Unit 1 study guide, Quiz 3, Quiz 2, STUDY NOTES SOCIAL PSYCH FINAL

Watson and Crick

Developed the double helix model of DNA.

The _______ _______ _____ is the tendency to overestimate the importance of personal factors relative to situational factors

Fundamental Attribution Error

Self-serving bias example-- failure

Got an F on a test because it was a hard exam with a bad teacher

Suppose that Daniel has just begun his freshman year at college. Which of his actions BEST exemplifies the need to belong?

He goes out to a lot of parties and social functions so that he can meet new friends, and perhaps meet a girlfriend.

In general, when it comes to helping others, males tend to be more helpful than females in many situations. In which of the following situations are males probably NOT more helpful?

Helping to teach an autistic child to read by volunteering on an ongoing, weekly basis at a local facility​

Which of the following is NOT a good example of prosocial behavior?

Wearing a jacket when it is cold

Given the research on positive illusions, which of the following is probably NOT true?

Most depressed patients who are in treatment for their depression think that they are recovering more quickly than other depressed patients.

Moira and Abdul are madly in love with each other. They think about each other constantly and the sexual tension between them runs high. Consequently, they spend most of their time having sex, and little time talking, so they don't know each other that well and neither is really sure how long this can last. Moira and Abdul are experiencing_____love.

Passionate

How is the interpersonal self (Public self) similar to self-knowledge (self-concept)

People work hard to present a particular image to others, even if it is not exactly the full truth as they know it.

Anticipated ______ occurs when people make decisions more on the basis of how they expect to feel, rather than on the basis of a fully logical, rational analysis of what will yield the greatest reward.

Regret

Halo Effect

a cognitive bias by which we tend to assume that an individual with one positive characteristic also possesses other (even unrelated) positive characteristics (picture: princess and the frog)

A knowledge structure that contains information about a concept and its relationship to other concepts (e.g., a structure that contains information about judges and how judges relate to lawyers, criminals, the general public, and so forth) is known as

a schema.

_____ ____ _____ occurs when, in the presence of positive emotions, you feel like your own emotions are inadequate.

Upward social comparison

Researchers Plant and Devine have identified two basic motives that people have for overcoming prejudice: internal and external. According to these researchers, the internal motive is based on

a strong inner belief that prejudice is wrong.

What is a schema?

a structure of thought/knowledge/behavior

The automatic system in the duplex mind is BEST characterized as

a team of little robots doing lots of simple jobs to make your life easier.

The textbook defines violence as _____ that _____ extreme harm, such as injury or death.

a type of aggression, is intended to cause

Research suggests that stereotyping ____. allows people to save mental energy and enables them to process information more quickly

allows people to save mental energy and enables them to process information more quickly

Japanese use ____ as an extremely positive emotional state in which one is a totally passive love subject

amae

Attraction

anything that draws 2 or more people together, makes them want to be together, possibly forming a lasting relationship

three self motives

appraisal motive, consistency motive, self-enhancement motive

A person with an ambivalent attachment style is ________

are eager to secure commitment from their partner

The need to belong drives people to

associate with others, commit to relationships, and stay in relationships.

Responsiveness in close relationships involves each of the following except one. Which one?

assuming you know what your partners need are

self presentation strategies

attempts to shape other's impressions of us as a means to achieve goals

public self-awareness

attending to how you are perceived by others, looking outward to understand the self

You are driving to school and notice that there is an injured dog lying on the side of the road—presumably the victim of a hit-and-run. You are in a very busy part of town, however, so you decide that your help probably isn't needed (someone else will attend to the dog and call for help, if they haven't already). Social psychologists would say that ____ prevented you from helping in this case.​

diffusion of responsibility

Andre really believes in himself and doesn't suffer much in the way of social anxiety. Yet he has a hard time trusting his girlfriend (even though she has given him no reason for this). His girlfriend feels frustrated with the relationship, because Andre seems so aloof and far away. Andre probably has a_____attachment.

dismissing avoidant

evidence suggests matching is driven by rejecting ______________ others than by liking similar others

dissimilar

In terms of getting along with other people, compared to people with low self-esteem, people with high self-esteem _____. In fact _____.

believe they are well-liked., people with high and low self-esteem are perceived about equally favorably

research connection between ___________________ and meaning of _______

belongingness and life

secure attachment in adult life

better able to develop mature, long relationships

biases in research

biological sex vs. gender identity, racial/ethnic/cultural diversity, heteronormative assumptions, WEIRD (western educated industrial rich demographic) samples

The mere exposure effect refers to the tendency for people to

come to like something simply because they see or encounter it repeatedly.

The mere exposure effect refers to the tendency for people to come to like something simply because other people like it. come to like something simply because they see or encounter it repeatedly. come to think that something is common, or prevalent, simply because they like it. come to think that something is common, or prevalent, simply because they see or encounter it repeatedly

come to like something simply because they see or encounter it repeatedly.

Research on religious beliefs shows that appealing to a higher (superordinate) power can be an effective way to reduce __________. the mere exposure effect belief perseverance attitude polarization dissonance

dissonance

As part of a tenth-grade "Social Living" course, a teacher has a guest speaker come to his classroom to talk about the dangers of drug use. The guest speaker is a former drug dealer and hardcore drug user, who became involved in crime as a result of his connection to drugs, spent many years in jail, later entered a drug rehabilitation program, and finally cleaned up his act. Social psychologists would refer to this kind of communicator as a(n) ____.​

convert communicator

Social psychologists use the word __________ to refer to how people deal with traumas and return, post-trauma, to healthy, effective functioning. recalibrating revalidating monitoring coping

coping

Three-year-old children tend to think that the Stroop test is really easy, as compared to 6-year-old children, 12-year-old children, or adults. This is because, in general, 3-year-olds

do not know how to read.

validity

does the measure give accurate results, does it measure what it's supposed to ex. is the response correct

reliability

does the measure give consistent results ex. if I put one thing in do I get the same response each time

In lay terms, the term "conformity" refers to

going along with the crowd.

survey research

good for measuring unobservable/hard to observe behaviors ex. how often do you check your phone during a day?

Research indicates that violence is MOST associated with

grandiose, inflated opinions of oneself

certainty effect

greater weight given to definite outcomes than to probabilities

collective traps

group suffers when individuals engage in too much rewarding behavior ex. overfishing

collective fences

group suffers when individuals fail to engage in enough costly behavior ex. paying social security

Some research has examined the relative effectiveness—across collectivist and individualist cultures—of group-oriented messages (e.g., "Share this breath-freshening experience") versus individual-oriented messages (e.g., "Treat yourself to a breath-freshening experience"). This research has found that the ____.​

group-oriented messages are more persuasive to people from collectivist cultures, and individual-oriented messages more persuasive to people from individualist cultures

​You flip a coin ten times in a row. Every single time it comes up heads. On the eleventh flip, is it more likely to be heads, tails, or are heads and tails equally likely? If you are a hot hand player, you will answer ____.

heads

failure to satisfy the need to belong leads to significant _________ problems including an _____________ immune system and higher risk of ___________

health, impaired, death

social rejection in relation to food and eating habits

healthy vs. unhealthy foods it always more about self-regulation than being hungry

male attractiveness

height x income. money can buy height

Research on gender and helping indicates that male helpers tend to _____, and that female helpers tend to _____.

help females more than males, do the same

when two people are romantically involved or during childbirth, oxytocin is ______. encourages the desire to cuddle and nurse.

high

correlational research

identifying relationship between variables, does NOT define cause, could have confounding variable ex. time spent studying and grade on test

The results of Festinger and Carlsmith's (1959) study of cognitive dissonance suggests that

if people are paid less for doing a questionable act, they will rationalize it more.

Faith and Antonio have been dating for nearly a year and are very much in love. If they are like MOST couples, their passionate love _____.

is near its peak, and will begin to die down soon.

During the hurricane and subsequent flooding in New Orleans several years ago, survivors reported that they were much more likely to search for displaced family members than for friends. This finding supports the idea of

kin selection

People who are told that they are "generous souls" are more likely to donate money to charity than people who are not. Similarly, people who are told that they are "stylish and cutting edge" are more likely to be persuaded to buy new trendy items in a store. Salespeople who capitalize on this technique are using the ____.​

labeling technique

When we do what others expect so as to avoid their negative judgment or rejection, we are giving in to

normative influence

Henry's mother always praises him when he practices the piano and denies him dessert when he doesn't. Henry's mother is apparently employing techniques based on ____ in order to encourage her son to practice more.​

operant conditioning

incremental theorists

people who believe a trait is malleable and can be improved and expanded with effort, work harder, get better results, attribute failure to situational factors

Given what your text says about the elements of belongingness, which element is a prostitute lacking?

relationships characterized by mutual concern

communal relationships

relationships in which people's primary concern is being responsive to the other person's needs; hallmark of long-term, intimate relationships

deliberate system

slow and later, controllable, effortful, one thing at a time, precise, complex and rule-based

The fundamental attribution error is sometimes also known as

the correspondence bias.

Polina is 3 years old. She is just beginning to understand concepts such as "dog," "cat," "chair," and "sofa," and to understand how these concepts differ from one another. In other words, she is just beginning

to develop schemas.

reactance theory

when our personal freedoms and choices are limited or threatened, we're motivated to reclaim and reassert them ex. tell a teen not to have sex and that's all they want to do

The Implicit Association Test ("IAT") works by measuring the speed with which people are able to associate different pairs of concepts. According to the logic of the test,

the faster the associations, the stronger the attitudes.

equity theory

the idea that people are happiest with relationships in which the rewards and costs experienced by both parties are roughly equal

social exchange theory

the idea that people's feelings about a relationship depend on their perceptions of its rewards and costs, the kind of relationship they deserve, and their chances for having a better relationship with someone else

Working Self-Concept (Phenomenal self)

the image of the self that is currently active in the person's thoughts; changes more easily and readily

The main difference between hostile aggression and instrumental aggression lies in

the motive(s) of the aggressor.

mental accounting

the tendency to treat money differently depending on how it is acquired or categorized

Is intelligence or IQ related to self-esteem? Compared to people with low self-esteem, people with high self-esteem

think they are smarter, but score no more highly on IQ tests.

Research on sexuality and attachment styles suggests that, among women, _____ is/are the MOST likely to engage in risky sexual behavior.

those who have a preoccupied (ambivalent) attachment style

Sternberg's triangle theory of love is a theory about

three different ingredients, or factors, that are present in varying degrees in different love relationships.

Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love

three major components of love: intimacy, passion, commitment

One of your professors has apparently just lost his job. Suppose that the campus newspaper publishes an article about it, invoking external, stable attributions. Which of the following might be the headline of the article?

"Another Great Professor Let Go as a Result of Budget Cuts"

Confucius just fell down a flight of stairs. One of his disciples makes an internal attribution for the fall. What might this disciple be thinking?

"Confucius is so clumsy!"

​Confucius just fell down a flight of stairs. One of his disciples makes an internal attribution for the fall. What might this disciple be thinking?

"Confucius is so clumsy!"

Example of a high-self esteem belief

"I am great!"

As discussed in the textbook, there are a number of cognitive tendencies found among gamblers that have the effect of encouraging these people to keep gambling. One of the MOST common is the tendency to see losses as "near wins" (not losses at all). "par for the course" (as a certain number of losses are expected). "practice runs" (helping to improve technique in the long term). "not their fault" (special exceptions due to circumstances).

"near wins" (not losses at all).

men "achieve" manhood

"precariously" through culture, proven through cultural markers

mere exposure effect

-American participants to guess the meaning of a series of Chinese characters; the more frequently the Chinese characters are shown, the more positive meaning Americans gave. -It can also facilitate prejudice reduction, less prejudice after reading and seeing images of trans people

What is physical attractiveness good for?

-Expands dating pool -Seen as "good" -Happiness, sexual warmth, popularity, intelligence, success

21st century shift towards online dating

-almost limitless digital populations -greatly expanded range of potential partners and odds of meeting them -provides opportunity for communicating extensively before meeting in person -many dating sites offer help in search; formulas, algorithms and matching DISADVANTAGE: people can lie.

Culture and Love

-individualistic: romantic love is a personal decision and we value passionate love -collectivist: romantic love must consider family's wishes when choosing partner, value compassionate love

3 Main Reasons for Social Rejection Among Children

1. Aggressiveness 2. Withdraw 3. Deviance

What are the four themes/origins of symbolic racism as detailed by Sears and Henry (2003)

1. Blacks no longer face prejudice. 2. Blacks failure to progress results from unwillingness to work hard. 3. Blacks are demanding too much, too fast. 4. Blacks have gotten more than they deserve.

2 information processing biases

1. Confirmation bias 2. False consensus effect

4 ways we develop attitudes towards new objects or issues

1. Mere exposure 2. Social learning 3. Operant conditioning 4. Classical conditioning

Paul Eckman's 6 basic emotions

1. Sadness 2. Fear 3. Anger 4. Disgust 5. Surprise 6. Happiness

in ______ of breakups, the very qualities that they were attracted to now are unattractive

30%

Research on salaries and racial discrimination in major league English football suggests that teams that engaged in racial discrimination had to pay ____ overall to attain the same win-loss record as achieved by a team with black players. 5% more

5% more

In his classic research on obedience to authority, Milgram found that roughly _____ of participants eventually "went all the way" and administered the highest levels of shocks.

