yellow, cobalt blue, red orcher, and intense green are slam together in jarring contrast. - The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse ( War, famine, pestilence, and death) Ride forth to release their Terror upon the world -Revelation 8:12- The sun label Sol, the moon labeled Luna are 1/3 White and 2/3 red to illustrate the one third of each had fallen away. - Frenando Inspired by the words of the ____________ " I am the Alpha and the Omega, the beginning and the end" designed the first page with huge illuminated A (alpha) and last page with illuminated O (omega). During the 11th power in Spain swung from Moors to the Christian. Communication with other European countries improved and Spanish manuscripts titled towards continental mainstream that developed from carolingian style

Book of Durrow,

Celtic book design Period from collapse of Rome until 18th century was time of migration and upheaval throughout Europe as different ethnic tribes fought for territory. Germanic barbarians did not invade island of Ireland and Celts living there enjoyed relative isolation and peace. Saint Patrick and other missionaries rapidly convert the Celts to Christianity. Melding of culture and religion, Pagan temples were converted to churches, Celtic ornaments applied to chalices and bells brought to Ireland by missionaries Celtic Design: 1) abstract and extremely complex 2) geometric linear patterns weave, twist, and fill a space with big visual textures 3) bright, pure colors used in closed juxtapositions Manuscripts containing for Narrative of the Life of Christ are the summit of Celtic book design. _________ ___ ______: is the earliest fully designed and ornamented Celtic book Was first thought to have been created in Ireland but now thought to have come from British Isles and Written and decorated by Irish scribes

Book of Revelation

Medieval Life was a Prelude to Eternal salvation and supernatural explanations were still assigned to natural phenomenons that were not understood. People believe a terrible destruction of the earth as foretold by the biblical _______ ___ _________. Many considered the year 1000 CE the probable end of the world. Among numerous interpretation of Revelation:" the commentary of Beatus on the Apocalypse of Saint John the Divine" by monk Beatus -Graphic artist gave visual form to the fearful end of the world Monastic dictum "pictura est laicorum literatura"- Motivation for illustrations convey information to the illiterate. - combined Christian Prophecy with Moorish design influences - Book of Revelation had Expressive imagery and pictures assumed Important rivaling that of the text. Full page illustrations appeared frequently. Stark, symbol descriptions challenge artist's mind as Beatus's Interpretation of this prophecy was Visualized.

textura

Ormesby psalter -extraordinary designs -height allowed for illustrated capital initials containing Biblical scenes on gold leaf background -large text written in _______ writing style. -text area is surrounded by intricate frame filled with decorative pattern capital initials and rich marginalia (though to be visual clues suggesting appropriate parables and stories for priests to tell). -illustration of owl/horse conferring with a man/snail (top) and (bottom) demon watches betrothal. Young maiden reaches for falconer's engagement ring; cat and mouse below them (hint of victimized) -everyday life of people found way onto margins of religious books (humanism, concern with quality of human life on earth)

Colophon

The __________ of a manuscript or book is an inscription, usually at the end, containing facts about its production. Often the scribe, designer, or, later, printer is identified.

Minuscules

__________- lowercase letter form

Uncia

__________-Roman inch

Celtic style

__________- This manuscript style originated in Ireland and used ornate initials, diminuendo, carpet pages, and half-uncial script abstract and extremely complex; geometric linear patterns weave, twist, and fill a space with thick visual textures, and bright, pure colors are used in close juxtaposition. This craft tradition of intricate, highly abstract decorative patterns was applied to book design in the monastic scriptoria, and a new concept and image of the book emerged. left spaces between words Celtic ornamentation was brought to illustration manuscript. Spirals, circles, and geometric motifs and combined with animal heads/forms. Interlace. Insular art: (insular means island) Celtic art is insular art

Medieval

__________- the 1000 year (middle) era lasted from the 5th century, fall of Rome, until the 15th century, renaissance. The centuries following the decline of Rome saw barbarian and roman influences combine to produce a rich and color design vocabulary in the arts and crafts. The knowledge and learning of the classical world were almost entirely lost, but Christian belief in sacred religious writing became primary impetus for preservation and making of books. Monasteries were the cultural, educational, and intellectual centers 16-13th century, intellectual darkness, lots of invading tribes. This period was from the fall of Rome to right before Renaissance. Lack of literature, monasteries produced illuminated manuscripts

Illuminator

__________- the illustrator. Illuminated manuscript is not consider illuminated unless one or many of the illuminated contained gold foil or brushed with gold specks (burnishing). The illuminator, or illustrator, was an artist responsible for the execution of ornament and image in visual support of the text. The word was supreme, and the scrittori controlled the scriptorium. He laid out the pages to indicate where illustrations were to be added after the text was written. Sometimes this was done with a light sketch, but often a note jotted in the margin told the illustrator what to draw in the space.

Copisti

__________- was a production letterer. The copisti was a production letterer, who spent his days bent over a writing table penning page after page in a trained lettering style.

