unit 1 test apah

5) What does Der Blau Reiter mean? What beliefs were shared by members?

"the blue rider", mutual interest in the color blue and horses, expressionism

4) What does Die Brücke mean? Why did this group choose this name?

"the bridge", the group members thought of themselves as paving the way for a more perfect age by bridging the old age and the new

8) How does Analytic Cubism differ from Synthetic Cubism?

-Analytic Cubism- it is a painterly analysis of the structure of the form. disecting the forms of their subjects and presenting their analysis of form across the canvas surface -Synthetic Cubism- instead of disecting forms, artists constructed paintings and drawings from objects and shapes cut from paper or other materials

11) How did the attitude of the Dadaists toward war differ from that of the Futurists?

-Futurists saw war as a cleansing agent - Dadaists viewed war as an insane spectacle of collective homicide

14) What is a photomontage and who developed this technique?

-a composition made by pasting together pictures or parts of pictures, especially photographs - the Berliners

9) What is a collage?

-a composition of bits and objects, such as newspaper or cloth, glued to a surface

15) What was the significance of the Armory Show of 1913?

-it brought over the art that was being made in Europe to America, and with that it brought new art ideas into the US

13) What is a ready-made? Who is attributed to its development?

-mass-produced common objects-- "found objects" the artist selected and sometimes "rectified" by modifying their substance or combining them with another object -Marcel Duchamp

10) What were the Furturists trying to express in their art?

-revolution, motion in time and space. they saw war as a cleansing agent

12) What was the original purpose of the Dada movement?

-to undermine cherished notions and assumptions about art

What political event inspired Picasso's Guernica? What symbols did Picasso use to refer to the event, and how did he emphasize its horror?

-when he recieved word that Guernica, the capital of the Basque region, had been almost totally destroyed in an air raid on April 26, 1937 -a slain warrior clutching a broken and useless sword, and a gored horse tramples him and rears back in fright as it dies - a shrieking anguished woman cradles her dead child, a woman on fire runs screaming from a burning building, a woman - represnted by only a head - emerges from the burning buidling - thrusting forth a light to illuminate the horror -overlooking the destruction is a bull, which according to Picasso, represents "brutality and darkness" -the cubist fragmentation gave visual form to the horror of the aerial bombardment of the Basque people

DecoOrganic style

...

depression muralists

...

harlem renaissance

...

7) Identify 3 probable sources of the dislocation of form seen in Picasso's Les Demoiselles d'Avignon.

1) Picasso fractured the women's shapes and interwove them with the equally jagged planes representing drapery and empty space 2) the relationship between representation and abstraction (representation of 3D space vs a 2D canvas 3) he broke them into more ambiguous planes suggesting a combination of views, as if the observer sees the figures from more than one place in space at once

Wright brothers 1st flight year

1903

Die Brüke formed year

1905

fauvism year

1907

cubism year

1910

Der Blaue Reiter year

1911

futurism, German Expressionism year

1914

Dada year

1916

the US entered WWI

1917

Bauhaus founded year

1919

Art Deco year

1920

Stock market crashes year

1929

what makes Rene Magritte distinct?

1929- published an important essay in the surrealist journal La revolution surréaliste in which he discussed the disjunction between objects, pictures of objects, and names of objects and pictures. he also challenged the assumptions underlying the reading of visual art in his painting, The Treachery (or Perfidy) of Images

surrealism/bauhaus year

1930

Great depression

1930s

start of Spanish civil war year

1936

Organic styles year

1940-1945

The US entered WWII

1941 with the bombing of Pearl Harbor by the Japanese.

WWII ends

1945. the allied forces defeated Germany, US dropped atomic bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki

What is meant by the term "Expressionism"? List 3 movements classified as expressionist.

20th century art that is the result of the artist's unique inner or personal vision and that often has an emotional dimension. 1- fauvism 2- Die Brüke 3-Der Blaue Reiter

expressionism

20th century art that is the result of the artist's unique inner or personal vision and that often has an emotional dimension. expressionism contrasts with art focused on visually describing the empirical world.

surrealism

A successor to Dada, surrealism incorporated the improvisational nature of its predecessor into its exploration of the ways to express in art the world of dreams and the unconscious. Biomorphic surrealists, such as John Miró, produced largely abstract compositions. Naturalistic surrealists, notably Salvador Dalí, presented recognizable scenes transformed into a dream or nightmare image.

6) Who was Gertrude Stein and what was her significance for the avant-garde of Paris?

An American woman who moved to Paris. she provided a hospitable environment in their Paris home for atrists, writers, musicians, collectors, and critics to socialize and dicuss progressive art and ideas. She was an avid art collector. her interest in discussions taking place within avant-garde circles led her to welcome visitors to their Saturday salons, which included lectures, discussions, and arguments

de stijl

Dutch, "the style". An early-20th-century art movement (and magazine), founded by Piet Mondrian and Theo van Doesburg, whose members promoted utopian ideals and developed a simplified geometric style.

avant-garde

French, "advance guard" (in a platoon). Late-19th- and 20th century artists who emphasized innovation and challenged established convention in their work.

