unit 1 psychology
Sigmund Freud's perspective on psychology was most dependent on which of the following concepts?
repression
Validity vs. Reliability
validity- measure of adequacy reliability - measure of consistency
Which of the following best illustrates the use of an operational definition?
"12-year-old children who watch violence on television will demonstrate 10% less aggressive behavior if the characters are cartoons, not actors."
Which of the following correlation coefficients reflects the weakest relationship between two variables?
+.02
High school teacher collected the final test scores of students in her honor united states history course. she found that the scores were normally distributed with a mean of 70 and standard deviation of 10. What percentage of her students passed the exam with a score of 60 or above?
84%
Correlation
A measure of the relationship between two variables
which major disagreement between 2 psychological perspectives?
Behaviorism vs cognitive
Dr. Leary conducts a study investigating whether the hormone oxytocin can be used to treat individuals who abuse opioids. which psychological perspective is most applicable to Dr. Leary's study?
Biological
correlation vs illusory correlation
C- 2 variables that impacting each other (study to grade) IC- what we think is a correlation due to experience but not true
cross section vs longitudinal
CS- collect data from a population at a specific point in time LT- repeatedly collect data from the same sample over an extended period of time
Clinical psychology vs counseling psychology
Clinical- focus on severe issues that can be diagnosed as psychological disorder Counseling- specialize in supporting & counseling people to solve their life issues
Control vs. Experimental
Control- known as regular group Experimental- known as treatment group. receives the treatment whose effect researchers wish to study.
Aristole
Database- Nurture student of Plato, wrote about relationship of the soul to body
biopsychosocial
Eclectic, connections made to more than one perspective integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, social culture view points
humanistic
Free will, self-actualization, Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, Unconditional Positive Regard, Carl Rogers historically significant perspective that emphasized human growth potential
biological
Genes, hormones, neurotransmitters, inherited, nervous system, brain scientific study of the links between biological and psychological processes
industrial organizational vs human factors
IO- Psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in work places HF- explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use
independent variable vs dependent variable
IV- experiment, factor manipulated, variable whose EFFECT being studies DV- Experiment, outcome measured, variable may change (topic)
Which of the following topics would a clinical psychologist most likely be interested in?
psychological disorders common in different cultures
cognitive
Interpretation, thinking, memory, language, problem solving, recall, recognition study of mental processes occur when we perceive, learn, remember, think, communicate, solve problems
Socrates & Plato
Logic-based- Nature believed individualism soul exiting separately from the body
which of the following measures of central tendency is most influenced by extreme scores?
Mean
Median
Middle number
random assignment vs random sample
RA- the random people that get choose has equal opportunity to be control group or experimental group RS- random equal opportunity to be chosen
evolutionary
Survival of the fittest, reproductive advantage, natural selection, charles darwin, instincts study of evolution of behavior and mind using principles of natural selection
cause and effect
The reason something happens and the result of it happening.
why is it important that the individuals participating in the study are randomly assigned to either group that receives the supplement or to the group that receives the placebo?
This increases the likelihood that the two groups are the same so that any differences between the two groups are due to manipulation
When conducting survey research, what must a researcher do to generalize the results to the population?
Use random sample to select participants
operational definition
a description of something in terms of the operations (procedures, actions, or processes) by which it could be observed and measured. For example, the operational definition of anxiety could be in terms of a test score, withdrawal from a situation, or activation of the sympathetic nervous system.
mean
average adding all terms and dividing by number of terms
researchers in which of the following psychological perspectives would be most interested in investigating different kinds of stimuli that cause physiological responses ?
behavorialist
Functionalism
believed mental processes could best be understood in terms of their adaptive purpose and function
important about psychological past with perspectives
biological
Psychologist vs. Psychiatrist
both can psychotherapy psychologist: providing talk & behavioral therapy Psychiatrist: prescribing medication
Structuralism
devoted to uncovering basic structures that make up mind and thought
if the difference between the means of two groups is statistically significant, what does that mean?
difference between the groups is not likely due to chance
In order to control for Experimenter bias, researcher will often use
double-blind procedure
experimental research vs correlational research
experimental: you manipulate an independent variable and measure its effect on a dependent variable. Other variables are controlled so they can't impact the results. Correlation: you measure variables without manipulating any of them. You can test whether your variables change together, but you can't be sure that one variable caused a change in another.