Les tres riches heures du duc de berry, pictorial

"______________________" by Limbourg brothers 1) 1st 24 pages: illustrated calendar Each month has double page spread with genre illustrations relating to a seasonal activities of the month (left page) and calendar of saint's days (right). -illustrations are crowned with graphic astronomical charts depicting constellations and phases of moon. -calendar pages use vibrant red and clue ink for lettering -pencil grid structure established format containing the information " Les tres riches heures" is a ________ book. Illustrations dominated page layout (some pages have only 4 lines of text lettered in 2 columns under illustrations) 1)decorated initials spin off acanthus foliage, which is sometimes accompanied by angels, animals, or flowers in generous margins Medium: water mixed with arabic or tragacanth gum as binder to adhere pigment to vellum and preserve image. They used palette of 10 colors and black and white: cobalt and ultramarine blue, 2 greens (one from copper and other iris leaves), gold leaf and gold-powder paint. The minute detail implies use of magnifying lens. Was not complete because brothers died and so did the duke (plague). During the time Limbourgs created their book, woodblock printing appeared in Europe. Manuscript making lasted until early 16th c but went extinct to the typographic book.

Medieval, Uncials, Uncia, Ascenders, Descenders, Majuscules, Minuscules, Semi-uncials or half-uncials

After Western Roman Empire collapse, cities degenerated and became small villages, Europe's regional language, customs, and geographic divisions started to form in isolated areas. Population languished in illiteracy, poverty, and superstition. _________ (middle) era lasted 5th c. fall of Rome until 15th c. Renaissance. Decline of Rome saw Barbarian and Roman influences combined to produce a rich and colorful design vocabulary in the arts and crafts. Christian belief in sacred religious writing became the primary impetus of the presentation and making a books. Christian monasteries were the cultural, educational, and intellectual centers Third-century CE: Page designs were achieved in early Christian manuscript by dyeing parchment a deep and costly purple color and lettering the text in silver and gold Monastic graphic artist who produced these Works were severely reprimanded by Saint Jeremy (blasted the practice as a useless and wasteful extravagance). Evolution of letter Styles was based on continuing search for simpler and faster letter form Construction and writing ease. 2 important new techniques came into prominence during late antiquity and early Christian. 1) Both primarily used within Christian Church from 4th and till 9th century 2) have retained this Association 1) ________: Written between 2 guidelines that were one _____ (Roman inch) apart, were actually invented by the Greeks. In a Greek wooden tablet from 326 CE Characteristics of uncials were seen. Unicals: -rounded, freely drawn majuscule letters -suited for rapid writing than either square capitals or rustic capitals -curves reduced number of strokes required to make many letterforms and number fo angular joints (clog up with ink) was reduced. Certain letters in uncial style threaten to develop ascenders and descenders, but the design remained that of a ___________ (capital letter) ________: strokes rising above top guidline _______:strokes dropping below the baseline A step towards development of _________ (small or lowercase letterforms) was the _________________:4 guidelines instead of 2 were used, and strokes were allowed to soar above and sink below the two principal lines, creating true ascenders and descenders. Pen was held flatly horizontal to the Baseline, giving forms a strong vertical axis. Semi-uncials or half-uncials: 1) easy to write 2) had increasingly legibility because of visual differentiation between letters was improved

sentence, paragraph, punctation,

Court of Aachen revised _________ and __________ structure and __________. Manuscripts from late antiquity period and Byzantine culture: naturalism and illusion of depth of space in illustration. "picture-window style": space moved back into the page from decorative frame and clothes seemed to wrap the forms of living human figures. Carolingian illuminators lacked knowledge and skill of antiquity artist, but began to copy these images with sometimes uneven results. Classic heritage was revived as accurate drawing and illusionistic techniques were masted by some illuminators. Figurative imagery and ornaments (scrambled in earlier manuscripts) were separated into separated into distinct design elements. Manuscript books such as Coronation Gospels- Two facing Pages were unified by their exactly equal margins. Initial letters Echo Roman Monumental capitals, and text appears to be closely based on insular script of Ireland. Rustic capitals used for supplementary materials, including chapter lists, introductory words, and prefaces faces. The creators of this book understood the lettering in painting method of classical culture. Elegant examples of manuscripts written in Caroline minuscule include the "Capitularies of charlemagne,""Louise the Pious," and "Moralia in Iob"

Islamic

Spanish pictorial expressionism: Iberian peninsula: isolated from rest of Europe, scriptoria did not experience initial impact of the Charlagian renewal. Moorish Army Crushed Spanish army and Moorish settlers mingled _________ design motifs with Christian Traditions to create Unique manuscript Designs. Number of Islamic design motifs filter into Spanish Christian manuscripts. - flat shapes of intense color - sprinkled with stars, rosettes, polygons, or garlands in Optically active contrasting colors - flat, schematic drawings had prominent outlines - two-dimensional aggressive color created a frontal intensity that obliterated atmosphere or Illusion - pagan tradition of totemic animals frightful head in Spanish illumination -Decorative frames enclosed most illustrations, with intricate patterns evoking the richly colored geometric designs apply to Moorish architecture in tilework, and molded and chisel decorations