65%

Which scenario best exemplifies the weapons effect?​

A reporter goes to a gun show to cover a story for the local paper. On the way home he stops for lunch, and he finds himself acting aggressively and rudely to the waiter.

The mere exposure effect occurs for stimuli that are presented at a conscious level, but it does not occur for stimuli that are presented at a nonconscious (subliminal) level.

According to balance theory (P-O-X theory), if Greg likes Tom and Tom likes Ximena, then Greg must also like Ximena.

Chinese gan qing

Achieved by helping and working for another person

In the actor-observer bias, the _____ tends to attribute their own actions to *situational factors*

Actor

The _____-_____ bias occurs from the tendency for actors to make external attributions and observers to make internal attributions.

Actor-observer bias

_____ is the automatic response that something is good or bad.

Affect

basic elements of social psych

Affect (feelings and emotions), Behavior (actions and intentions), Cognitions (thoughts and beliefs)

The _____-____-______ hypothesis is the idea that people judge something as or bad by asking themselves "How do I feel about it".

Affect-as-information

_______ _______ is the ability to predict one's emotional reactions to future events

Affective forecasting

What cause of social rejection among children involves avoiding violence, danger, and bullying?

Aggressiveness

Which statement is NOT an explanation for alcohol's effects on aggression?​

Alcohol increases levels of serotonin in the brain.

Two major differences in American and Chinese Dating couples' decisions to marry

American: importance on receiving support, care, and living a better life Chinese: xiao: obedience and devotion shown by children to their parents, guanxi: relationships as a network of connections

What self-knowledge motive is broad and open-minded?

Appraisal motive

Attributions are how people ____ ____ for social events.

Assign responsibility

In the 'What is Beautiful is Good' article, what did Dion, Berscheid, and Walster find?

Assumption: attractive persons are expected to have more total happiness in their lives Results: Overall, there was not statistically significant difference in total happiness for attractive and unattractive persons

The ______ ______ is the part of the mind outside of consciousness that performs simple operations.

Automatic system

The _____ heuristic is the tendency to judge the events are more likely to occur if they come to mind more easily

Availability

_______ racists believe in racial equality and equal opportunity, but they also feel uncomfortable around minorities and try to avoid them when possible.

Aversive

When John is given a plate of liver for dinner, he feels disgusted by it. Disgust reflects which component of his attitude toward liver?

Behavioral

_____ "_____" (display) is how we "see" emotions.

Behavioral; "expression"

Discrimination

Behaviors *towards* members of a group that *denies* them equality of treatment

Ostracism

Being excluded, rejected, and ignored by others

A ____ is any statement or part of a statement that purports to describe some aspect of collective reality.

Belief

Attitudes vs beliefs: ______ are pieces of information about something. _____ include like/dislike and being in favor/opposed.

Belief; attitudes

"The sun orbits the earth" and "God exists" are examples of ____.

Beliefs

__________ are pieces of information, facts, or opinions; __________ are broad evaluations toward some object or issue. Attitudes, associations Associations, beliefs Attitudes, beliefs Beliefs, attitudes

Beliefs, attitudes

______ are systematic errors which result in some patterns of error being more likely than others

Biases

Symbolic Racism

Blend of anti-black feelings and "traditional" values

3 steps of the James-Lange theory of emotion

Bodily processes of emotion (stimuli) --> minds perception of bodily reactions (arousal) --> subjective feeling of emotion

Attributions can be _______ (person x situation)

Both external and internal

______ size is always adjusted for body weight because bigger animals usually have bigger brains.

Brain

pistolao

Brazilians use this word to describe a person who will use personal connections to help them get what they want

Bait-and-switch technique example

Business will advertise prices or rater which are exceptionally low in order to garner attention and motivate customers to inquire.

Kelly's model of attribution, the C-D-C model, stands for what?

C: consistency D: distinctiveness C: consensus

The ____-____ theory of emotion proposed that emotional stimuli activate the thalamus, which then activates both the cortex, producing an experienced emotion, and the hypothalamus and the automatic nervous system, producing physiological arousal.

Cannon-Bard

_____ conditioning is a type of learning in which, through repeated pairings, a neutral stimulus comes to evoke a conditioned response. (Pavlov)

Classical

____ ____ theory states that inconsistencies produce psychological discomfort, leading people to rationalize their behavior OR change their attitudes.

Cognitive dissonance

__________ refers to the feeling of discomfort that people experience when they recognize inconsistencies among their behaviors and/or attitudes. The A-B problem Attitude polarization Intradiction Cognitive dissonance

Cognitive dissonance

____________ involves recognizing that all people fail, make mistakes, and feel inadequate in some way.

Common Humanity

In 1959, Festinger and Carlsmith conducted a classic experiment in which they asked participants to tell a lie (about how interesting a very boring study was). The researchers paid participants either $1 or $20 to tell this lie. The same participants were then asked how interesting they really thought the study was. What did the researchers find?

Compared to those paid $20, those paid $1 rated the study as much more interesting.

The _______ bias is the tendency to notice and search for information that confirms one's belief and ignores information that disconfirms it

Confirmation

The deliberate system of the mind mostly operates in the ______, so it can also be called the ______ mind.

Conscious; conscious

"What do other people do in this situation?" represents ______

Consensus

Systematic, rational way an observer attributes causes to behavior of others describes the ________-________-_______ model

Consistence-Distinctiveness-Consensus

"Typically behaves this way?" represents _______

Consistency

The _______ motive of self-knowledge is described as looking for confirmations about current *beliefs* about oneself.

Consistency

What motive of self-knowledge is known for verifying self-concepts by obtaining confirmation that what they think about themselves is correct?

Consistency motive

Upward social comparison is a _____ to emotional contagion.

Contradiction

Research by Julie Tsai shows the ____ has an influence on how people express emotions.

Culture

What influences how we express emotion on our face and how we talk emotion when experiencing an emotional event?

Culture

_____ is an information-based system that includes *shared ideas* and *shared praxis*

Culture

______ is an advanced way of being social

Culture

2 examples of praxis

Customs and practices

David has been in a joyful mood all month. According to the broaden-and-build hypothesis of positive emotions, ____.​

David's mindset will be "expanded" (such that he has the urge to play, push limits, and so forth)

The ____ system is what seems to turn on when you wake up and turn off when you go to sleep.

Deliberate

_____ attitudes are reflective responses that people think more carefully about.

Deliberate

2 processes of the mind, according duplex mind

Deliberate and automatic

The _____ ______ is the part of the mind that performs complex operations.

Deliberate system

Which cause of social rejection in children involves rejecting someone who is different from yourself?

Deviance

What is the simplest and most general explanation of social rejection in adults?

Deviance; groups reject others who are different in important or meaningful ways from the rest of the group

Devin claims that she does not have any negative stereotypes about women. But last week, when she called a technician to help her with a problem she was having with her computer, and the technician turned out to be a woman, a negative thought flashed through Devin's mind before she could stop herself ("Oh no," she thought, "a woman! A woman won't be able to help me with my problem!"). Devin surprised herself with this thought, and immediately tried to suppress it. What was going on here?

Devin's conscious and automatic systems were "thinking" different things.

internal validity

Did the changes in the manipulated variable cause the changes in the responding variable? (need random assignment for high internal validity) ex. did chewing gum cause higher text scores?

Facial expression are _____ across cultures.

Different

_______ is the unequal treatment of different people based on the groups or categories to which they belong.

Discrimination

Bodily posture, bodily movements, and facial "expressions" are examples of ____.

Displays

In the actor-observer bias, the observer attributes the actors actions to their ______

Disposition

"Behave differently in different situations?" represents ______

Distinctiveness

Beliefs do or do not involve a feeling component?

Do not

_____ _____ are different evaluations of the same attitude object, automatic attitudes (implicit) versus deliberate attitudes (explicit).

Dual attitudes

How does the notion of effort justification relate to cognitive dissonance?

Effort justification is often used to reduce cognitive dissonance.

How does the notion of effort justification relate to cognitive dissonance? Effort justification is a type of cognitive dissonance. Effort justification is often a result of cognitive dissonance. Effort justification is often a motive for cognitive dissonance. Effort justification is often used to reduce cognitive dissonance.

Effort justification is often used to reduce cognitive dissonance.

Anticipated ______ occurs when people decide how to act based on how they expect to feel afterward..

Emotion

Support for the Cannon-Bard theory: _____ can happen at the *same time* as arousal.

Emotion

______ is a conscious evaluative *reaction to some event.*

Emotion

Cultural attachment may influence ______ responding.

Emotional

_____ _____ is the tendency to automatically mimic and synchronize facial expressions, vocalizations, and movements with those of another person.

Emotional contagion

The equal status condition for reducing prejudice through intergroup contact states that contact should only occur in circumstances that give the two groups __________ __________.

Equal status

3 types of attribution biases (FAS)

F: fundamental attribution error A: actor-observer bias S: self-serving bias

Support for the James-Lange theory: _____ _____ research: shows that facial muscle contractions can influence emotion.

Facial feedback

Beliefs can be in reference to certain ____, but do not have to be correct/true

Facts

True or false: all people will reliably produce the same facial expression on response to the same emotion.

False

True or false: emotional contagion can only occur through physical interaction.

False

The _______ _______ effect is the tendency to overestimate the number of other people who share one's opinions

False consensus

True or False: stereotypes can only be bad

False; stereotypes can be good or bad

Door-in-the-face technique example

Friend asks to borrow large amount of money, gets turned down, later asks for smaller amount of money. Large--> small

Self-serving bias example-- success

Got an A on a test because of intelligence and hard work

Example of anticipated emotion

Guilt; person will anticipate feeling guilty and avoid acts that might lead to guilt ---> person will end up behaving in a morally and socially desirable manner....will almost never actually have to feel guilty.

Suppose that Hal and Peyton both hate Victor. According to balance theory (P-O-X theory), if the relationship between Hal, Victor, and Peyton is balanced, then Victor must like Peyton. Victor must like Hal. Hal must like Peyton. Peyton must dislike Hal.

Hal must like Peyton.

______ are mental shortcuts used to make a judgement

Heuristics

_____ are mental representations that are abstract and can be expressed in language.

Ideas

Iris is a vegetarian, but she ate a steak last night. When would she be most likely to try to rationalize her steak-eating?​

If she chose to eat the steak and feels guilty or nervous, AND attributes these feelings to the steak-eating​

Interpersonal self (Public self)

Image of the self that is conveyed to others - example: self-presentation, member of groups, relationship partner, social roles, reputation

Tumor Growth

Impairs organ function

_________ _________ occurs when the values of the presenter and the values of the audience differ.

Impression management

In general, in which of the following situations are women more likely to offer help than men?

In close relationships

3 steps of the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

Info from stimulus goes to thalamus (relay center of the brain) --> info relayed to cerebral cortex (produces EXPERIENCE of emotion) and info relayed to the hypothalamus and ANS (produce increase in PHYSICAL arousal)

People overestimate the _____ of their emotional reactions.

Intensity

The social norms condition for reducing prejudice through intergroup contact states that the social norms, defined by relevant authorities, should favor _________ ________.

Intergroup contact

________ ________ helps a person connect socially to other people

Interpersonal self (Public self)

_____ -_____ theory of emotion proposes that the bodily processes of emotion come first and the the mind's perception of these bodily reactions then creates the subjective feeling of emotion.

James-Lange

Which of the following is the BEST example of a positive explicit attitude toward snakes?

John says that he adores snakes.

Which of the following is the best example of a positive deliberate attitude toward snakes?

John says that he adores snakes.

Which of the following is the BEST example of the mere exposure effect?

Keisha starts to like a girl at school simply because she has seen her, semester after semester, in so many of her classes.

Which of the following is the best example of the mere exposure effect?​

Keisha starts to like a girl at school simply because she has seen her, semester after semester, in so many of her classes.

______ is a system of communication that combines symbols in rule-based ways to create meaning

Language

Attributions are how people link ____ to ____.

Links; causes

Who has the MOST accessible attitude? Zoe, who has to think for a while about whether she favors the death penalty or not. Shawna, who doesn't care one way or the other about the death penalty. Diti, who has very extreme views about abortion. Lira, who can tell you right away her opinion on abortion.

Lira, who can tell you right away her opinion on abortion.

_____ self-esteem is the absence of strong positive views about the self.

Low

Which of the following is TRUE about how waist-to-hip ratio affects judgments of attractiveness?

Men tend to prefer women with a ration of .7, but women tend to prefer men with a ratio of .9.

Subjective feelings/cognitive processing is the _____ display.

Mental

The ____ ____ effect is the tendency for people to come to like things simply because they see or encounter them repeatedly.

Mere exposure

People tend to show a preference for ingroups over outgroups even when group membership is determined at random, and even when they have never interacted with members of their ingroup. What is the name for this?

Minimal group effect

_____ is a long-lasting feeling state that is *not clearly linked* to some event.

Mood

Which situation is an example of hostile aggression?​

Mr. Y intentionally humiliates an annoying co-worker

Which of the following is an example of hostile aggression?

Mr. Y intentionally humiliates an annoying co-worker.

