Unit 1 Exam
The portion of the serous membrane that covers the heart is called the __________ .
Visceral pericardium
Which of the following events is correctly paired with the stage of mitosis in which it occurs ? a. telophase-- nuclear envelope reforms b. prophase-- DNA replication occurs c. anaphase-- chromosomes first become visible d. metaphase-- sister chromatids separate
a
What two elements besides hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) make up the bulk of living matter? a. Carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) b. Calcium (Ca) and potassium (K) c. Carbon (C) and calcium (ca) d. Nitrogen (N) and potassium (K)
a CHON
Which atom can generally form the most number of covalent bonds a. carbon b. oxygen c. hydrogen d. nitrogen
a can form four covalent bonds with other elements
Which of the following is incorrectly matched? a. hydrogen gas (h2)-- compound e=mc2 b. water (H2O)-- molecule c. Blood-- suspension d. sugar dissolved in water-- solution
a compounds are molecules formed from two or more different kinds of atoms
Which of the following statements concerning the enzyme is false? a. enzymes speed up chemical reactions by transferring energy to chemical reactants b. enzymes lower the activation energy of a reaction c. enzymes are composed primarily of proteins d. enzymes bind substrates in such a way as to facilitate the rearrangement of chemical bonds during the formation of products
a enzymes are not energy sources for chemical reactions. rather, by lowering the activation energy of a reaction, enzymes allow reactions to proceed faster at lower temperatures
Select the correct statement regarding positive feedback mechanism. a. in positive feedback, the output response amplifies the original stimulus b. positive feedback controls typically maintain variables within a narrow range c. positive feedback mechanism regulate body temperature and blood sugar d. most homeostatic control mechanisms in the body involve positive feedback
a for example labor contractions cause the hormone oxytocin to be released, which leads to more contractions
Glycogen is an example of a ____________ a. polysaccharide b. disaccharide c. monosaccharide
a glycogen is a polysaccharide consisting of a polymer of glucose molecules
Which element is most electronegative? a. oxygen (O) b. sodium (Na) c. Carbon (C) d. Neon (Ne)
a in general, small atoms with six or seven valence shell electrons, such as O, N, and Cl, are electron-hungry and attract electrons very strongly, a capability called electronegativity
Which example of protein structure involves interactions between the R-groups of distantly positioned amino acids along the polypeptide chain? a. tertiary structure b. alpha tails c. beta pleated sheet d. primary structure
a interactions between R-groups hold proteins into a folded three-dimensional teritiary structure
Which of the following statements regarding chemical signaling is false? a. membrane-bound receptors act as carriers that allow the diffusion of ligands into cells b. activation of a membrane-bound receptor by a ligand leads to the activation of a series of cytosolic enzymes c. different cell types may respond differently to the same ligand d. hormones and neurotransmitters are examples of molecules that function as ligands
a ligands functions to activate receptors but are not transported into the cell as part of a signaling event
Which of the following is NOT a function of the ribosome during polypeptide synthesis? a. remove introns from pre-mRNA molecules b. align tRNA's to mRNA codons c. recognize a start codon on an mRNA d. move along the mRNA during polypeptide elongation
a not performed by the ribosomes but instead by spliceosome complexes within the nucleus
Which of the following statements is generally true regarding extracellular sodium and potassium ion concentrations ? a. sodium ion concentrations are high outside the cell relative to inside the cell b. potassium ion concentrations are high outside the cell relative to inside the cell c. both sodium and potassium ion concentrations are high outside the cell relative to inside the cell d. both sodium and potassium ion concentrations are low outside the cell relative to inside the cell
a primary active transport by the sodium-potassium pump transports Na^+ out of the cell and K^+ into the cell
What topic would you be studying if you investigated urine production by the kidneys? a. renal physiology b. microscopic anatomy c. systemic anatomy d. neurophysiology
a renal physiology examines kidney function and urine production
Which of the following is not an important point of cell theory? a. all organisms are made up of multiple cells b. the cell is the smallest biological structure that can be considered living c. cells only arise form division of other cells d. the activities of cells are dictated by the types of sub cellular structures they contain
a some organisms are unicellular
Which type of lipid is formed from interlocking hydrocarbon rings? a. steroids b. phospholipids c. triglycerides d. eicosanoids
a steroid (such as cholesterol) all contain a core structure consisting of four interlocking hydrocarbon rings
Which of the following is an example of a hydrogen bond? a. bonds between two separate water molecules b. bond between oxygen and hydrogen atoms c. bond between carbon and hydrogen atoms d. bond between two hydrogen atoms
a the attraction between the electronegative oxygen atom of one water molecule and a hydrogen atom of a separate water molecule is an example of a hydrogen bond
What energy source is used most directly during the secondary active transport of glucose into the cell? a. the facilitated diffusion of Na^+ ions across the membranes b. a chemical reaction between Na^+ ions and glucose c. iconic bonds formed between Na^+ and K^+ ions d. the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP
a the energy storing Na^+ gradient created by the sodium-potassium pump is used by the sodium-glucose cotransporter to power the secondary active transport of glucose
Phospholipids can be described as being ____________ a. partially hydrophilic and partially hydrophobic b. hydrophilic c. hydrophobic d. neither hydrophilic or hydrophobic
a the fatty acid TAILS of phospholipids are non polar and therefore HYDROPHOBIC. the phosphate and nitrogen containing groups within the HEAD of the phospholipid is polar and therefore HYDROPHILIC
The knee is ___________ to the ankle. a. proximal b. posterior c. lateral d. distal
a the knee is closer to the trunk of the body in comparison to the ankle