Textura or Blackletter

Douce Apocalypse: Is one of the many masterpieces of gothic illumination. Each of the illustrated pages has an illustration above the 2 column of lettered text. Has a Lettering styles who repetition of vertical capped with pointed serifs has been compared to picket fence. ______ (from latin texturum, meaning woven fabric or texture): is favored name for this dominant mode of Gothic lettering. During this time textura was called littera moderna (modern lettering). Textura was functional for all vertical strokes in a word were drawn first, the serifs and other strokes need to transform the group of verticals into a word were added. Round strokes were almost eliminated. Letters and spaces between them were condensed. (effect was dense black texture). 1) On each page open square is left (upper-left corner) for initial, but were never added 2) some illustrations drawn but not painted (shows sensitivity and decisiveness). 3) illustration: divided into segments by elaborate framing 4) last passage's illustration (ch 7 of Rev) the white robed multitude who survived the great tribulation are shown surrounding a very human looking God with his Lamb. Douce Apocalypse represents new breed of picture book that established page design of 15th c. woodblock books. Blurring of national origin evidences the trend towards international Gothic style Characterized by elongated figures that rise upward in vertical movement, often wearing elegant fashionable costumes or flowing robes,. Despite figures are pulled upward, there is conviction of solid almost monumental weight and expression of human dignity. Increasing naturalism is seen in human, animal, and botanical subjects. National styles are combined and increase commissions for private books (royal patrons) enabled scribes and illuminators to travel and disseminate artistic conventions and techniques

Scriptorium, Scrittori, Copisti, Illuminator, Colophon

Early Christian era: nearly all books were created in monastic _________- writing room. _________- head of the scriptorium, a well educated scholar who understood Greek and Latin and functioned as both editor and art director, with overall responsibility for the design and production of the manuscript. _________- was a production letterer, who spent his days bent over a writing table penning page after page in a trained lettering style. __________ (illustrator)- an artist responsible for the execution of ornament and image in visual support of the text. The word was supreme and the Scriptorium controlled the Scriptorium. The Scrittori: 1) laid out pages to indicated where illustrations were to be added after text was added (light sketches sometimes do or note jotted in margin told the illustrator what to draw). 2) controlled the Scriptorium ____________ of a manuscript or book is an inscription usually at the end, containing facts about its production. Often scribe, designer, and printer is identify. Many colophons describe the work of the copisti as difficult and tiring.

Book of hours

Late Medieval illuminated manuscripts: Transitional decades: medieval era yield to Renaissance, production of illustrated mauscripts for private used increased early 1400s, ________ ___ _____: became Europe's most popular book. It contained prayers, religious texts for each hour of the day, calendars listing the days of important saints. Jean duc de Berry installed the Limbourge brothers in his castle to establish a private scriptorium. Paul, Herman, and Jean Limbourg: -were apprenticed as goldsmiths and trained at an important scriptorium in Paris. -Paul: probably designer (layout and design) A close rapport developed between patron and designer/illustrator, the books consisted of wooden block bound in white velvet and locked with an enameled clasp decorated with Duke's coat of arms. 15 c. Limbourgs were in the vanguard of an evolution in interpretation and visual experience. Gothic: towards abstract and stylized presentation The Limbourg went towards realism, atmospheric perspective used to push planes and volumes back into deep space and a consistent effort towards achieving linear perspective was made. Limbourg: observation combined with painting skill enabled them to propel illuminated book design and illustration to its zenith. Their work conveys strong sense of mass and volume, in some illustrations highlight and cast shadows are created by single light source

illuminated manuscript

Illuminated Manuscripts: The vibrant luminosity of gold leaf gave sensation of the page being literally illuminated. Thus this effect gave birth to the term of ________ _____. This name is used for all decorated and illustrated handwritten books produced from late Roman Empire until printed books replaced manuscripts after typography was developed in Europe (1450). 2 traditions of manuscript illumination are 1) the Eastern in Islamic countries 2) Western in Europe Sacred writings held great meaning for Christians, Jews, Muslims and the use of visual embellishment to expand the word became very important. Illuminated manuscript were produced with care and design sensitivity. illuminated manuscript: 1) costly and time consuming 2) Parchment and vellum took hours to prepare 3) Black ink for lettering was prepared from fine soot or lampback. Gum and water were mixed with sanguine or red chalk to produce red ink (headings and paragraph marks) 4) brown ink made from irongall, a mixture of iron sulfate and oak apples (are oak galls caused by wasp larvae) Color: made from mineral, animal, vegetable matter Blue: lapis lazuli Gold: 1) ground into powder and mixed into a gold paint 2) left a slightly grained surface so preferred application method was hammering gold into thin sheets of gold for texture, punching, and tooling with metalworking tools were often used on gold leaf for design effects. Books were bound between wooden boards (cover in leather). Decorative patterns applied by tooling the leather and in important manuscripts jewels, gold, and silver work, enameled designs, or ivory was carved on their covers

space, scriptura scottia (insular script)

In the gospel, Illuminator created a graphic explosion using monogram XPI for Christ's name. This letter combination used to write Christ in a manuscript is called the Chi-Rho (Greek: chi (X)and Rho (P)). It is used in Book of Kells. On another page the authors of the four gospels were signified by symbolic beings which was part of the Pagan tradition with its origin in Egyptian culture Radical design innovation in Celtic manuscripts was leaving a _______ between words to enable the reader to separate the string of letters into words more quickly. The half-uncial script was Redesign into the _________ _________ to Suit local visual traditions. The half-uncial became National letter form style in Ireland are still used as a type Style. -Written with slightly angled pen, the full, rounded characters had strong bow, with ascenders bending to the right. - Heavy triangle perches at top of ascender and the horizontal stroke of the last letter of the word, particularly E or T, Zips out into the space between words Text page from Book of Kells shows how carefully the insular script is lettered. -letters frequently joined at waistline or baseline Book of Kells is culmination of Celtic illumination. -generous margins and huge initial letters -more full-page illustration than any other Celtic manuscript are done with density and complexity of form (ornate capitals, sentences intermittently bloom into full-page illuminations). Lindisfarne and Iona: 2 greatest scriptoria in medieval history and were destroyed by conflict. Northern raiders in 795 CE: struggle between Celts and Vikings