______ _______ is the process whereby those members of a species that survive and reproduce most effectively are the ones that pass along their genes to future generations.

Natural selection

______ affect encompasses all *bad* emotions such as anger, anxiety, fear, jealousy, and grief.

Negative

Attributions can be ________ (ambiguous)

Neither personal or situational

​Suppose that you show your uncle an abstract painting that you have made, and ask for his immediate, unedited reaction. Your uncle says he has no opinion about it. "I am not familiar with abstract art," he tells you, "therefore I don't know how to evaluate it; and I have no intuitive feeling about it." Could this be possible?

No. Research suggests that he will have made an automatic evaluation of your painting even though he is unfamiliar with abstract art. (He may be out of touch with this automatic evaluation, however.)

Rojit is extremely frustrated with his boss, Tony, who has asked him to work over the weekend to complete a big project. Rojit deals with his frustration by sneaking into the departmental lounge and surreptitiously stabbing a Voodoo doll that he has made of Tony. He then returns to his desk. According to research, will this help Rojit relieve his anger?​

No—in fact, it will probably make Rojit even angrier.

_____ conditioning is a type of learning in which people are more likely to to repeat behaviors that are rewarded and less likely to repeat behaviors that have been punished. (Skinner)

Operant

Fritz Heider's balance theory is also known as:

P-O-X theory

6 things attitudes are for (P CHAIN)

P: provide guidelines for our behavior C: claim identities (ex: "I like this band!") H: help making attributions A: adapt to new situations I: improve ease and quality of decision making N: narrow down choices

People often have inconsistent implicit and explicit attitudes but do not realize it. How is this possible?

People are consciously aware only of their explicit attitudes.

Which of the following statements is MOST accurate? Evaluation of information occurs only via the automatic system. Evaluation of information occurs only via the conscious system. People are not able to take in information without passing judgment about whether or not that information is correct. The process of taking in information is separate from the process of evaluating information

People are not able to take in information without passing judgment about whether or not that information is correct.

Matching Hypothesis

People tend to pair up with others who are equally attractive

"it is raining" (physical) and "everyone disagrees with me" (social) are examples of what social cognition?

Perception of environment

Attributions can be _____ (dispositional, internal)

Personal

Personality traits, attitudes, values, intentions, abilities, and limitations are all examples of _____ attrinutions.

Personal

How is philosophy different from social psychology?

Philosophy focuses on using reason and logic in the pursuit of knowledge, usually pertains to reality and existence.

The 3 components of emotions are _____ arousal, ______ feelings/_____ processing, and ____ expression.

Physical; subjective/cognitive; behavioral.

_____ affect encompasses all *good* emotions such as joy, bliss, love, and contentment.

Positive

______ is a practical way of doing things.

Praxis

_______ is a negative feeling towards an individual based solely on their membership in a particular group.

Prejudice

Humans today still benefit from the famous invention of Alexander Graham Bell (the telephone). Even though Bell has been dead for generations, the basic technology he invented still lives on, and modern telephone systems have built off of and elaborated upon his invention. This is an example of cultural

Progress.

Unlike other animals, humans are able to continually build off of the knowledge and achievements of past generations. The textbook refers to this ability as

Progress.

Which of the following is an example of relational aggression?

Rachel tells her co-workers about Ted's affair so that they will stop inviting him to lunches.

Which of the following is a conscious process for MOST people?

Reciting the numbers 1 through 10 in alphabetical order

If a child withdraws from contact with others, they will then be ___________?

Rejected bu others

exchange relationships

Relationships governed by the need for equity (i.e., for an equal ratio of rewards and costs) - seen in interactions b/t acquaintances

The _______ heuristic is the tendency to classify something as a part of a category because of its similarity to a typical member of that category

Representativeness

Example of the ______ heuristic: Dave drinks a lot of beer, lives with several roommates, brags about how many women he's had sex with...Frat guy or sierra club activist?

Representatives

The ____-____-____ hypothesis is the idea that people rely on emotional processes to evaluate risk, with the result that their judgments may be biased by emotional factors.

Risk-as-feelings

The _____-_____ theory of emotion proposed the idea that emotion has two components: a bodily state of arousal and a cognitive state that specifies the emotion.

Schachter-Singer

What enables people to form beliefs about themselves?

Self-awareness

People with low self-esteem experience _______-_______ _______, where their ideas about themselves are conflicted and uncertain.

Self-concept confusion

What motive of self-knowledge exerts considerable bias, dismisses/ignores criticism, and exaggerates/inflates good qualities?

Self-enhancement motive

_____-_______ is how favorably someone evaluates themselves.

Self-esteem

3 parts of the self

Self-knowledge (Self-concept), Interpersonal self (Public self), Agent self (executive function)

"I just lied to someone" is an example of what social cognition?

Self-perception of behavior

People with low self-esteem tend to focus on _____-_____ ______, in which they try to avoid the additional loss of esteem by looking to avoid failure, embarrassment, and rejection, rather than _______-_______ ______.

Self-protection; self-enhancement

The _____-______ bias is the tendency for individuals to make dispositional attributions for their successes and situational attributions for there failures.

Self-serving

Dr. Cross conducts a study in which she repeatedly exposes Lucy to a neutral object (a small painting). The study is neither enjoyable nor painful for Lucy. Assuming that Lucy had a neutral attitude toward the painting at the beginning of the study, how should we expect her to feel about the painting by the end of the study?

She will probably like it a little.

As discussed in the textbook, social psychologists who study altruism have found that people who are altruistic tend to _____ compared to people who are not altruistic.

Show higher levels of empathy and be more likely to endorse tolerance and equity

Biological reactions to emotions are _____ across cultures.

Similar

Ratings of emotional intensity are _____ across cultures.

Similar

Attributions can be _____ (external)

Situational

Events, ongoing situations (difficult task, poverty), requirements (rules, regulations, policies, laws), and social expectations (roles, norms) are all examples of _______ attributions.

Situational

____ ____ is the process by which people think about and make sense of other people, themselves, and social situations

Social cognition

Self-perception of behavior, perception of the environment, attitudes, values, and beliefs are all examples of ____ ____.

Social cognitions

According to ____ ____ theory, people learn how to behave by observing and imitating others. (Bandura)

Social learning

The human brain evolved mainly to enable human beings to have rich, complex _____ _____.

Social lives

The important thing about culture is that it is a kind of _____ ______.

Social system

How is sociology different from social psychology?

Sociology focuses on social behavior in groups, social psychology focuses on individual behaviors.

In class we discussed an experiment that took place at the University of Michigan in which men from the north and south were either insulted or not. Indicators of aggression were then measured. Which of the following statements about that study is false?

Southern men were no more aggressive than Northern men in response to an insult when the study was conducted in the South.

Natural selection operates on the basis of two criteria: _____ and ______.

Survival; reproduction

"I'm not racist, but....." would be an example of ________ racism.

Symbolic

Suppose that you had a computer program that could morph images of different faces into composite "average faces." If you began with four faces, combined them in pairs to make two new faces, and then combined them again to make a final, single composite face, which would, on average, be MOST attractive?

The final single composite face

Agent Self (Executive function)

The part of the self involved in control, including both control over other people (and things) and self-control - example: decision making, active responding

Impression management

The presenter faces a trade-off between being true to his or her self and making a good impression on the audience

Rusbult's Investment Model

The theory that people's commitment to a relationship depends not only on their satisfaction with the relationship, but also on how much they are invested in the relationship that would be lost by ending it

According to cognitive dissonance theory, "we come to love the things we suffer for." For example, we tend to be especially loyal to groups that require severe or painful initiations. Why does this happen? This happens because the goals themselves (the things that we suffer for) are actually always very valuable... otherwise, we wouldn't have suffered for them in the first place. This happens because, deep down, people really like to suffer. This happens because we are motivated to justify the time and effort we've spent on things. This happens because classical conditioning is at play: when we finally reach our goals, our suffering ends. We therefore associate our goals with "end of suffering" and come to love them.

This happens because we are motivated to justify the time and effort we've spent on things.

Paul Eckman: Basic emotions are _____ and can be recognized in all _____.

Universal; cultures

Equality, morality, justice, freedom, and purity are all examples of _____.

Values

_____ are attitudes toward abstract goals.

Values

Given the research on violence in the mass media and viewer aggression, which conclusion is MOST accurate?

Violent media can have serious, long-term impacts in terms of increasing aggressiveness in viewers.

Stanley Milgram's classic research on obedience to authority was spurred on by--and conducted in the wake of_____.

WW2 and the holocause

_____ cultures smile more frequently and intensely than _____ cultures even though the intensity of the emotion is similar.

Western; eastern

____ cultures are more emotionally expressive than ____ cultures.

Western; eastern (Asian cultures, in particular)

Foot-in-the-door technique example

When a friend asks to borrow a small amount of money and then later asks to borrow a larger amount Small --> large

In Milgram's classic research on obedience to authority, which of the following things was true?

When participants hesitated during the study, an experimenter would repeatedly prompt them to continue.

Which of the following comes closest to the textbook's conclusion regarding the elimination of prejudice?

While it is possible to meaningfully reduce specific prejudices, the tendencies for stereotyping and ingroup favoritism appear to be innate.

Which statement best illustrates a gain-framed appeal?

Working out daily will help you maintain good health.

Which of the following is the best example of operant conditioning?​

You ask for an extension on a paper that is due for class, your teacher says yes, and you still end up with a really good grade. This leads you to ask other teachers for extensions as well.​

Which of the following is the BEST example of social learning? You notice that many of your classmates are comfortable speaking with professors after class. Even though you are usually shy, you therefore decide that you will try to speak with professors after class too. Every time you wear the poncho you purchased in Mexico, you think fondly about the time that you spent there. You ask for an extension on a paper that is due for class, your teacher says yes, and you still end up with a really good grade. This leads you to ask other teachers for extensions as well. After going to the same dentist for many years, you develop a fondness for your dentist and for the other people who work in her office.

You notice that many of your classmates are comfortable speaking with professors after class. Even though you are usually shy, you therefore decide that you will try to speak with professors after class too.

Researchers Plant and Devine have identified two basic motives that people have for overcoming prejudice: internal and external. According to these researchers, the external motive is based on

a belief that it is unwise to express socially undesirable viewpoints

Jerome thinks that it is going to be crowded at the gym today. This is an example of a dual attitude. a belief. an implicit attitude. an attitude.

a belief.

Prejudice

a hostile or negative *attitude* toward a distinguishable group of people based solely on their membership in that group

meta-analysis

a quantitative literature review that combines the statistical results from all studies conducted on a topic

Stereotyping

a simplistic schema about a group of people

In exchange relationships people

a. closely adhere to the norm of reciprocity c. keep close tabs on what others "owe" to them

When people make internal, stable attributions for others' successes or failures, these attributions tend to concern questions of

ability or talent.

delay of gratification

ability to make immediate sacrifices for future (larger) rewards

One of the common consequences of reactance is

acting aggressively toward the person who triggered the reactance.

Aversive Racism

actively opposes racism, but also subtly discriminates against other races

People tend to attribute their own behaviors to situational factors, but to attribute others' behaviors to dispositional factors. This pattern is known as the ____.

actor-observer effect

basic research

advancing general knowledge base, basic principles that can be applied to many different situations

According to self-discrepancy theory, when there we experience inconsistency (or a discrepancy) between the actual self and the ideal self, which consequences are possible?

all of the above

Research on "positive psychology" indicates that you may be able to increase your overall level of happiness if you sit down once or twice a week and make a list of ____.​

all the good things that have happened to you

When asked about her attitude about her psychology class Juan says "Well, on one hand I really like the lectures, but then again I can't stand the textbook". From this statement it appears that Juan's attitude toward his class is

ambivalent

Hypothesis

an answer to an observation question- a cause from an observation effect in nature. If/Then statement. Testable/Falsifiable

avoidant attachment style

an attachment style characterized by difficulty developing intimate relationships because previous attempts to be intimate have been rebuffed

secure attachment style

an attachment style characterized by trust, a lack of concern with being abandoned, and the view that one is worthy and well liked

Theory

an explanation of a natural process. Extensive research and evidence. Testable/Falsifiable. Supported. General/Broad

Why did the clown park his car in a red zone, where he might get a ticket? If you assume it is because his car happened to break down right then and there, in the red zone, then you have made

an external attribution.

passionate love

an intense longing we feel for a person, accompanied by physiological arousal

In Aldous Huxley's book Brave New World, infants develop a fear of books after books are repeatedly presented with a scary loud noise. In this fictional example, the loud noise is a conditioned stimulus. a conditioned response. an unconditioned stimulus. an unconditioned response.

an unconditioned stimulus.

Research has demonstrated that eyewitnesses are more accurate at identifying people of their own racial or ethnic group than they are at identifying people of other ethnic or racial groups. However, as discussed in the textbook, one exception to this pattern is when a member of the other group appears tobe ____. In that case, he or she is well-remembered and well-recognized.

angry

risk aversion

assigning great weight to a potential loss than an equivalent potential gain

Public Self-Awareness

attending to how you are perceived by others; looking outward - example: what others might think of you

Private Self-Awareness

attending to your inner state; looking inward - example: emotions, thoughts, desires, traits

private self-awareness

attending to your inner states (emotions, thoughts, desires, etc.) looking inward

​Beth and Jean are talking about welfare reform in America. Beth is very passionate about the issue, and makes strong statements about her views. Jean later e-mails Beth an article which contains some information that is consistent with Beth's views, as well as some information that is inconsistent with Beth's views. Beth chooses to believe the consistent information but discounts the inconsistent information. As a matter of fact, after reading the article and thinking about the data it contained—even though these data were mixed—Beth actually feels even more passionate and more strongly about her position. This is an example of ____.

attitude polarization

Anything that draws two or more people together is called

attraction.