What happens as a solution shifts from pH 7 to pH 5? a. H+ concentration increases 100-fold b. H+ concentration increases 2-fold c. H+ concentration decreases 10-fold d. OH- concentration increases 100-fold
a the solution becomes more acidic as H+ ion concentration increases from 10^-7 M to 10^-5 M goes by increments of 5
Concerning DNA replication, which of the following statements is false? a. the products include one double helix consisting of two original strands and one double helix consisting of two newly synthesized strands b. the newly synthesized DNA strand is antiparallel to the corresponding template strand c. the nucleotide sequence of the newly synthesized DNA is complementary to the original template strand d. different mechanisms are used to replicate each strand of the DNA double helix
a this statement is false because, each new molecule consists of one old and one new nucleotide strand. this mechanism is known as semiconservative replication
What is the energy source for facilitated diffusion? a. the kinetic energy of the diffusing solute b. chemical energy transferred from molecular bonds within proteins c. chemical energy transferred from molecular bonds within phospholipids d. chemical energy transferred via the phosphate group of ATP
a the kinetic energy (heat) of solute particles provide ht e energy allowing them to move collectively down a concentration gradient. all forms of DIFFUSION are PASSIVE processes that do not require energy input from the cell
Which of the following is a similarity between DNA and RNA? a. both are formed from polymers of nucleotides b. both are found only in the nucleus of the cells c. both contain the bases A, G, C, T d. both are double-stranded
a. both are formed from polymers (building blocks!) of nucleotides
The left upper quadrant of the abdominopelvic cavity contains which of these organs? a. the gallbladder b. most of the stomach c. most of the liver d. appendix
b also contains the spleen
Which of the following terms describes the chemical reactions involved in the digestion of proteins and carbohydrates in the small intestine? a. neutralization b. dehydration synthesis c. hydrolysis d. oxidation-reduction
b hydrolysis reactions are decomposition reactions in which couples molecules are broken down to simpler substances by addition of a water molecule to each bond
Which of the following structures function to increase the absorptive ability of kidney and intestinal cells? a. cilia b. microvilli c. gap junctions d. flagella
b microvilli are tiny, fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane that aid in the absorption by increasing the membrane surface area
How would a carbon dioxide likely diffuse across a cell membrane? a. through carrier proteins b. through the phospholipid regions of a membrane c. through gated channels d. through aqualorin channels
b small non polar molecules such as CO2 readily dissolve in lipids and may therefore diffuse directly across the phospholipid bilayer
Which bond within ATP are considered high energy? a. sugar-phosphate b. phosphate-phosphate c. amino-carboxyl d. sugar-sugar
b the bond between the second and third phosphate groups provide the energy transferred to other molecules
Which component of a homeostatic control mechanism carries out a response to a stimulus? a. receptor b. effector c. sensor d. control center
b the effector carries out a response to a stimulus, for example sweat glands activate in response to increased body temperature
Which organ lies in the dorsal body cavity? a. heart b. spinal cord c. uterus d. small intestines
b the spinal cord lies within the vertebral cavity, a subdivision of the dorsal body cavity
Select the correct pairing of regional term and specific body area. a. antebrachial; arm b. mental; forehead c. axillary; armpit d. hallux; thumb
c
Which of the following would accurately track a glycoprotein from its site of initial synthesis to its arrival at the plasma membrane? a. golgi --> transport vesicle --> ER --> secretory vesicles --> plasma membrane b. ER --> nuclear envelope --> mitochondria --> golgi --> plasma membrane c. ER --> transport vesicle --> golgi --> secretory vesicles --> plasma membrane d. nuclear envelope --> lysosome --> transport vesicle --> golgi --> plasma membrane
c
Which subdivision of anatomy studies tissues of the heart? a. cytology b. surface anatomy c. histology d. regional anatomy
c histology is a subdivision of microscopic anatomy that studies the tissues of the body
Identify the organ system responsible for secreting hormones that regulate growth, development, and metabolism. a. reproductive system b. nervous system c. endocrine system d. lymphatic system
c the endocrine system consists of glands that release hormones into the blood. these hormones circulate and activate distant target cells, which coordinate processes such as growth, development, and metabolism
Which of the following best explains why the interior of the plasma membrane is more negatively charged than the exterior of the membrane? a. the sodium-potassium pump actively transports sodium out of the cell b. significant amounts of sodium diffuse out of the cell c. significant amounts of potassium diffuse out of the cell d. the membrane is more permeable to sodium then to potassium
c the membrane is more permeable to potassium that to sodium. because of the chemical concentration gradients created by the sodium-potassium pump, significant amounts of potassium diffuse out of the cell through leakage channels leaving an excess of negative charges inside the cell
What fills the missing levels of structural organization: chemical, ____________, ___________, ___________, ___________, organism
cellular, tissue, organ, organsystem
Which process is incorrectly matched with its cellular location? a. polypeptide synthesis-- ribosomes b. RNA processing-- nucleus c. DNA replication-- nucleus d. mRNA synthesis-- cytoplasm
d RNA is synthesized during transcription of chromosomal DNA in the nucleus
Which of the following is an example of a decomposition reaction? a. Transfer of an electron between sodium and chloride ions b. joining small molecules called amino acids into large protein molecules c. transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a glucose molecule d. breakdown of glycogen to multiple glucose molecules
d decomposition reactions include catabolic reactions in which larger molecules are broken down into smaller molecular units
What type of cut would separate the brain into anterior and posterior parts. a. sagittal b. median c. transverse d. frontal
d frontal could also be called coronal