Qur'an, Aniconism

Islamic manuscript: __________: record of Muhammad's teachings. This book forms divine authority of religious, social, civil life in Islamic societies -Muhammad called upon his followers to learn to read and write -calligraphy: important tool for religion and government He advocacy of women's literacy resulted in famous women calligraphers and scholars, Love for books permeates Islamic culture (large libraries and many manuscripts). Islamic manuscript decoration emerged for modest origin: 1) early calligraphers wrote copies of Qur'an made their vowel marks ornate and drew rosettes to separate verses, 2) over time ornamentation became more elaborate, intricate geometric and arabesque design filled the space to became transcendental expression of scared nature of Qur'an. Geometric shapes containing calligraphy are surrounded by rhythmic organic designs ranging from plant forms to abstract arabesques. Figurative illustrations not used because Islamic society embraced the principle of ___________: is religious opposition to representation of living creatures. This was based on belief that only God could create life and that morals should not make figures of living things or create images that might be used as idols. Pictures were tolerated-in Islamic regions as long as they were restricted to private quarters or place harems. 1000 CE miniature paintings appeared in Persian books, became important aspect fo book illumination. Safavid dynasty: some of finest manuscripts were designed. Influence of Persian artists spread to Ottoman Empire and Mughals. Mughals emperors established major school of Islamic illustration after bring Persian artists to India in 16 c to train local artists. 1) Birds, animals, plants, architecture native to region incorporated into Mughal manuscripts. The meticulously painted illustrations of "Padshahnama" script are in great tradition of Persian paintings, which are primarily a book illustrator's art dating from 1300s. 1) space= flat and shallow 2) ground planes= parallel to pictureplane 3) figures and objects= described by meticulous contour lines containing flat or subtly modulated, planes of color. 4) tonal modulation and light and shadow patterns are usually minimal or nonexistent 6) architecture= defined by geometric planes 7) intricate decorative patterns applied to carpets, clothing, structures 8) plants= drawn as schematic stylization with detail and repetition of blossoms and leaves. 9) chromatic energy achieved through warm/cool and light/dark color combinations

the Mainz Haggadah

Judaic manuscript: After Babylonian exile and Romans crushed Jewish revolts, Jewish population in Israel was dispersed. 2nd revolt against Romans, Israel ceased to exist as political entity. Jewish culture, religion, and people lived on in Diaspora ("dispersion" or "scattering") throughout world. Common belief Judaic traditions rejected figurative art is not entirely true. Artistic embellishment for educational reason or to adorn religious objects (manuscripts) was encouraged as means of expressing reverence for sacred objects and writing. Judaic illuminated manuscripts: ____ _______ ______: containing Jewish religious literature, including historical stories and proverbs (sage ofJewish exodus from Egypt). 1) was copied by Moses ben Nathan Oppenheim 2) title page feat. calligraphy and typographic layout framed by Moses holding the 10 Commandments and on right by Aaron. 3) Double page spread has 2 images: Mount Sinai and Pharaoh and his army drowning in Red Sea 4) typographic layout implies melody associated with rhythm and repetition of buoyant Passover song through spacing and symbols 5) word= supreme, images= supported (in margins at sides or bottom of page) 6) artist created illustration using detailed pen and colored ink technique 7) people and animals drawn with sensitivity

Diminuendo

Large initials on opening pages grew bigger in newer books. Integrating initials was a design problem. Monk resolved it with graphic principle called ____________: is a decreasing scale of graphic information. Opening page of Gospel of Matthew in Book of Durrow Large double initials is followed in decreasing size by a smaller initials (last 4 letters of first word), then next two words, and then a body of text Descending scale: unites large initials with text. Red S-shapes line or dots link text line to the initial and unify the elements. Dot pattern transform 1st 3 words into rectangles and contours the 1st letters of each verse. These red dots were used profusely and watercolor washes often filled the negative spaces inside and between letters. Sometimes pigments were handled thickly and opaquely, other times they were thin and as translucent as enamel.

Celtic style, the Book of Kells, interlace, lacertines

Lindisfarne Gospel written by Eadfrith, represents full flowering of ________ ________. _______ ___ ________: Created at the Island Monastery of Iona. Its vibrant color and form is in distinct contrast to the stark, reclusive environment and Rule of Silence found in the monastic scriptorium Uses ornament in three ways: 1) Ornamental frames or borders created to enclose full-page illustrations 2) Opening pages of each gospel and other important passages are singled out for illumination, particular by the design of ornate initials 3) Full pages of decorative design called carpet pages were bound into the manuscript. This name developed because the densely-packed design had the intricate patterning associated with ornate carpet. (Lindisfarne Gospel) Lindisfarne Gospel: Celtic Cross or other geometric Motif became an organizing form that brought structure to the interlace and lacertines filling the page. _______: as a two-dimensional decorative formed by a number of ribbons and straps woven into a complex, usually symmetrical design. Interlace created by animal forms were called _______. Most of the forms: 1) invented from imagination or 2) based on earlier models Careful observation of nature was not required of Celtic designer or illustrator.