Which of the following is the only method that allows a researcher to establish a cause-and-effect relationship?
experimentation
Researchers believe that an over-the-counter supplement may be useful in reducing memory impairment in older adults. they randomly assigned 40 adults between the ages of 50-90 years who had mild memory impairments to receive either a placebo or 90 milg of the supplement twice daily 18 months. At 6 month intervals, researchers conduct various memory tests. what type of research is used to study the impact of supplements on memory ability? In the study above, which of the following is the independent variable?
experimentation the supplement
Wundt (father of Psychology)
first applied scientific principles to study the human mind. Development the concept of objective introspection
William James
first class of psychology, importance of consciousness everybody life people function real world
Behavioral
how we learn observable responses Reinforcement, punishment, observable, B.F. Skinner, John Watson, Ivan Pavlov
which of the following statements describes how a cognitive psychologists might explain why a student experiences test anxiety?
if students interpret low grades as a personal failure, they may experience increased test anxiety
gesult
interested in how we construct perceptual
Wilhelm Wundt presented subjects with an object, such as a piece of fruit, and asked them to describe their thoughts or perceptions of it, such as the object's color, it's shape, and how it felt when touched. What did Wundt call this method?
introspection
when appropriate to use survey
investigate the characteristics, behaviors, or opinions of a group of people
which of the following is central for the replication of a research study?
operational definitions of procedures
which of the following have been shown to have a positive correlation?
perceived lack of control and instances of giving up
sociocultural
perspective that focuses on the relationship between social behavior and culture Society, culture, religion, ethnicity, customs, beliefs
researchers found that the closer students sat to the front of the classroom, the higher their final grades in the course. the finding reflects an?
positive correlation
What makes positive psychology different from other psychosocial perspectives/movements?
positive psychology focuses on human flourishing rather than on treating psychological disorders or researching issues related to deficiencies in human thinking and behavior
when appropriate to use double blind study
prevent bias in research results
6 babies were born on the same evening in a local hospital the following is the distribution of their birth weights: 3.866; 3.838; 3.837; etc. What statistical measure would give the most accurate information about the variation in the data?
standard deviation
what is the correct chronological order of the following perspectives of psychology, from past to present?
structuralism psychoanalysis behaviorism humanism
perspective timeline
structuralism, functionalism, gesults, psychoanalytical, behaviorism
Psychoanalytic
study of the unconscious, includes childhood and aggression issues Unconscious, childhood trauma, id, ego, superego, sexual, Sigmund Freud, defense mechanisms etc. 1895-1968
when appropriate to use standard deviation
summarize continuous data, not categorical data
range
the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution
mode
the most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution
what makes psychoanalysis unique among historical psychological movements?
the psychoanalytic movement was the first time tal therapy was used to help alleviate mental issues.
how did the history of psychology started?
the science of psychology began with a group group of professors who researched human perception
when appropriate to use introspection
tool for looking inward important to self awareness, help clients gain insight into their own feelings
descrates
was curious how the immaterial mind and physical body communicate
when appropriate to use naturalistic observation
when researcher wants to learn more about people in a specific social or cultural setting but can't gather information any other way
when appropriate to use placebo
when the negative consequences of going untreated are negligible or no treatment is an acceptable alternative
when appropriate to use case study
when there is a need to obtain an in depth appreciation of an issue, event or intrest, in its natural real life context
when appropriate to use experimentation
when you need to quantify the impact of product changes
when appropriate to use correlation
you want to quantify the linear relationship between 2 variables represents a response or outcome variable