Forces that cause people to want to be together and form lasting relationships are called

attraction.

BIRGing

basking in reflected glory, associating ourselves with positive events/people ex. when the Seahawks are having a good season I say "we're so good" not "they're so good" (self-enhancement)

People generally prefer to conserve effort by relying on automatic modes of thought (rather than conscious modes of thought) whenever they can. That is, people tend to

be cognitive misers.

common reasons for rejection (in children)

being aggressive, being shy/withdrawn, any deviation from the norm (way of looking or acting)

rejection (social exclusion)

being intentionally shut out of groups and relationships, it implies that you want to be part of this group

If you are concerned that you are getting less than you deserve, then social psychologists would say that you are worried about ____, if you are concerned that you are getting more than you deserve then social psychologists would say that you are worried about ____.​

being underbenefited; being overbenefited​

The tendency for people to hold on to their beliefs-even when their beliefs are discredited by compelling evidence-is known as cognitive dissonance. belief perseverance. the A-B problem. cognitive stickiness.

belief perseverance.

The tendency for people to hold on to their beliefs—even when their beliefs are discredited by compelling evidence—is known as

belief perseverance.

spotlight effect

believing that others are paying more attention to us than they really are (self-appraisal)

Bengin Cancer

cancer with no harm

anxious/ambivalent attachment style

characterized by a concern that others will not reciprocate one's desire for intimacy, resulting in higher-than-average levels of anxiety

As discussed in the textbook, the idea of an inner "true" self (a self that may not be explicitly apparent or reflected in outward behavior) may have its origins in

class prejudices.

One technique that advertisers often use to influence consumers is celebrity endorsement. The logic works like this: If people like Catherine Zeta-Jones and repeatedly see T-Mobile products together with Catherine Zeta-Jones, then people will learn to associate T-Mobile with her and will in turn like T-Mobile more. That is, celebrity endorsement is expected to lead to operant conditioning. classical conditioning. the mere exposure effect. observational learning.

classical conditioning

One technique that advertisers often use to influence consumers is celebrity endorsement. The logic works like this: If people like Catherine Zeta-Jones and repeatedly see T-Mobile products together with Catherine Zeta-Jones, then people will learn to associate T-Mobile with her and will in turn like T-Mobile more. That is, celebrity endorsement is expected to lead to ____.​

classical conditioning

Suppose that Dylan has a new girlfriend whom he really likes. He programs his cell phone so that every time his new girlfriend calls, his phone plays the new Justin Timberlake single. After he has had his phone programmed this way for a little while, he notices that he feels happy whenever he hears the Justin Timberlake song. This most clearly illustrates ____.​

classical conditioning

Zenith loves to analyze things, to engage in thoughtful debates, and to solve puzzles and problem sets. Her definition of torture is sitting in front of a computer screen with a blank mind. Zenith seems to have an exceptionally high need for ____.​

cognition

The idea that beliefs play a central role in helping people cope and recover from misfortunes is called

cognitive coping

Self-regulation involves monitoring your behavior, _____, and adjusting your behavior accordingly

comparing it against standards

temporal comparisons

comparing our present self with our past self (typically a worse version) (self-enhancement)

downward social comparison

comparing ourselves to others who are worse off to feel better about ourselves (self-enhancement)

upward social comparison

comparing yourself to someone better off than you, can be used for motivation when goal is within reach, or it will make us feel bad about ourselves (self-appraisal)

In Fritz Heider's balance theory, balance is synonymous with consistency. happiness. efficiency. understanding.

consistency

Law

consistent observation that we can't explain fully or test it or explain why it happens yet. Limited by technology

Explicit attitudes can be defined as __________ evaluative responses.

controlled, conscious

Explicit attitudes can be defined as __________ evaluative responses. controlled, conscious controlled, nonconscious automatic, conscious automatic, nonconscious

controlled, conscious

collectivism

cooperation, social reactions, independent self-construal, self-concept is dependent on relationships you have with other people and group affiliations

​"If only I had decided to take a different route home, I wouldn't have hit that stupid tree and ended up getting this huge ticket! Argh!" This thought is an example of ____.

counterfactual thinkingloss-framed appeal

oxytocin

cuddle/love drug, naturally produced, quickly introduced and exits

as people get to know each other, finding more dissimilarities, liking _____________

decreases

playing hard to get

decreases how much another person likes you, all the while increasing how much they want to be with you

the duplex mind

deliberate system and automatic system

appraisal motive

desire to obtain knowledge about our "true" selves ex. asking for feedback

When researchers take a picture of someone, split the image in half, throw out one of the halves at random and fill in that space with the mirror image of the remaining half, this is called

doubling images.

Comparing oneself to people who are worse off is called a(n) downward comparison. upward comparison. post-decision dissonance. effort justification.

downward comparison

strategic social comparisons

downward, temporal, and genius (self-enhancement)

Emma's company cannot even afford to give cost-of-living raises to everyone, so they opt to give every full-time employee a one-time $500 bonus, regardless of the employee's salary or responsibilities. This ensures ____.

equality

self-appraisal

evaluating yourself

quasi-experiment

experiment where researcher can manipulate independent variable but cannot use random assignment to assign participants to conditions ex. does divorce have an effect on children? (can't assign children's parents to get a divorce or stay together)

In distinguishing between beliefs and attitudes, it is useful to recognize that beliefs help people __________ while attitudes help people __________. explain things, make choices make choices, explain things rationalize occurrences, explain things explain things, rationalize occurrences

explain things, make choices

theory

explanation of observed facts and events, gives direction for future research ex. an apple a day keeps the doctor away

external validity

extent to which we can generalize findings to real-world settings ex. does it matter if chewing gum causes higher test scores?

Tom believes that he is exceptionally insightful when it comes to understanding and helping others. In fact, he brags that he is probably one in a million when it comes to insight. Assuming Tom is not quite as special as he thinks he is, Tom's perception of himself most likely reflects the ____ effect.

false uniqueness

The _____ is also known as the better-than-average effect and the Lake Wobegon effect.

false uniqueness effect

automatic system

fast and first, uncontrollable, effortless (efficient), lots of things at once, imprecise estimates, intuitive, simple and feeling-based

A large furniture store puts an advertisement in the Sunday paper stating that a sale will occur on a holiday weekend and only for that weekend. Which social influence strategy is being used?​

fast-approaching deadline

Research on post-trauma coping suggests that-contrary to what many people think-blaming oneself for a trauma can, in some cases, help people recover. This seems to be because self-blame causes people to _________. minimize the magnitude of the trauma. seek out social support. reflect on their life priorities. feel a greater sense of control and empowerment.

feel a greater sense of control and empowerment.

In Sternberg's triangle theory of love, intimacy refers to

feelings of closeness, mutual understanding, and concern.

Angiogenisis

formation of new blood vessels

Most people do not seem to seek out endless numbers of friends; having _____ close friends seems to be enough.

four to six

ideal beauty standards

from more rounded to more skinny to more fit

Research on prejudice against lesbian and gay people has shown that, in general, ____. gay men experience more prejudice than lesbian women

gay men experience more prejudice than lesbian women

ideal self

hopes and aspirations, promotion focus, discrepancy comes with sadness and disappointment

Rewards - Costs = Outcome

if outcome is negative, your relationship is not in good shape

People who are passionately in love report that they feel as though they were high on drugs, and that they experience "tingling" sensations of excitement and euphoria when spending time with their partner. Research indicates that this is likely a result of

increased levels of the neurotransmitter phenylethylamine (PEA).

Self-knowledge (Self-concept)

information/feelings/set of beliefs about self - example: self-awareness, self-esteem, self-deception

The two main advantages of high self esteem are

initiative and feeling good

Rachel pushes Ted so that she can rush past him to catch a glass that is about to fall off the counter. This illustrates ___ aggression.

instrumental

goal pursuit

involves two major steps 1. setting goals, evaluating how difficult/feasible it is, and how much you want to pursue it 2. pursuing the goal

Bigger brains are mainly linked to having _____ and ______ ______ social groups.

larger; more complex

Research suggests that pursuing self-esteem as an end in itself tends to

lead to a variety of negative consequences.

avoidant attachment in adult life

less able to trust others and find long relationships difficult

ideal handsome

less muscular to taller and bigger (G.I. Joe)

According to the textbook, the drive for consistency is likely to be rooted in our biological nature. likely to involve the conscious mind only (and not the unconscious mind). far more prevalent in collectivistic cultures than in individualistic cultures. far more prevalent in individualistic cultures than in collectivistic cultures.

likely to be rooted in our biological nature.

According to the textbook, the drive for consistency is:

likely to be rooted in our biological nature.

Compared to people with high self-esteem, people with high self-compassion are

likely to compare themselves with others. less likely to get angry at others for perceived offenses. less likely to be narcissistic. all of the above.

​Dr. Canne wants to encourage Kirk to lose weight. He tells Kirk, "If you don't start working out soon, you are going to die young and leave your children without a father!" Dr. Canne is using a(n) ____.

loss-framed appeal

Compared to non-human animals, humans are MOST notably

more likely to help non-kin.

Affective reactions differ from emotions in a number of ways. For example, affective reactions tend to ____.​

occur more automatically

experiment

only research technique that can establish a causal relationship between variables, most controlled type of research

Fergus recognizes that, for whatever reason, his boss seems to favor him over another employee, Leslie. Although Fergus believes that, objectively, he and Leslie produce a similar quantity of similar quality work, Fergus receives a substantially higher merit raise than did Leslie, and Fergus feels guilty about this. Fergus is best described as being concerned that he has been ____.​

overbenefited​

When black players entered the major league market for English football, they were ____. paid less than white players because fewer teams wanted to hire them

paid less than white players because fewer teams wanted to hire them

self-monitoring

people's tendency to adjust their public behavior to fit the situation ex. hope nakata!! (high)

females high in cycle search for/more sensitive to males that are ___________________ attractive

physically

Compared to societies that do not have a culture of honor, societies that do have a culture of honor tend to

place relatively high value on respect and virtue.

The tendencies for people to overestimate their positive qualities, to see themselves as having more control over external events than they really do, and to have an unrealistically optimistic outlook on life are known as

positive illusions.

types of correlations

positive, negative, curvilinear, none ex. (curvilinear) staff cheerfulness and customer satisfaction

​Whenever you smell coconut oil, you tend to think about your recent vacation in the Bahamas (where you and your friends used lots of coconut suntan oil). This also makes you think about all of the fun and crazy things you did on your trip. That is, the smell of coconut oil ____ memories of your trip.

primes

You have just spent the afternoon volunteering in the post-anesthesia recovery unit at the local hospital, helping patients with a variety of ailments. Even though you are not actually ill at all, as you walk home from the hospital you do so with a slight limp, and begin lightly coughing. What phenomenon is MOST likely to be responsible for this?

priming

​People are faster to classify the target word "flower" when it is preceded by the word "plant" than when it is preceded by the word "elephant." This effect is due to ____.

priming

Another term for instrumental aggression is

proactive aggression.

Compared to persuasion via the peripheral route, persuasion via the central route ____.​

produces stronger and more durable attitude change

Theory of Evolution

proposed by Darwin to explain how change occurs in nature

According to cognitive dissonance theory, discrepancies between attitudes and behaviors produces

psychological discomfort

applied research

research is applied to a specific problem ex. how to get people to recycle more

Suppose that your friend Victor gives you a bottle of red wine for your birthday, and tells you that only 100 bottles of that wine exist in the world. Suddenly the wine seems very important and special. This would seem to be due to the ____ principle.​

scarcity

The _______ - _______ motive of self-knowledge is described as looking for favorable or flattering *things* about the self.

self-enhancement

sociometer theory

self-esteem exist to monitor our social affiliations and approval of others, how we are doing in our relationships, evolutionarily adaptive ex. social inclusion boosts our self-esteem even if superficial (social media) (self-enhancement)

self-discrepancy theory

self-knowledge guides and motivates us

downfall of surveys

social desirability bias, responses may not be a random sample of population

According to the textbook, the main reason for social rejection, among adults, is

social deviance.

Albert Bandura's "Bobo doll" research provided support for

social learning theory.