carpet pages

Ornament was used in three ways: ornamental frames or borders were created to enclose full-page illustrations (Fig. 4-4); opening pages of each gospel and other important passages were singled out for illumination, particularly by the design of ornate initials (Fig. 4-5); and full pages of decorative design called _________ _________ were bound into the manuscript. This name developed because the densely packed design had the intricate patterning associated with oriental carpets. As a carpet page from the Lindisfarne Gospels shows (Fig. 4-6), a seventh-century Celtic cross or other geometric motif became an organizing form that brought structure to the interlaces and lacertines filling the space. The interlace was a two-dimensional decoration formed by a number of ribbons or straps woven into a complex, usually symmetrical design. It is evident that drafting instruments were used to construct many of the designs in Celtic manuscripts. Book of Durrow

linear, books

Romanesque and Gothic manuscripts: Romanesque period: Renewal religious fervor and even stronger feudalism. - 10 Crusades to conquer the Holy land - Monasticism reached its peak, large liturgical books like the Bible and gospels were produced in booming scriptoria -For the first time Universal Design characteristic seemed possible as they travel back and forth on the pilgrimage routes. Illusionistic revival of Carolingian era yield new emphasis on ________ drawing and willingness to distort figures to meld with overall design of page, Representation of deep space became less important and figures were placed against backgrounds of gold leaf or textured patterns. Romanesque evolved into Gothic: -the period saw feudal Lords constrained by reasonable laws -towns and villages grew into cities -agriculture yield to international trade as Foundation of political power, and money replaced land as primary measure of wealth. - in France and England monarchies were supported by noblemen which enabled more stable central government to emerge -1200s rise of universities created expanding market for books. Literacy was rising and professional lay illuminators emerged to help meet demand for _______. -Book of Rev surge of popularity in 1200s: Copies of Apocalypse had naturalism anchored in this world rather than future one supplemented by horror and anxiety of earlier Spanish edition.

musical notation

Scribed in medieval monasteries invented _______ ______ which is described in "With Voices and Pen: Coming to Know Song and How it Was Made" by Leo Treitler: 9th c. punctuation marks were gradually introduced to denote pauses and pitch changes for chants, eventually lead to the 5-line staff. Carolingian minuscule and adaptation of Arabic numerals, musical notation is most important contribution of medieval graphic design. illustrations and ornamentation: decoration, educational, and created mystical and spiritual overtones. Most illuminated manuscript were small: allowed transmission of knowledge and ideas Manuscript production of medieval era created vast vocabulary of graphic forms, page layouts, illustrated and lettering styles, and techniques. Regional isolation: slow spreading of innovations and influences, regional design styles

Book of Hours

__________- Christian devotional book that became popular in Medieval time. It is the most common type of surviving Medieval illuminated manuscript. (prayer book) Very detailed miniatures This private devotional volume contained prayers, religious texts for each hour of the day, and calendars listing the days of important saints.

Carolingian or Caroline minuscule

The Caroline graphic renewal: Under Charlemagne central Europe united. -He introduced feudal system: landowning noblemen dictated power over peasants who toiled fields -He fostered revival of learning and arts -recruited English scholar Alcuin of York to establish a school Celtic pattern tradition, book design, and illumination had sunken low and illustrations were poor, writing became localized and undisciplined (manuscripts hard to read). Charlemagne mandated reform by royal edict, at his court (Aachen) a turba scriptorium ("crowd of scribes") was assembled to prepare master copies of important religious texts. These texts were dispatched throughout Europe to disseminate the reforms Standardized of page layout, writing style, and decoration was attempted. They succeed in reforming the alphabet. Ordinary writing script of late antiquity period was selected, combined with Celtic innovations (the 4 guidelines, ascenders, descenders), and molded into an order uniform script called Caroline minuscule. ________ __________: is forerunner of out contemporary lowercase alphabet. -this clear set of letterforms was practical and easy to write -characters set apart instead of joined and number of ligatures was reduced -restored alphabet's legibility Carolingian or Caroline minuscule became standard throughout Europe for a time. Overtime time writing veered toward regional characteristics. Roman capitals: adopted for headings and initials -not calligraphic, but carefully drawn and built up with more than one stroke (not yet dual alphabet).

Frontispiece , vatican Vergil, classical style

The Classical style: Classic antiquity: Greeks and Romans design and illustrated manuscripts, few survived Book of the Dead was probably influence. Greek library at Alexandria contained many manuscript Julius Caesar's time: a fire destroyed the Library and scrolls. In the few surviving fragments of features numerous small inspirations illustrated scrolls the layout approach features small illustration drawn with crisp, simple technique and inserted throughout the text. They created a cinematic graphic sequence like a comic book. Parchment more durable then papyrus, the codex format could take thicker paint (because did not have to be rolled) open new possibility for design and illustration. Literary sources refer to manuscripts on vellum, with a portrait of the author as a __________. ___________ _________, 14 c.-15 c.: contain 2 major works (by Publius Vergilius Mar- Georgies and Aeneid). Includes illustration of Laocoon. Is the earliest surviving illustrated manuscript from late antiquity and early Christian era. -Uses consistent design apporach -text is lettered in crisp rustic capitals, w/ 1 wide column each page. -Top, middle, or bottom of page: framed in bands of color(red) are the same with as the text column - lettered name of major figures upon their picture (Similar to political cartoonists) Is Roman and pagan in conception and execution: 1) lettering: roman 2) Illustrations echo rich colors and illusionistic space of frescoes at Pompeii This pictorial and historical method of book illustratation, so similar to Roman paintings, combined with rustic capitals represents the _________ ___________.