Although _____ was first associated with the Precisionists in New York, she is best known for her work in ___. Two of her favorite subjects were ___ and ___. Describe her style:

Georgia O'Keefe. paintings. cow skulls and flowers. she strips her subjects to their purest forms and uses colors to heighten their expressive power. she reveals the organic reality of the objects by strengthening its characteristic features.

Neue Sachlichkeit

German, "new objectivity". an art movement that grew directly out of the WWI experiences of a group of German artists who sought to show the horrors of the war and its effects.

Der Blaue Reiter

German, "the blue rider". An early-20th-century German Expressionist art movement founded by Vassily Kandinsky and Franz Marc. The artists selected the name because of their mutual interest in the color blue and horses.

Die Brüke

German, "the bridge". An early-20th-century German Expressionist art movement under the leadership of Ernst Ludwig Kirchner. The group thought of itself as the bridge between the old age and the new.

In the painting, Red Room by Henri Matisse, how does color play a role? how does it reflect expressionist ideas?

In the painting, Red Room (Harmony in Red) by Henri Matisse, color plays a pivotal role in how Matisse wanted the painting to be portrayed. At first, this artwork was mostly green. Then, Matisse repainted it blue, but this color choice did not seem appropriate. When it was repainted red, Matisse had decided he found the right color for the "harmony" he wanted to compose. Color in this painting "directly influences the soul", for the artist and the viewer, because only red gave off that harmony Matisse desired. This piece reflects the ideas of expressionism by using bright colors, and the lack of space within the painting.

Dada leader

Marcel Duchamp

Rise of Totalitarianism

Mussolini in Italy, Stalin in the Soviet Union, Hitler in Germany. 1920s-1930s

the armory show 1913

NY as world's art center. O'Keefe, Stieglitz, Man Ray. brought work from overseas and introduced it to the US

Utopian Ideals example

Russia: Suprematism and Constructivism (1920-1945)

synthetic cubism

a later phase of cubism, in which paintings and drawings were constructed from objects and shapes cut from paper or other materials to represent parts of subject, in order to engage the viewer with pictorial issues, such as figuration, realism, and abstraction.

modernist

a movement in western art that developed in the second half of the 19th century and sought to capture the images and sensibilities of the age. Modernist art goes beyond simply dealing with the present and involves the artist's critical examination of the premises of art itself

bauhaus

a school of architecture in Germany in the 1920s under the aegis of Walter Gropius, who emphasized the unity of art, architecture, and design.

international style art

a style of 20th-century architecture associated with Le Corbusier, whose elegance of design came to influence the look of modern office buildings and skyscrapers.

fresco

a technique developed in italy where you paint on wet plaster

suprematism

a type of art formulated by Kazimir Malevich to convey his belief that the supreme reality in the world is pure feeling, which attaches to no object and thus calls for new, nonobjective forms in art- shapes not related to objects in the visible world.

futurism

an early-20th-century Italian art movement that championed war as a cleaning agent and that celebrated the speed and dynamism of modern technology.

constructivism

an early-20th-century Russian art movement formulated by Naum Gabo, who built up his sculptures piece by piece in space instead of carving or modeling them. In this way the sculptor worked with "volume of mass" and "volume of space" as different materials.

fauvism

an early-20th-century art movement led by Henri Matisse. For the fauves, color became the formal element most responsible for pictorial coherence and the primary conveyor of meaning.

Dada

an early-20th-century art movement prompted by a revulsion against the horror of WWI. Dada embraced political anarchy, the irrational, and the intuitive. A disdain for convention, often enlivened by humor or whimsy, is characteristic of the art Dadaists produced.

purism

an early-20th-century art movement that embraced the "machine aesthetic" and sought purity of form in the clean functional lines of industrial machinery.

cubism

an early-20th-century art movement that rejected naturalistic depictions, preferring compositions of shapes and forms abstracted from the conventionally perceived world.

3) What are some characteristics of Fauve paintings?

bright in color, simplified in design, rich surface textures, lively linear patterns, bold colors

2) What year was the exhibition held in which the name "Fauve" was coined? What does it mean?

fauve means "wild beast"; exhibition was in 1905

18) What makes Salvador Dali distinct?

invented a "paranoic-critical method" to assisst his creative processes. - a "spontaneous method of irrational knowledge based on the critical and systematic objectivity of the associations and interpretations of delirious phenomena."

utopian ideals

perfect situations, a new world, one that fully uses the power of industrialization to benefit all people (specifically for architecture)

analytic cubism

the first phase of cubism, developed jointly by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, in which the artists analyzed form from every possible vantage point to combine the various views into one pictorial whole.

constructivism

thinking they are going to rebuild, construct a new - just in Russia

19) What basic colors and forms characterize Mondrian's mature work? What did they symbolize for him?

three primary values- black, white, gray three primary colors- red, yellow, blue two primary directions- horizontal and vertical symbolized internal cohesion and harmony

17) According to Andre Breton, what was the purpose of the Surrealist movement?

to bring the aspects of outer and inner "reality" together into a single position