Mariah has an unplanned, unwanted pregnancy. She is thinking about having an abortion. But her family members and close friends are all strongly opposed to abortion. The influence of their views on Mariah's decision to pursue abortion or not best illustrates the importance of ____.​

subjective norms

matching hypothesis

suggests that people tend to pair up with others who are equally attractive (especially true in romantic relationships, occurs in same-sex and opposite-sex relationships)

social brain theory

suggests the brain evolved to reflect the importance of social interactions... species w/ bigger brains have more complex social networks

Research on physical attractiveness indicates that people with _____ faces tend to be perceived as more attractive than others.

symmetric and typical-looking

Compared to people who are not physically attractive, people who are physically beautiful are assumed to be superior on many traits—including intelligence, sexual warmth, and popularity. This assumption is known as _____.

the "what is beautiful is good" effect

Suppose that you get a creepy feeling every time you ride the bus at night. Even if you have never heard about anything scary happening on the bus at night, you might end up using this feeling to form a judgment that riding the bus at night is a bad thing. Forming a judgment in such a way would be consistent with ____.​

the affect-as-information hypothesis

​Suppose that you meet an old man named Al. You have no idea how old he is. To try to guess his age you start with your grandfather's age (80), and then add on a few years since Al seems to be a little older. That is, you make use of ____.

the anchoring and adjustment heuristic

Which social influence technique is based on reciprocation?​

the door-in-the-face technique

The idea that people tend to form relationships with others who are similar to them in terms of attractiveness is known as

the matching hypothesis.

Because realistic conflict theory describes people competing over scarce resources, one could argue that it is simply ____ theory applied to group conflict.

the minimal group effect

People tend to show a preference for ingroups over outgroups even when group membership is determined at random, and even when they have never interacted with members of their ingroup. This tendency is known as ____.

the minimal group effect

The main difference between hostile aggression and instrumental aggression lies in ____.​

the motive(s) of the aggressor

In attraction research, the propinquity effect refers to the tendency for people to be relatively attracted to others who

they encounter on a regular basis.

hormones: we are sensitive ________________ to peoples pheromones, they are always there and always subtle

unconsciously

Under what circumstances are attractive victims more likely to receive help than unattractive victims?

under all circumstances-regardless of the helpers gender and regardless of the victims gender

when looking at a loved one, the ______________________________ and the ____________________ showed great activation; these parts of the brain constitute a major reward and motivation center of the brain

ventral tegmental area (VTA) and caudate nucleus

​Research on the relationship between violence and self-esteem shows that ____.

violence is associated with high self-esteem, not low self-esteem

Empirical research leads to the conclusion that

violent media exposure increases aggressive behavior.

supplication

wanting to be seen as in need, asking for pity (self presentation strategies)

intimidation

wanting to be seen as powerful (self presentation strategies)

social comparison theory

we strive to evaluate others so when objective measures are unavailable we compare ourselves to others (self-appraisal)

self-serving bias

we take credit for our success but deny blame for failures (self-enhancement)

Korea jung

what ties two ppl together, which takes time and mutual experience

Millgram found that obedience levels were lowest

when another participant disobeyed (presence of a dissenter)

When WILL aversive racists discriminate?

when other explanations for behavior are available

social acceptance

when other people like you, respect and approve of you and accept you into their groups and relationships

Conformity to social norms is likely to be highest when

when others are watching you.

genius comparisons

when outperformed, we exaggerate the victor's abilities (self-enhancement)

rejection sensitivity

you become more and more sensitive to rejection

Example of a low-self esteem belief

"I am so-so."

While guilt might say, ____, shame would say, ____.​

"I did a bad thing", "I am a bad person"

Which of the following statements is an example of a person engaging in affective forecasting?​

"If he ever betrayed me, I would be so depressed I would never recover."

Tumor Suppressors

"Keeps Cells Quiet" and creates a barrier

Which of the following anti-littering messages would probably be most effective?​

"Most people think littering is disgusting; why be disgusting?"

Someone who is high on the dimension of belief in a just world would be MOST likely to agree with which statement?​

"People who are in jail right now deserve to be there."​

women "achieve" womanhood...

"automatically" through nature

rejection

-being social animals comes with risks -fear of rejection is powerful -expectation of rejection increases the more it happens and self-fulfilling prophecy can occur -personality disorder connection to rejection

testosterone

-high testosterone men are more exciting, but less reliable. more active but don't live as long. more likely to commit criminal act, more risky and aggressive. low "family" factor. -testosterone is higher in single men and also married men that are now divorced -testosterone lower in married men and there is in instant decline when young father holds new baby -low testosterone men are kinder, more trustworthy and more affectionate

"what is beautiful is good" stereotype. differences in individualistic vs. collectivist

-individualistic: saw attractive people as strong, assertive, dominant -collectivist: saw attractive people as trustworthy, integrity, and concern for others

evolution (textbook)

-males reproductive success is measured in quantity; females reproductive success lies in successfully raising offspring to maturity -during ovulation, women exhibit greater preference for men who exhibit outwards signs of reproductive fitness

hormonal factors

-the role of nature/evolution: testosterone, estrogen, oxytocin -every male and female have both testosterone and estrogen in small amounts

What makes a person likeable?

-trustworthiness -reciprocity (being liked, liking in return) -attractiveness - propinquity (being near someone on a regular basis)

Rusbult - 4 types of behavior that occur in troubled relationships

1 actively harming relationship 2 passively allowing relationship to deteriorate 3 actively trying to improve 4 passively remaining loyal

Attraction is based on two factors:

1 evolution: survival, reproduction, innate need, unconscious 2 psychological: the need to belong can vary, it's not just social but biological

Duck's 4 stages to dissolving a relationship

1 intrapersonal (ind. thinks about his/her dissatisfaction with a relationship 2 dyadic (ind. discusses the breakup with a partner) 3 social (breakup is announced to others) 4 intrapersonal (ind. recovers and forms internal account of how and why it happened)

two parts to belongingness

1 people want (even need?) some kind of regular social contact (SIMPLE: grocery store interaction) 2 people want stable framework of an ongoing relationship in which people share a mutual concern for each other (DEPTH: strong friendship or romantic relationship or family)

two requirements of an experiment

1) manipulation of independent variable 2) random assignment of independent variable

Processes that allow blacks to maintain high self-esteem

1) social comparison -- success and failure is relative to members of your group, other groups are irrelevant 2) the criteria of self-worth --- choose criteria on which you do well and avoid criteria that makes you look bad 3) attribution theory --- helps explain the thinking and actions of people who hold stereotypes; individuals can protect their self-esteem by attributing their problems to other people's prejudices against them

7 examples of cultural universals

1. Family 2. Food habits/taboos 3. Language 4. Laws 5. Marriage 6. Religion 7. Trade

2 possible explanations people make the FAE

1. People are cognitive misers (lazy thinkers" 2. Behavior is more noticeable than situational factors

2 examples of mood

1. don't know WHY you are in a good mood, but you know you FEEL happy 2. don't know WHY you are in a bad mood, but do know that you FEEL sad

3 specific conditions necessary in order for the intergroup contact to be successful at reducing prejudice

1. equal status 2. personal interaction 3. cooperative activities 4. social norms

3 examples of emotion

1. feel angry BECAUSE someone insulted you 2. feel happy BECAUSE you got an A 3. feel sad BECAUSE grandma died

3 examples of tasks handled by the automatic system of the mind

1. interpreting 2. organizing 3. categorizing information

Culture and emotion- Russell's (1994) Critique of Eckman:

1. used photos preselected to be the least ambiguous 2. Used posed faces; easier to recognize than spontaneous emotions 3. had to use stories to get good results for "primitive" cultures

Percentages and attachment styles

56% secure 25% avoidant 19% anxious (25%-30% participants change from one attachment style to another over time)

Malignant Tumor

A cancerous tumor that is invasive enough to impair the functions of one or more organs.

Low-ball technique example

A car salesperson tells their customer that car X is a steal at only $12,000 and the customer agrees to buy it.

Which of the following is TRUE regarding language?

All human cultures have language.

According to self-discrepancy theory, when what you do is inconsistent with what you believe you ought to do, the emotional consequences are likely to include

Anxiety

Which of the following comes closest to the way that most social psychologists define aggression?

Any behavior intended to harm another person who is motivated to avoid harm.

The ______ motive of self-knowledge is described as looking for the *truth* about oneself.

Appraisal

Self-awareness

Attention directed at the self - example: evaluating the self and comparing to others

An _____ is a global evaluation toward some objector issue.

Attitude

Which behavior best summarizes the textbook's conclusion about attitude-behavior consistency? Attitudes predict behavior with near perfect accuracy. Attitudes are a useless concept, with little to no predictive value. Attitudes are consistent with behavior in most situations. Attitude can predict behavior, just not with the simplicity or prevalence originally thought.

Attitude can predict behavior, just not with the simplicity or prevalence originally thought.

Which of the following statements about why humans have attitudes is TRUE? Attitudes are an evolutionary artifact that were useful a long time ago. Attitudes increase the complexity in making decisions. Attitudes make it harder for people to adapt and adjust to new situations. Attitudes aid humans in making decisions and choices.

Attitudes aid humans in making decisions and choices

______'s are the casual explanations people give for their own behavior and others' behaviors, and for events in general.

Attributions

Physical arousal involves the ____ nervous system.

Automatic

______ attitudes are very fast evaluative, "gut level" responses that people don't think a great deal about.

Automatic

The _____ _____ is the idea that mind has 2 different processing systems.

Duplex mind

People with ________ self-esteem hold very favorable views of themselves and consider themselves to be competent, likable, attractive, and morally good people.

High

Alex just bought a car last month and it is already having major mechanical problems. In which of the following cases is Alex LEAST likely to experience cognitive dissonance?

His friends supported his car purchase and it was cheap

Research suggests that, by and large, stereotypes function as

expectations or hypotheses.

Which of the following is the BEST example of the mere exposure effect? Eduardo starts to think that a new band is cool simply because other people around him think it is cool. Keisha starts to like a girl at school simply because she has seen her, semester after semester, in so many of her classes. Michael loves hip hop music. As a result, he tends to overestimate how much other people like to hip hop. Frances works in a hospital, and encounters doctors and nurses all day long. As a result, she tends to overestimate how many people work in the medical industry; to her, it seems like almost everyone does!

Keisha starts to like a girl at school simply because she has seen her, semester after semester, in so many of her classes.

Emotions help people _____ from their mistakes.

Learn

2 examples of ideas

Meanings and beliefs

In people with low self-esteem, events affect them more strongly than other people so they are more vulnerable to _______ _______ and ______ _______.

Mood swings; emotional overreactions

In one well-known study that was conducted during an era of anti-Chinese prejudice (LaPiere, 1934), a researcher drove across the U.S. with a Chinese couple, stopping at dozens of restaurants, hotels, auto camps, and tourist homes. He was interested in attitude-behavior consistency. Specifically, he was interested in knowing the percentage of establishments that would serve the couple, as well as the percentage of establishments that would say that they would serve the couple when contacted later. What did he find? Nearly 100% served them; and roughly 90% said they would. Nearly 100% served them; but only about 10% said they would. Only about 10% served them; but about 90% said they would. Only about 10% served them; but nearly 100% said they would.

Nearly 100% served them; but only about 10% said they would.

The personal interaction condition for reducing prejudice through intergroup contact states that the contact should involve ___________ interactions among individual member of the two groups.

One-on-one

Which of the following is one of the ways that cultural animals differ from social animals?

Only cultural animals have divisions of labor.

Iris is a vegetarian, but she ate a steak last night. Is she likely to try to rationalize her steak-eating?

Only if she chose to eat the steak, feels guilty or nervous, AND attributes these feelings to the steak-eating

Which of the following statements is MOST accurate regarding how people form evaluations of other people and of other stimuli? People form unconscious, automatic evaluations of other people within the first few microseconds of meeting them; but they do not do this for other stimuli (e.g., nonsense words). People form unconscious, automatic evaluations of most stimuli (e.g., nonsense words) within the first few microseconds of experiencing them; but they do not do this when meeting new people. People form unconscious, automatic evaluations of all types of stimuli (e.g., other people, animals, shoes) if they have encountered similar stimuli in the past; but they do not do this when stimuli are highly unfamiliar or unclassifiable. People form unconscious, automatic evaluations of all types of stimuli, regardless of their familiarity with those stimuli.

People form unconscious, automatic evaluations of all types of stimuli, regardless of their familiarity with those stimuli.

Which of the following statements is true about willpower?

People who practice willpower "exercises" develop stronger levels of willpower in the long term.

Ideals, norms, moral principles, the way things were in the past, and what others have done are all examples of what?

Standards

The _____ _____ _____ states the people tend to stick with what they have and be overly reluctant to make changes even if changing would logically put them in a better position.

Status quo bias

"Old people are either wise or slow" is an example of a __________?

Stereotype

What are beliefs that associate groups of people with certain traits?

Stereotypes

Tone of voice and facial expression are _____ clues to peoples emotions.

Subtle

Consider all of the research on cognitive dissonance theory. What does this research suggest about the role of large, expensive marriage ceremonies? Such ceremonies probably strengthen partners' commitment due to effort justification. Such ceremonies probably discourage marriage-inconsistent behaviors such as cheating due to the involvement of friends and family. Such ceremonies probably strengthen partners' commitment due to effort justification AND probably discourage marriage-inconsistent behaviors such as cheating due to the involvement of friends and family. Such ceremonies probably DO NOT strengthen partners' commitment due to effort justification and probably DO NOT discourage marriage-inconsistent behaviors such as cheating due to the involvement of friends and family.

Such ceremonies probably strengthen partners' commitment due to effort justification AND probably discourage marriage-inconsistent behaviors such as cheating due to the involvement of friends and family.