illuminated manuscript

The vibrant luminosity of gold leaf, as it reflected light from the pages of handwritten books, gave the sensation of the page being literally illuminated; thus, this dazzling effect gave birth to the term illuminated manuscript. Today this name is used for all decorated and illustrated handwritten books produced from the late Roman Empire until printed books replaced manuscripts after typography was developed in Europe around 1450. Two great traditions of manuscript illumination are the Eastern in Islamic countries and the Western in Europe, dating from classical antiquity. Sacred writings held great meaning for Christians, Jews, and Muslims. The use of visual embellishment to expand the word became very important, and illuminated manuscripts were produced with extraordinary care and design sensitivity. Manuscript production was costly and time-consuming. Parchment or vellum took hours to prepare, and a large book might require the skins of three hundred sheep. Black ink for lettering was prepared from fine soot or lampblack. Gum and water were mixed with sanguine or red chalk to produce a red ink for headings and paragraph marks. A brown ink was formulated from "irongall," a mixture of iron sulfate and oak apples, which are oak galls caused by wasp larvae. Colors were created from a variety of mineral, animal, and vegetable matter. A vibrant, deep blue was made from lapis lazuli, a precious mineral mined only in Afghanistan that found its way to monasteries as far away as Ireland. Gold (and, less frequently, silver) was applied in two ways: sometimes it was ground into a powder and mixed into a gold paint, but this left a slightly grainy surface, so the preferred application method was hammering the gold into a fine sheet of gold leaf and applying it over an adhesive ground. Burnishing for texture, punching, and tooling with metalworking tools were often used on gold leaf for design effects. Books were bound between wooden boards usually covered with leather. Decorative patterns were applied by tooling the leather, and important liturgical manuscripts often had precious jewels, gold- and silverwork, enameled designs, or ivory carving on their covers.

classical style

________- pictorial and historical method of book illustration, so similar to late roman painting, combined with rustic capitals. used in many early christian manuscripts and characterizes late roman book design The Vatican Vergil, the death of Laocoön, early fifth century CE. The earliest surviving illustrated manuscript from the late antique and early Christian era. This pictorial and historical method of book illustration, so similar to late Roman painting, combined with rustic capitals, represents the classical style . It was used in many early Christian manuscripts and characterizes late Roman book design.

Vatican Virgil

_________- Is the earliest surviving illustrated manuscript from late antiquity and early Christian era Two scenes of the demise of Laocoon Classical style: style of illustration combined with the rustic capitals at the top are reminiscent of the seen at Pompeii (frescos). Lack of word spacing Pagan in its origin and concept

Frontispiece

_________- manuscripts on vellum, with a portrait of the author. (an illustration facing the title page of a book.)

Scrittori

_________- was the head of the scriptorium. Was well educated person who knew Latin and Greek. They functioned as art director and editor. The head of the scriptorium was the scrittori, a well-educated scholar who understood Greek and Latin and functioned as both editor and art director, with overall responsibility for the design and production of the manuscripts.

the Beatus of Fernando and Sancha

__________- illustrations compete with text (for illiterate) 4 horsemen of the apocalypse Sun and moon are falling apart, eagel Spanish gothic influence on type (elongation of type) and Diminuendo The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse from the Beatus of Fernando and Sancha, 1047 CE. Among numerous interpretations of The Book of Revelation , the Commentary of Beatus on the Apocalypse of Saint John the Divine was widely read. The monk Beatus (730-798 ce) of Liebana in northern Spain wrote this harrowing interpretation in 776 ce. Graphic artists gave visual form to the fearful end of the world in numerous copies penned and illustrated throughout Spain. Unlike other interpreters of the Apocalypse, Beatus saw the first horseman as God's envoy, whose arrows pierce the hearts of nonbelievers. The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (Fig. 4-15) who are traditionally War, Famine, Pestilence, and Death, ride forth to unleash their terror upon the world.

the Mainz Haggadah

__________- Tells how children Israel leave Egypt and slavery lead by prophet Moses to mount Sainai. Story about liberation of Israelites, special blessing and rituals, passover songs, proverbes Largely done by illustrations (like comic book) Style: classical style with simple and laid out in a rectangle, text and image have equal footing gesture and sketch of image and in calligraphy The Haggadah is a book that Jews read on the first night of Passover. On the left Moses holds the Ten Commandments, and Aaron, the brother of Moses, stands on the right. Many of the finest Judaic illuminated manuscripts are Haggadot, containing Jewish religious literature, including historical stories and proverbs—especially the saga of the Jewish exodus from Egypt.

Apocalypse

__________- 1000 CE people thought signaled the end of the world

The Limbourg Brothers' Les tres riches heures du duc de Berry

__________- 24 pages: calendars with double page spread -monthly activity -top: astronomical and constellations and phases of moon -vibrate color -touch of human concern and common men incorporated into work -linear perspective -realism The pinnacle of the European illuminated book was reached in the early fifteenth century, when French nobleman Jean, duc de Berry (1340-1416), a passionate lover of beautiful books and brother of King Charles V, installed the Limbourg brothers, of Dutch origin, in his castle to establish a private scriptorium. In the early fifteenth century the Limbourgs were in the vanguard of an evolution in the interpretation of visual experience. The Gothic tendency toward abstraction and stylized presentation was reversed as they sought a convincing realism. Atmospheric perspective was used to push planes and volumes back in deep space, and a consistent effort toward achieving linear perspective was made. The Limbourgs' exceptional gifts of observation combined with remarkable painting skill enabled them to propel illuminated book design and illustration to its zenith. Their work conveys a strong sense of mass and volume; in some illustrations highlights and cast shadows are created by a single light source. The Limbourg brothers' masterpiece was Les tres riches heures du duc de Berry (Figs. 4-25 and 4-26). The first twenty-four pages are an illustrated calendar. Each month has a double- page spread with a genre illustration relating to seasonal activities of the month on the left page and a calendar of the saints' days on the right. Les tres riches heures is a pictorial book. Illustrations dominate the page layouts. Some pages have a mere four lines of text lettered in two columns under the illustrations. The Limbourg brothers, January and February pages from Les tres riches heures du duc de Berry, 1413-16. Both pictorial and written information is presented with clarity, attesting to a high level of observation and visual organization. During the transitional decades, as the medieval era yielded to the European Renaissance, the production of illuminated manuscripts for private use became increasingly important. In the early 1400s the Book of Hours became Europe's most popular book (Fig. 4-24). This private devotional volume contained prayers, religious texts for each hour of the day, and calendars listing the days of important saints.

the Ormesby Psalter

__________- large initials with Biblical scenes with gold background, vibrate colors, text was lettered in texture/blackletter Slight elongation of figures and text (Gothic style) Imagery was imaginative and symbols attached to it (parables) Repetition in black letter style of righting (was legible) Had scenes of everyday life (humanism was displayed in religious text) In the Ormesby Psalter, decoration, illustration, and initials are joined into a single complex text frame. Red and blue prevail in many late Gothic manuscripts. Its generous 33.6-centimeter (about 13.5-inch) height allowed for illustrated capital initials containing biblical scenes on gold-leaf backgrounds. The large text is written in the textura writing style. The text area is surrounded by an intricate frame filled with decorative pattern capital initials and rich marginalia, which are thought to be visual clues suggesting appropriate parables and stories for the priest to tell the congregation after completing the scriptural reading. The page illustrated in Figure 4-19 has an owl/horse conferring with a man/snail at the top. At the bottom, a demon smugly watches a betrothal. The young maiden eagerly reaches for the falconer's engagement ring; the symbolic cat and mouse below the couple hint that someone is being victimized. The everyday life of the people had found its way into the margins of religious books. Some historians have seen this as an early indication of an approaching Renaissance humanism, with its concern for the quality of human life on earth. Gothic style that pervaded the late Gothic period. It is characterized by elongated figures that rise upward in a vertical movement, often wearing elegant, fashionable costumes or flowing robes. Even though the figures are pulled upward, there is a conviction of solid, almost monumental weight and an expression of human dignity. Increased naturalism was seen in human, animal, and botanical subjects. Elements from the national styles of various countries were combined, and growing numbers of commissions for private books, particularly from royal patrons, enabled scribes and illuminators to travel and disseminate artistic conventions and techniques. Note the Blackletter or Textura typeface, modeled on calligraphic caroline minuscules

Textura or Blackletter

__________- variation of Caroline minuscule, predominant form throughout Western Europe.

Scriptura scottia (insular script)

__________- (art produced after the fall of rome in british isles) The book of kells is the oldest known illuminated insular gospel book. in calligraphy, any of several hands that developed in the British Isles after the Roman occupation of England and before the Norman Conquest. By the seventh century, English scribes had adopted various forms of the so-called Insular scripts derived from Half-Uncial. In doing this, they established a clear separation in terms of shapes and looks from the styles used by their continental counterparts. In that sense, the term 'Insular' is appropriate as it places both English and Irish scribes under a close scriptorial practice.

The Book of Kells

__________- 680 AD the oldest known illuminated insular gospel book. (Insular art: style of art produced in British Isles after the fall of the Roman empire.) All the gospels, Chi-Rho (XPI): one of the earliest symbols used by Christians (and Greeks), animals forms and intertwining geometric pattern, 4 beasts (4 evangelists): man, eagle, ox, lion Chi-Rho: means Christ The Book of Kells, symbols for authors of the four Gospels: Matthew's man, Mark's lion, Luke's ox, and John's eagle The remarkable originality of the hundreds of illustrated initials is suggested by the variety of imaginative forms in the six initials on this one page. A radical design innovation in Celtic manuscripts was leaving a space between words to enable the reader to separate the string of letters into words more quickly. The half-uncial script journeyed to Ireland with the early missionaries and was subtly redesigned into the scriptura scottica—or " insular script " (Figs. 4-5 and 4-9), as it is now called—to suit local visual traditions.