In light of the research on cognitive dissonance theory, what is the best explanation for the role of large, expensive marriage ceremonies?​

Such ceremonies probably strengthen partners' commitment due to effort justification AND probably discourage marriage-inconsistent behaviors such as cheating due to the involvement of friends and family.​

The cooperative actives condition for reducing prejudice through intergroup contact states that members of the two groups should join together in an effort to achieve __________ goals.

Superordinate

_______ goals are goals that can be achieved only by cooperating and working with others.

Superordinate goals

Rejection Sensitivity

Tendency to expect rejection from others and to become hypersensitive to possible rejection

Last summer, Fabia applied for three jobs. The first required a resume, but nothing else. The second required both a resume and a long personal statement. The third required a resume and indicated that a long personal statement was optional (recommended but not required; Fabia went ahead and wrote one anyway). Suppose that Fabia was turned down by all three jobs. Which rejection was she probably MOST upset about?​

The rejection by the third job

According to cognitive dissonance theory, "we come to love the things we suffer for." For example, we tend to be especially loyal to groups that require severe or painful initiations. Why does this happen?

This happens because we are motivated to justify the time and effort we've spent on things.

True or false: beliefs can have NO reference to facts.

True

True or false: emotions expressed by others can influence our own emotions

True

In Muzafer Sherif's Robber's in the Cave experiment, the "Eagles" and the "Rattlers" were fiercely competitive for several weeks. What triggered a peaceful reconciliation? How was the animosity finally brought to an end?

When problems arose that could only be solved if the groups worked together

Which of the following is the best example of social learning?​

You notice that many of your classmates are comfortable speaking with professors after class. Even though you are usually shy, you therefore decide that you will try to speak with professors after class too.

Suppose that you are in a ship wreck and numerous people around you are drowning. No one present knows how to swim except for you. According to evolutionary theory, if you only had time to save one person, which of the following people would you save?

Your baby

An attribution is

a causal explanation.

In terms of how it is experienced, cognitive dissonance MOST closely resembles an emotion or feeling of arousal. a gap in memory. an eerie feeling akin to déjà vu, clairvoyance, or communicating with ghosts. intense cognitive focus (i.e., being "in the zone").

an emotion or feeling of arousal.

Implicit attitudes can be defined as _____ evaluative responses.

automatic, nonconscious

Implicit attitudes can be defined as __________ evaluative responses. controlled, conscious controlled, nonconscious automatic, conscious automatic, nonconscious

automatic, nonconscious

When advertisers need to help sell a low-quality product, they often make ads that use loud music and distracting images (as opposed to ads that explicitly and straightforwardly discuss the features of the product). This is probably a good strategy because it is likely to foster __________ processing of the ad's claims, and in turn to __________. automatic, encourage emotional attachment to the product automatic, prevent people from doubting the validity of the claims conscious, encourage emotional attachment to the product conscious, prevent people from doubting the validity of the claims

automatic, prevent people from doubting the validity of the claims

individualism

autonomy, personal distinctiveness independent self-construal, who you are is dependent on your personality traits

In recent formulations of attachment theory, researchers have suggested that there are two dimensions involved in attachments. These are

avoidance and anxiety.

In the the frustration-aggression hypothesis, frustration is defined as

blocking or interfering with a goal.

Research has demonstrated that __________ can be formed via classical conditioning.

both implicit attitudes and explicit attitudes

Research has demonstrated that __________ can be formed via classical conditioning. both implicit attitudes and explicit attitudes neither implicit attitudes nor explicit attitudes implicit attitudes but not explicit attitudes explicit attitudes but not implicit attitudes

both implicit attitudes and explicit attitudes

Research on repressing versus venting anger shows that ____.​

both of these actions are associated with heart disease

Failure to satisfy the need to belong is associated with

both poor mental health and poor physical health.

Research using the Implicit Association Test ("IAT") to investigate implicit anti-elderly (pro-younger-people) biases has found that both younger people and older people are biased against the elderly, but older people are even more biased than younger people. both younger people and older people are biased against the elderly, but younger people are more biased than older people. both younger people and older people are (about equally strongly) biased against the elderly. younger people are biased against the elderly, whereas older people are biased against younger people (and both biases are about equally strong).

both younger people and older people are (about equally strongly) biased against the elderly.

Suppose that Dylan has a new girlfriend whom he really likes. Suppose that he programs his cell phone so that every time his new girlfriend calls, his phone plays the new Justin Timberlake single. After he has had his phone programmed this way for a little while, he notices that he feels happy whenever he hears the Justin Timberlake song. This is MOST clearly an example of classical conditioning. operant conditioning. the mere exposure effect. social learning.

classical conditioning.

The idea that beliefs play a central role in helping people cope and recover from misfortunes is called balance theory. dual attitude theory. belief perseverance. cognitive coping.

cognitive coping

The tendency for people to hold on to their beliefs--even when their beliefs are discredited by compelling evidence-is known as:

cognitive dissonance

The tendency for people to hold on to their beliefs-even when their beliefs are discredited by compelling evidence-is known as.

cognitive dissonance

Jadis and Matthew are a couple. They are extremely close, sharing nearly every detail of their day and emotions with each other. They also are committed to each other no matter what happens. Jadis and Matthew are experiencing_____love.

companionate

ingratiation

complimenting someone so they like you and see you as friendly (self presentation strategies)

Langlo and Roggman created composites of faces using a computer. the results were:

composite faces are more attractive than individual faces: we value symmetry

Fritz Heider's Balance Theory (POX)

concerned with the way 3 elements are related: the person whom we're talking about (symbolized as P), some other person (symbolized as O), and a thing, idea, or some other person (symbolized by X). Balance exists when all three fit together harmoniously. When there isn't balance, there will be stress, and a tendency to remove this stress by achieving balance. Balance can still exist if P disagrees with O, the person P dislikes. In general, *balance will exist in a triad if there are 1 or 3 positives* Imbalance occurs when someone agrees with someone he or shed dislike, or disagrees with someone he or she likes. *If there are 0 or 2 positive signs, the triad is unbalanced*

operational definition

concrete and precise way to measure variable ex. measuring happiness on scale of 1-10

Jamal believes that President Obama was born in Kenya. He does a google search by typing in "Obama born in Kenya" and finds several web-pages that provide evidence for his belief. He is even more convinced of his belief now. Social psychologists would argue that Jamal has engaged in the _________________.

confirmation bias

​Erica intensely dislikes a particular coworker and seems only to notice her negative qualities. For example, when the coworker is late for work but happens to bring in donuts, Erica assumes that the coworker brought donuts because he knew he was going to be late and is trying to deflect attention his lateness. It does not occur to her that her coworker is late because he stopped to buy donuts. Erica's conclusions illustrate ____.

confirmation bias

CORFing

cutting off reflected failures, distancing from negative events/people ex. when the Seahawks are having a bad season I say "they're so bad" not "we're so bad" (self-enhancement)

ought self

duties and obligations, prevention focus, trying to avoid negative outcomes, discrepancy comes with guilt and shame

Which of the following is NOT a proposed solution to the A-B problem? effort justification behavioral aggregation broad attitude in context attitude accessibility

effort justification

Last weekend Victor helped his sister move into her new apartment. He didn't really feel like helping her, but he wanted to put her "in his debt," because he is planning to ask her if he can stay at her place for a couple of weeks. By helping his sister move, Victor was thus apparently engaging in ____.​

egoistic helping

​McKelvey sees her cousin crying because she has lost a toy. She feels sad because her cousin feels sad. McKelvey is experiencing which emotional response?​

empathy

According to the empathy-altruism hypothesis, ____.​

empathy motivates people to reduce others' distress

Altruistic helping is motivated by _____ and the end goal is to _____.

empathy, reduce others' distress

Ella's company cannot afford to give their customer service representatives (CSR), who answer in-comping calls from customers who want to place orders or who have complaints, cost-of-living raises. They decide, instead, to give one-time bonuses based on CSR productivity. That is, more productive CSRs will get larger bonuses. This ensures ____.​

equity​

In class Dr. Jones refered to the classical conditioning of attitudes as

evaluative conditioning

Asch's research dealing with conformity in a group pressure situation indicated than people accept the opinion of others:

even when they believe others are wrong

introspection

examining our own thoughts and feelings, often biased and inaccurate (self-appraisal)

When social psychologists use the term "narcissism", they are referring to

excessive self-love and a selfish orientation

Art has just been on a long run at the beach with his dog. When he arrives home he is still breathing hard and his heart is still racing; he is physiologically highly aroused. When a neighbor bumps into him in the hallway, Art completely freaks out and verbally attacks the neighbor. He demands: "Did you just push me? Do you have a problem, man?" It looks like Art may have misattributed his arousal (from his run to his neighbor). That is, Art's behavior illustrates ____.​

excitation transfer

Social psychology as a science can help refute most religious beliefs. speak to which religious beliefs are true and which are false. explain why some people accept or reject certain religious beliefs. determine which religion is the correct one.

explain why some people accept or reject certain religious beliefs.

Your cousin asks you to pledge $5.00 for a school charity one year. The next year, she asks you to pledge $20.00. And the following year she asks you to pledge $50.00. Even though you would have never agreed to pledge $50.00 the first year, her "gradual buildup approach" is successful. In social psychology, this approach to persuasion is known as the ____.​

foot-in-the-door technique

To completely satisfy the need to belong, people must

have both regular social contact and ongoing relationships in which people show mutual concern for one another.

As discussed in the textbook, people who hold irrational attitudes (e.g., about Big Foot, UFOs, and ghosts) tend to be less prone to depression than other people. be less prone to anxiety than other people. have relatively low levels of self-esteem. have relatively high levels of self-esteem.

have relatively low levels of self-esteem

Mr. Lee has been drinking a lot of whiskey lately and wants to cut down. Research suggests that he is more likely to be successful if he keeps a record of exactly how much whiskey he consumes every week. In other words,

he will be more effective at self-regulation if he monitors his behavior.

Research has shown that children are less likely to steal Halloween candy if there is a big mirror in front of them than if there is no mirror. This finding illustrates the fact that

high self-awareness tends to increase moral behavior

Attitude accessibility refers to

how easily the attitude comes to mind.

Attitude accessibility refers to how easily the attitude comes to mind. how the attitude fits in the larger cognitive structure of belief. the tendency for attitudes to become more extreme upon reflection. the tendency to like something more with more exposure to it.

how easily the attitude comes to mind.

evolutionary psychology

how evolutionary principles have shaped human thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

mundane realism

how much the physical aspects of the experiment resemble the real world, does it look realistic ex. testing whether or not chewing gum relieves test anxiety, but taking the test on a beach = low mundane realism

experimental realism

how much the psychological aspects of the experiment resemble real world situations, does it feel realistic (usually more important) extent to which the participants get so caught up in the procedure that they forget they're in an experiment ex. testing whether or not chewing gum relieves test anxiety, but you know the test doesn't count towards a real grade

commitment depends on:

how satisfied they are, how much they feel they have invested, and whether they have good alternatives

construct validity

how well the operational definition reflects the intended construct

In cultures of honor, _____ seems to be the primary cause of violence.

humiliation

Standards

ideas/concepts of how things might possibly be

The results of Festinger and Carlsmith's (1959) study of cognitive dissonance suggests that if people are paid less for doing a questionable act, they will rationalize it more. people will rationalize their own questionable behavior no matter how much they are paid to do it. if people are paid more for doing a questionable act, they will rationalize it more. if people are paid less for doing a questionable act, they will rationalize it less.

if people are paid less for doing a questionable act, they will rationalize it more.

​The day after the Supreme Court issued a decision on a particular divisive issue, the Senate and House pass a bill that is unpopular with the same segment of the population that was unhappy with the Supreme Court decision. The disgruntled segment of the population then claims that the decision was issued at this particular time to distract people from the bill's passage. This assumption reflects ____.

illusory correlation

Zelda says that she likes dogs and that she is not afraid of them. But she gets visibly tense whenever a dog approaches, and refuses to visit any of her dog-owning friends at their homes. It appears that even though she says she likes dogs, Zelda has a negative __________ toward them. explicit attitude implicit attitude conditioned attitude unconditioned attitude

implicit attitude

As defined in the textbook, dual attitudes consist of implicit attitudes and explicit attitudes. conditioned attitudes and unconditioned attitudes. cognitions and emotions. beliefs and opinions.

implicit attitudes and explicit attitudes.

Cross- Cultural evidence for Passionate Love

in 166 societies, evidence of passionate love in 147 of them

When people make multiple demands upon themselves (when they must complete or persist at multiple tasks), their capacity for change (their willpower) sometimes seems to get "used up." Research shows that

in fact, willpower really does seem to get depleted; it appears that only so much willpower is available to people at a time.