The Book of Durrow

__________- Earliest known manuscript of celtic design. -Matthew Ornamentation was used to frame off a central figure as a full page illustration (in spiraling complex boarders) Written and designed around 680 ce, the Book of Durrow is the earliest fully designed and ornamented Celtic book. The Book of Durrow, opening page, the Gospel of Saint Mark, 680 CE. Linked into a ligature, an I and an N become an aesthetic form of interlaced threads and coiling spiral motifs. Large initials on the opening pages grew bigger in newer books as the decades passed. Integration of these initials with the rest of the text was a challenging design problem. The monks resolved it with a graphic principle called Diminuendo , which is a decreasing scale of graphic information.

Qur'an or Koran

__________- Muhammad's message Figurative illustrations (people) were not utilized because Islamic society have principle of Aniconism Repetition of linear shapes, geometric Arabesque: form of artistic decoration that consists of surfaces of rhythmic linear patterns scrolling and interlacing foliage, tendrils, and organic shapes based on nature. Geometric repetition, pattern, and etc. Islamic manuscript most likely produced in Iran or India during the eighteenth century. Figurative illustrations were not utilized because Islamic society embraced the principle of Aniconism. Over the centuries, ornamentation became increasingly elaborate, with intricate geometric and arabesque designs filling the space to become transcendental expressions of the sacred nature of the Qur'an (Fig. 4-22). Geometric shapes containing calligraphy are surrounded by rhythmic organic designs ranging from plant forms to abstract arabesques.

Semi-uncials or half-uncials

__________- Was a step towards the development of minuscule. Uncials from the Gospel of Saint Matthew, eighth century CE. (Different from Half) Half-uncials, sixth century CE. This specimen, written in a monastery in southern Italy, demonstrates the emergence of ascenders and descenders. script developed through the scribes' tendency in certain schools, such as the Insular script of the British Isles, to adopt more cursive forms, admitting ascenders and descenders. denoting a style of medieval letter showing features of both uncial and cursive script.

Scriptorium

__________- Writing room in a monastery (books were made here). It was organized into specific units. Created religious text and preserved classical literature. During the early Christian era, nearly all books were created in the monastic scriptorium, or writing room.

Interlace

__________- a two-dimensional decoration that was formed by a number of ribbons or straps that were woven into complex, often symmetrical design. the interlace was a two-dimensional decoration formed by a number of ribbons or straps woven into a complex, usually symmetrical design.

Diminuendo

__________- initial letters use this, it is the decreasing scale of graphic information. Initial letters (drop cap) is a large first letter of a paragraph. Set in decorative or graphic way. Paragraphs got smaller. Sub-headlines and spread around page (repetition). The Book of Durrow, opening page, the Gospel of Saint Mark, 680 CE. Linked into a ligature, an I and an N become an aesthetic form of interlaced threads and coiling spiral motifs. Large initials on the opening pages grew bigger in newer books as the decades passed. Integration of these initials with the rest of the text was a challenging design problem. The monks resolved it with a graphic principle called Diminuendo , which is a decreasing scale of graphic information.

Lacertines

__________- interlaces made by animals forms Lindesfarne Gospels: 700, ornamentation and illumination used: 1) ornamental frames and boarders around full page illustrations 2) decorative initials 3) carpet pages- designed pages that were bound into the manuscript (densely pack design like ornamental carpets) The interlaces created by animal forms were called Lacertines . Most of the forms were either invented from imagination or based on earlier models.

Aniconism

__________- religious opposition to use representation of any living creatures. All god could make living things is religious opposition to representations of living creatures. This was based on a belief that only God could create life and that mortals should not make figures of living things or create images that might be used as idols.

Descenders

__________- strokes below the baseline

Ascenders

__________- strokes rising above the cap height

Musical notation

__________- using punctuation marks to denote pauses and pitch changes for chance. This lead to the 5 line staff you know today. In addition to preserving classical literature, the scribes working in medieval monasteries invented musical notation . As early as the ninth century, punctuation marks were gradually introduced to denote pauses and pitch changes for chants, eventually leading to the five-line staff. In addition to the Carolingian minuscule and the adaptation of Arabic numerals, musical notation is one of the most important contributions of medieval graphic design.

Carolingian or Caroline minuscule

__________- was uniform and had clearly disguisable shapes and legible. Clear capital letters and spaces between words. Use of upper and lower case letters was not quite developed but process was in place. Revision to sentence and paragraph structure and punctuation, made popular during reign of Charlemagne. Greek uncials---> Roman half uncials----> then in Celtic scripts Developed as a calligraphic standard in Europe so that the Latin alphabet could be easily recognized by the literate class from one region to another in about 780. Caroline Minuscules were used in the Holy Roman Empire between approximately 800 and 1200. Derived from Roman half uncial and the insular scripts that were being used in Irish and English monasteries, created partly under the patronage of the Emperor Charlemagne (hence Carolingian), The script developed into Blackletter or Textura Script. Caroline Minuscules from the Alcuin Bible ninth century CE.

Uncials

called __________ because they were written by guidelines that were one uncia (Roman inch) apart. Are rounded freely drawn majuscule letters, more suited for rapid writing than square or rustic capitals. Certain letters in uncial style almost create ascenders and descenders. The uncials, so named because they were written between two guidelines that were one uncia (the Roman inch) apart , were actually invented by the Greeks as early as the third century bce. The design remained that of a majuscule or capital letter. A step toward the development of minuscules (small or "lowercase" letterforms) was the half-uncial.