According to the textbook, when it comes to helping others, females tend to be more helpful than males

in situations that require repeated contact over long periods of time

construct validity of the cause

in the manipulation of the independent variable true? extent to which the independent variable is a valid representation of the theoretical stimulus ex. is playing with a stuffed puppy a good way to stimulate the intended response? (if yes, then high validity, if no then low)

construct validity of the effect

in the measurement of the dependent variable accurate? ex. is counting the amount of sighs a good representation of happiness? (if yes, then high validity, if no then low)

online dating - 81% of people provided ____________ info in their profile for at least one characteristic

inaccurate

standards (self-awareness)

include ideals, norms, expectations, and moral principles, what we compare our "self" to in order to evaluate ourselves

Research suggests that the idea that "familiarity breeds liking":

is generally true.

cultural differences in self esteem

independent cultures value feeling good about oneself (personal accomplishments) to be better than others interdependent cultures value improving oneself for the sake of bettering the group, not for personal benefit

Thad is angry at his football coach for making him sit out the next game. Thad talks about his coach behind the coach's back to the other players. Thad is displaying ____ aggression.​

indirect

Bait-and-switch technique

influence technique based on commitment, in which one draws people in with an attractive offer that is unavailable and then switches them to a less attractive offer that is available

Low-ball technique

influence technique based on commitment, in which one first gets a person to comply with a seemingly low-cost request and only later reveals hidden additional costs

Foot-in-the-door technique

influence technique based on commitment, in which one starts with a small request in order to gain eventual compliance with a larger request

door-in-the-face technique

influence technique based on reciprocity, in which one starts with an inflated request and then retreats to a smaller request that appears to be a concession

culture

information based system that includes shared ideas and common ways of doing things

In one well-known social psychological experiment, research participants were brought into a dark room where an experimenter projected dots of light. These dots of light appeared to move slightly as they were projected—though exactly how far they moved the participants couldn't say. When asked to estimate the distance that the light traveled, participants tended to look to others in the room, and ask them what they thought (not because they wanted to gain others' approval, but because they assumed that others knew more than they did). It would therefore be MOST accurate to say that participants' final estimates were based on ____.​

informational influence

Research suggests that the mere exposure effect

is NOT unique to humans and does NOT occur via the conscious system.

Research suggests that the mere exposure effect is unique to humans (does not occur among other animals). occurs via the conscious system only. is unique to humans (does not occur among other animals) AND occurs via the conscious system only. is NOT unique to humans and does NOT occur via the conscious system.

is NOT unique to humans and does NOT occur via the conscious system.

Research suggests that the idea that "familiarity breeds contempt" is almost always true, regardless of the circumstances. is almost always false, regardless of the circumstances. is almost always true, unless people initially have a very favorable attitude. is almost always false, unless people initially have an unfavorable attitude.

is almost always false, unless people initially have an unfavorable attitude.

Carlos is a freelance graphic designer. Last month, a client hired him to design a website, at a flat rate of $1000. Carlos met with the client numerous times to sketch out the project, and engaged in a fair amount of background research. Just as he was getting ready to sign a contract for the job, the client mentioned, "Oh, by the way, I also need you to design three catalog covers under your contract." Even though Carlos would never design a website AND three catalog covers for just $1000, he had already invested so much time and energy in this client that he ended up just saying yes to everything. Carlos told his friends that he was "tricked" by the client. Social psychologists would say that he was a victim of the ____.​

low-ball technique

Szymanski's (2000) research found that black players in the major leagues for English football were paid ____.

lower salaries than white players, regardless of ability

When people make external, unstable attributions for others' successes or failures, these attributions tend to concern questions of

luck or chance.

Raquel buys stock in two different companies. She makes $2000 from one of these investments, but loses $3000 on the other one. If Raquel is like most people, then she will MOST likely

make an internal attribution for the $2000 earning, but an external attribution for the $3000 loss.

Which of the following was NOT presented in the slides as a factor that influences dissonance?

memory for the inconsistent behavior

depressive realism

mildly depressed people tend to have more accurate self-judgements and predictions (self-enhancement)

Tina watches a film in which the main character aggressively yells at his mother when he doesn't get what he wants. Later that day, Tina yells at her own mother in a similar way after failing to get something she wants. The process at play here, according to social learning theorists, is ____.​

modeling

Research on forgiveness in relationships indicates that ____.​

more forgiveness ultimately leads to better relationships​

Invasive Tumor

moves quickly throughout the body

DNA Functions: BioDiversity

must be able to mutate

DNA Functions: Inheritance

must be able to replicate

DNA Functions: Physical Expression

must produce proteins

Hook-Up culture is a _____

myth

Compared to others, people with a high ____ tend to be more persuaded by strong arguments but less persuaded by weak arguments.​

need for cognition

difference between need and want

need: if i don't have it, I could suffer want: i can do without it

According to the_____hypothesis, people help others to relieve their own distress

negative state relief

Proto-oncogenes

normal cell division (Mitosis)

Much research has examined the link between crime and climate. This research has found that _____ are more common in hot regions than in cool regions.

only violent crimes

According to the principles of __________ people are relatively likely to repeat behaviors that have been rewarded and relatively unlikely to repeat behaviors that have been punished. classical conditioning operant conditioning vicarious learning associative learning

operant conditioning

Star and Aisha are at a restaurant, and both of them are thinking about ordering a particular risotto plate. If Star goes ahead and orders the risotto, then Aisha will probably ____.​

order her second choice, but be less satisfied with it than she would have been with the risotto​

The term _____ refers to being excluded, rejected, or ignored by others.

ostracism

self-esteem

our evaluation of ourselves (self-enhancement)

People experiencing rejection sensitivity report what physical and emotional problems?

pain, illness, depression, suicidal thoughts, eating disorders, helplessness, promiscuity, and worthlessness

Recall the "Castro study" conducted by Jones and Harris. In this study, participants were asked to read an essay that was supposedly written by another student. The essay was always about Castro, but it was either pro-Castro or anti-Castro. Also, participants were told either (a) that the essay-writer got to choose which side to take (pro- or anti-), or (b) that the essay-writer was ASSIGNED to one side or the other. The researchers found that

participants made the fundamental attribution error for both types of essays.

While _____ love may be the most effective for starting relationships, _____ love may be the most effective for sustaining them in the long term.

passionate, companionate

Suppose that Ted and Ed are both very high in public self-awareness. This means that they tend to

pay a lot of attention to how they are perceived by others, and what others might think of them.

self-perception theory

people observe their own behavior to infer what they are thinking and how they are feeling, drawing conclusions about ourselves the same way we do about others (opposite of introspection) ex. I see myself as a healthy eater but after a while I observe my own behaviors and notice that I don't actually eat as healthy as I thought that I did

unrealistic optimism

people tend to expect more positive outcomes for themselves vs. others ex. I think I have less of a chance of getting cancer than the rest of the population even though realistically my chances are the same (self-enhancement)

propinquity effect

people we are around everyday, we are more likely to like and be friends with

entity theorists

people who believe a trait is innate, fixed, and unchangeable, put less effort into their work and attribute failure to personal factors

The so-called A-B problem refers to the fact that people are not always aware of the factors that influence their feelings toward things. people are not always aware of their feelings toward things. people's emotional responses are not always in sync with their behaviors. people's stated attitudes are often inconsistent with their behaviors.

people's stated attitudes are often inconsistent with their behaviors

Chandler wants to give blood at the school blood drive, and he plans to try to do so. But he knows that he will probably be turned away because of a medicine he is on. Chandler has a positive attitude toward blood donation, but what element of the Theory of Planned Behavior inhibits his ability to behave consistently with his attitude?​

perceived behavioral control

Research on effort justification and cognitive dissonance theory most directly suggests that we will be more attracted to potential dating partners who __________ than potential dating partners who __________. are physically attractive, are not play "hard to get", don't are similar to us, are not flatter us, don't

play "hard to get", don't

Suppose that, one day, a fierce and crazy lion broke loose from the zoo. Instead of running around wildly, however, the lion calmed himself down rather quickly, walked through the crowds at the zoo, exited the facility, and made his way to a local park; here he stretched out to do some child-watching. People in the park were confused by the sudden presence of the lion. They thought to themselves: "Isn't that a lion?" "Um, is it really dangerous to have a lion right here?" However, none of them voiced their concerns, and as a result there was no communication about the lion; the park-goers ultimately assumed that there was a reason for the lion to be there ("otherwise," they thought, "someone would have said something"). And the lion ended up staying at the park for several hours. In this example, ____ was most at play.​

pluralistic ignorance

Deepa has finally decided where to attend graduate school—University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. After she has informed all the schools of her final decision, she begins to question her choice. However, she immediately focuses on all the reasons Illinois was the best choice for her, and better than her other options by far. This reassures her and makes her happy again. Deepa's feeling of uncertainty and subsequent motivation to justify her choice is an example of ____.​

post-decision dissonance

self-handicapping

pre-emptively creating an excuse for possible failure in the future

automatic egotism

preference for self-related stimuli even without conscious awareness ex. name-letter effect (self-enhancement)

Suppose that Laine often has sex with her boyfriend when she doesn't really want to. Suppose too that Laine has had sex with a number of different partners, including a few risky partners. If you knew nothing else about Laine except for these facts, you might guess that she tends to have a _____ attachment style in relationships.

preoccupied (ambivalent)

In recent formulations of attachment theory, the attachment style known as "anxious" or "anxious/ambivalent" has been renamed

preoccupied.

​When most people think of the concept "sleeping," they also tend to think about concepts like "dreaming," "being tired," and "yawning." That is, when they think about "sleeping," related concepts are ____.

primed

According to cognitive dissonance theory, discrepancies between attitudes and behaviors produce

psychological discomfort.

According to cognitive dissonance theory, discrepancies between attitudes and behaviors produce unpleasant memories. psychological discomfort. pleasant memories. psychological comfort.

psychological discomfort.

According to cognitive dissonance theory, discrepancies between attitudes and behaviors produce:

psychological discomfort.

People who are physically attractive tend to receive more help than people who aren't ____.​

regardless of whether they are male or female, and regardless of whether the helper is male or female​

expectancy value theory

rational approach to decisions based on probability and cost/importance of outcomes

Movies with "R" ratings tend to be more appealing to children and teens than similar movies with "G" or "PG" ratings. This finding is good evidence of

reactance theory.

Research on social learning theory and aggression suggests that aggressive models can influence people to behave more aggressively

regardless of whether the model is live or filmed, and regardless of whether the model's target is a real person (rather than a doll).

As discussed in the textbook, MOST people are reluctant to end or leave a relationship with another person

regardless of whether there is a clear purpose to the relationship and regardless of whether they have disclosed to the other person.

When stores have only a few items out on display—as opposed to piles of items—the merchandise appears to be more valuable. This is probably due to the ____ principle.​

scarcity

Suppose that you have a certain idea about what a tropical island should be like: It should be a tourist destination, have palm trees, enjoy a warm climate, and contain plenty of bars that serve cocktails with paper umbrellas. Your general understanding of what a tropical island is all about is most clearly an example of a____.

schema

When you go to a restaurant, you know that there is a certain sequence of things that you need to do: (a) wait to be seated, (b) order, (c) eat, and then (d) pay. In other words, you have a _____ for what needs to be done at restaurants.

script

attachment styles

secure, avoidant, anxious/ambivalent

self-verification theory

seeking people and situations that support our "true" self-concept, verifies consistency motive, we also overcompensate to correct other's inaccurate impressions of us (self-consistency)

According to the textbook, the three main parts of the self are

self-knowledge, agent self, and interpersonal self.

The ______-_______ effect occurs when information bearing on the self is processed more thoroughly and more deeply and remembered better.

self-reference

The process by which the self monitors, controls, and modifies the self is known as

self-regulation

Rosalind Franklin

she was the first person to see what DNA looks like, generated x-ray images of DNA, she povided Watson and Crick with key data about DNA

​Quite understandably, students are often more upset about missing an exam question when they had previously circled the correct answer—and then changed it to an incorrect answer—as opposed to when they had chosen an incorrect answer all along. This is most directly related to the ____.

simulation heuristic

Research has demonstrated that people are more likely to imitate behaviors if they have seen others rewarded for performing those behaviors, and less likely to imitate behaviors if they have seen others punished for performing those behaviors. This type of learning is known as

social learning.

Research has demonstrated that people are more likely to imitate behaviors if they have seen others rewarded for performing those behaviors, and less likely to imitate behaviors if they have seen others punished for performing those behaviors. This type of learning is known as instrumental learning. social learning. classical conditioning. operant conditioning.

social learning.

liking is more _______ than _________.

social, cultural

Actual Similarity vs Perceived Similarity

sometimes our beliefs about how similar we are to another person predicts liking and attraction better than actual similarity

____________ is always important to attractiveness

symmetry

3 parts of culture

system: complex way of doing things praxis: practical/efficient adaptive: changing way of doing things

omission bias

taking the (default) option that doesn't require any course of action

similarity

tape dispenser and snail

People who practice willpower "exercises" find that they

temporarily deplete their willpower resources but develop stronger levels of willpower in the long term.

overjustification effect

tendency for intrinsic motivation to diminish for activities that become associated with rewards ex. I enjoyed reading a lot as a kid but to bribe me to read more mom started paying me to read better books and it made me hate reading

hindsight bias

tendency to exaggerate, after outcome is known, one's ability to have predicted that outcome ex. you break up with s/o but you "knew all along" that you weren't right for each other

zeigarnik effect

tendency to experience automatic, intrusive thought about a goal whose pursuit has been interrupted

planning fallacy

tending to be over optimistic in predicting future outcomes, optimism decreases as event approached, immediate decisions are based on feasibility and practicality

Cognitive dissonance is a state of ____, produced by 2 cognitions that ___ ___ fit. (inconsistent, contradictory, contrary to moral/cultural standards)

tension; do not

hypothesis

testable and falsifiable prediction ex. people who eat one apple per day will experience less sickness than people who don't

What is Beautiful is Good Effect

the assumption that physically attractive people will be superior to others on many other traits

People might very well overestimate the likelihood for celebrity marriages to end in divorce, since celebrity divorces tend to be highly publicized (while happy celebrity marriages do not make front page news as easily). The overestimation could be explained in terms of ____.

the availability heuristic

​Even though stomach cancer kills more people than plane crashes do, most people tend to assume that plane crashes cause more deaths. This misconception seems to arise from ____, since plane crash fatalities tend to be widely publicized and are therefore relatively easy for people to recall.

the availability heuristic

Because attending college involves the ability to make immediate sacrifices for later rewards, it is sometimes thought of as a very long exercise in

the capacity to delay gratification.

need to belong

the desire to form and maintain close, lasting relationships with other individuals

self-enhancement motive

the desire to obtain favorable/flattering information about ourselves ex. posting a selfie to fish for complements

consistency motive

the desire to obtain information that confirms what we already know about ourselves

The Stroop test is a psychological test that highlights

the distinction between automatic thinking and controlled thinking

Research using the Implicit Association Test ("IAT") has found that both younger people and older people show a preference for young faces over old faces. The authors of the IAT have suggested that this finding occurs because

the elderly are a stigmatized group.

Steps to the Schachter-Singer theory of emotion

the emotional stimulus produces physiological arousal AND a cognitive label, which produces an experienced emotion

Salespeople who force themselves to smile at customers all day may actually end up feeling relatively happy. This effect can be best explained by ____.​

the facial feedback hypothesis

The Implicit Association Test ("IAT") works by measuring the speed with which people are able to associate different pairs of concepts. According to the logic of the test, the faster the associations, the stronger the attitudes. the slower the associations, the stronger the attitudes. the faster the associations, the more positive the attitudes. the slower the associations, the more positive the attitudes.

the faster the associations, the stronger the attitudes.

companionate love

the feelings of intimacy and affection we have for someone that are not accompanied by passion and physiological arousal

temporal discounting

the greater weight given to the present over the future ex. when I want to buy something I want it asap and don't want to wait for a better deal

Lottery winners are no happier than anyone else a year after their big win. Similarly, people who have experienced serious physical injuries seem to "get over it" fairly well across time and return to their pre-injury level of happiness. These findings are consistent with research on ____.​

the hedonic treadmill

Social Allergy Effect

the idea that a partner's annoying habits become more annoying over time

social allergy effect

the idea that a partner's annoying habits become more annoying over time (we like others less as we learn more about them)

Social psychologists refer to the desire to form and maintain close, lasting relationships with other individuals as

the need to belong.

In social psychology, the "belief that one's own project will proceed as planned, even while knowing that the vast majority of similar projects have run late" is known as

the planning fallacy.

Self-Regulation

the process people use to control and change their thoughts, feelings, and behavior

The tendency for people to take credit for their successes but blame failures on other people or on outside circumstances is known as

the self-serving bias

The weapons effect refers to

the tendency for simply seeing weapons to increase aggression.

People are more likely to engage in central processing than peripheral processing when ____.​

the topic at hand is of personal relevance

The more choices you have, the more unhappy you will be with any given choice. This statement defines what Schwartz and colleagues (2002) have called post-decision dissonance. the A-B problem. the tyranny of choice. belief perseverance.

the tyranny of choice.

Joe takes on his sister's view that all people from "up north" are snobs. Later, Joe learns that his sister's opinion was based on the fact that her boyfriend from "up north" recently dumped her. Yet Joe persists in his belief that people from "up north" are snobby. This best illustrates the ____ effect.

theory perseverance

Social psychologists Richard Nisbett and Dov Cohen found that, in the U.S., men from the South tend to respond to insults more aggressively compared to men from the North. They argued that a key reason for the difference is the fact that ____.

there is a southern culture of honor

Social psychologists Richard Nisbett and Dov Cohen found that, in the US, men from the South tend to respond to insults more aggressively compared to men from the North. They argued that a key reason for the difference is the fact that

there is a southern culture of honor.

Research on guilt indicates that people mainly feel guilty about things that ____.​

they have done to people with whom they are close

According to the text, public health messages that are fear-based (e.g., messages about the dangers of smoking) are not always effective. They most often backfire because ____.​

they tend to be too scary, causing people to become defensive

In a well-known study conducted by Schachter and Singer, wherein participants were injected either with a stimulant or a placebo and were then exposed to a highly emotional stimulus, it was found that participants showed the strongest emotional reactions when ____.​

they were injected with a stimulant (but didn't know it)

If humans had an automatic system but not a conscious system, then it would probably be impossible for them to

think about the meaning of life.

Compared to people with low self-esteem, people with high self-esteem tend to

think they are smarter and earn better academic grades, but have the same IQ scores

Research on post-trauma coping indicates that one of the WORST possible things-in terms of predicting post-trauma recovery-is for people to blame themselves for the trauma. to feel like there is no explanation at all for the trauma. to feel like the trauma was fated, or predestined. to believe that many other people have experienced similar traumas.

to feel like there is no explanation at all for the trauma.

Much research has demonstrated a weak link between (a) what people say their attitudes are, and (b) how they actually behave. According to the textbook, one of the key reasons that this relationship is so weak, however, is the fact that researchers have often tried to relate very general attitudes to very specific behaviors. tried to relate very specific attitudes to very general behaviors. limited their research in this area to very sensitive topics (e.g., sexual attitudes and behaviors), where attitude-behavior inconsistencies are especially likely to occur. limited their research in this area to topics that research participants are unlikely to care much about (e.g., the number of minutes they will spend on a particular experimental task), where attitude-behavior inconsistencies are especially likely to occur.

tried to relate very general attitudes to very specific behaviors

Laney is in an experiment. The experiment gives her some money and tells her she can keep it or send any part of it to someone else. If she decides to send money to someone else, the experimenter will triple the amount. Of course, there is no guarantee that you will get anything back. Laney is in an experiment using a ____.​

trust game

Self-awareness is typically _____ because people tend to _____.

unpleasant, compare themselves against high standards

Dunning Kruger effect

unskilled and unaware, those with the poorest abilities are especially likely to overestimate their abilities ex. the worst people on the softball team always thought they were the best (self-enhancement)

dark side of high self-esteem

unstable/unjustified high self-esteem may lead to aggression when challenged, narcissism positively correlated with aggression

anxious attachment in adult life

want to become closer to partners but worry they will leave them

social desirability bias

wanting to appear "good", can interfere with self reported responses on surveys ex. how many times do you wash your hands after using the bathroom?

self-promotion

wanting to be seen as competent, how qualified you are ex. best strategy for an interview (self presentation strategies)

Attitude polarization refers to the finding that when people reflect on a given attitude, their position on that attitude tends to become more extreme. when people reflect on a given attitude, they tend to become more open-minded with respect to that attitude. people are more likely to spend time reflecting on issues that they have extreme views about than issues that they have moderate views about. people are more likely to spend time reflecting on issues that they have moderate views about than issues that they have extreme views about.

when people reflect on a given attitude, their position on that attitude tends to become more extreme.

decision paralysis

when we are presented with too many choices we become less satisfied with our choice or we end up being overwhelmed and choose nothing

illusion of transparency

when we know people are watching us, the belief that others can see our internal emotions ex. while giving a presentation I think that everyone knows that I'm actually thinking about how much I need to shit (self-appraisal)

When WON'T aversive racists discriminate?

when would clearly be discrimination

Research on effort justification and cognitive dissonance theory could be most easily used to explain ____.​

why people stay in long-term relationships when they are dissatisfied

Under which circumstances have mere exposure effects been demonstrated?

with non-human animals with subliminal exposure pre-nataly all of the above

Research indicates that women show less attitude-behavior consistency than men when it comes to sexuality. As discussed in the textbook, this is mainly because compared to men, women hold much more puritanical attitudes about sex. compared to men, women hold much more open-minded attitudes about sex. women's sexual responses are more context-dependent than men's. men tend to be the initiators of sexual activity.

women's sexual responses are more context-dependent than men's.

research on the jigsaw method suggests that it is helpful

worldwide

Research has shown that benevolent sexism is ____ for women's cognitive performance than hostile sexism worse

worse

According to attachment theory, people with a secure working model assume that others are dependable and trustworthy and they believe that they must be

worthy of other people's love

​Jorge just received an A+ on a physics exam. If you make an external attribution for this event, what might you thinking?

​"So what! The exam was really easy. I would have gotten an A+ too."

​The so-called "gambler's fallacy" refers to the ____.

​(false) belief that chance events are affected by previous events, and that chance events will "even out" across a relatively short period of time

Suppose that Natalie and her boyfriend just got into a huge argument, and Natalie went to the gym and punched a punching bag (imagining the whole time that the punching bag was her boyfriend), hoping to "let off some steam." How much will this approach help?​

​It will not help to reduce her anger regardless of whether she believes in the value of venting and catharsis AND regardless of whether she enjoys the venting and gets some satisfaction from it.

Suppose that you show your uncle an abstract painting that you have made, and ask for his immediate, unedited reaction. Your uncle says he has no opinion about it. "I am not familiar with abstract art," he tells you, "therefore I don't know how to evaluate it; and I have no intuitive feeling about it." Could this be possible?

​No. Research suggests that he will have made an automatic evaluation of your painting even though he is unfamiliar with abstract art. (He may be out of touch with this automatic evaluation, however.)

People often have inconsistent automatic and deliberate attitudes but do not realize it. How is this possible?​

​People are consciously aware only of their deliberate attitudes.

How does the fundamental attribution error (FAE) differ from the actor-observer effect (AOE)?

​They make similar predictions, but the FAE focuses on attributions that we make about others, while the AOE concerns attributions that we make about others AND attributions that we make about ourselves.

Alice was attacked by a pig when she was a child, and developed a strong phobia of pigs. Whenever she sees a pig—whether on a farm, in a zoo, or even in a movie—she has a strong and immediate automatic reaction. This reaction is best classified as a(n) ____.​

​affect

Zelda says that she likes dogs and that she is not afraid of them. But she gets visibly tense whenever a dog approaches, and refuses to visit any of her dog-owning friends at their homes. It appears that even though she says she likes dogs, Zelda has a negative ____ attitude toward them.​

​automatic

On a questionnaire, June is asked if she plans to donate blood or not. The researcher is measuring June's ___,​

​behavioral intention

Tammy is very upset because she received a poor grade on a big English assignment. It would be most accurate to say that Tammy is experiencing a(n) ____.​

​emotion

According to catharsis theory, ____.​

​expressing negative emotions produces a healthy release and is therefore good for the psyche

Otilia is furious when she gets back an exam that she thought she should have aced. Instead, she receives a low C, and attributes it to a water main repair involving heavy construction equipment going on less than 10 yards from the open classroom windows. Otilia's explanation relies on ____ factors.

​external, unstable

One of the reasons university officials have so much difficulty in eliminating hazing rituals is that ____.​

​group members believe they increase the strength of ties to the group

Madge woke up this morning feeling grouchy and annoyed. When asked why she is feeling this way, she can't seem to come up with any particular reason. It would be most accurate to say that she is experiencing a(n) ____.​

​mood

Paul is trying to train his puppy, Cupcake. He yells "Bad dog!" whenever Cupcake fails to do what he wants. Paul seems to be using ____.​

​operant conditioning​

The sleeper effect refers to the finding that, over time, ____.​

​people tend to forget where (or from whom) they heard a persuasive argument or piece of information

Mark has been attending a religious study with friends from his dorm. He really likes these people, although he thinks that their interpretation of the sacred text is dead wrong. Yet in the meetings, he tends to agree with them to avoid conflict because he enjoys their friendship so much. Mark is most likely experiencing ____.​ ​persuasion

​public compliance

Females are more likely than males to engage in ____ aggression.​

​relational

​Montana and Sarah are playing cards. Montana has a great hand—four aces—while Sarah's hand is just average—a 2 of hearts, a 3 of spades, a 5 of spades, and a 7 of clubs. Even though the statistical probability of both hands is the same, many people (incorrectly) assume that Montana's exact hand is rarer than Sarah's exact hand. This common misconception stems most directly from the ____.

​representativeness heuristic

​You and a friend are visiting a new city and would like to splurge and go out for a fine meal. You look at the restaurant listings in the newspaper and find one that is very expensive. Your friend says: "Let's go for it. With prices like that, we're bound to have a delicious meal!" In making this statement, your friend was most likely guided by the ____.

​representativeness heuristic

​Suppose that a coin is flipped 20 times. The first 19 flips are all heads. Is the last flip more likely to be heads, more likely to be tails, or equally likely to be heads or tails? When people engage in the gambler's fallacy, they ____.

​say that the last flip is more likely to be heads OR say that the last flip is more likely to be tails

When you go to a restaurant, you know that there is a certain sequence of things that you need to do: (a) wait to be seated, (b) order, (c) eat, and then (d) pay. In other words, you have a ____ for what needs to be done at restaurants.

​script