Unit 1 - What is Pathology

syndrome

collection of signs and symptoms which may be caused by a specific disease or possibly by several interrelated problems

As a PT you must be familiar with

disease presentation and side effects

disease

disorder in a system or organ that affects the bodys function

disorder

distruption of the disease to teh normal or regular functions in the body or a part of the body

Arthrocentesis

drain synovial fluid from joint capsule

common brain/CNS side effects

drowsiness and dizziness

why do side effects occur

drug reaches non-targeted tissue, drug causes non-desirable effects during drug absorption in GI tract/liver, dose or dosage of the drug, drug/food interactions, individuality in drug response

L

liter

serious brain/CNS side effects

mental status changes and impaired balance/coordination

µL

microliter, one millionth of a liter, 1 mm³

severity of side effects

mild->moderate->severe->black box warning

mmol

milimole

mEq

milliequivalents

mg

milligram

Vascular pain patterns

throbbing, pounding, pulsing, beatings

emotional pain patterns

tiring, miserable, agonizing, piercing, punishing, annoying, sickening, torturing, unbearable

Fluid analysis and pathology is important

to determine cause of fluid buildup, remove xs fluid, monitor pressures of fluid in spaces, help determine the pathology leading to presence of the fluid, patients may have precautions and restrictions immediately after these tests

pathology causing fluid accumulation

tumors, pneumonia, thyroid disease, chronic lung diseases, congestive heart failure, pulmonary embolism

Acetaminophen

tylenol/panadol

Toxicology

urine or blood sample test that determines type and amount of legal or illegal drugs taken by a patient, usually within 4 days of a drug being taken

diazepam

valium

what to look for after a thoracentesis

wait 1 hour if asymptomatic, risk of pneumothorax, watch HR and respiration, look for dizziness, changes in skin color, anxiety, fever, restlessness, excessive coughing, blood-tinged sputum, and tightness of chest

pharmacodynamics

what drug does to/how it impacts the body

allergic reactions can occur

with any drug but some drugs have higher incidence of reactions

mild allergic reaction symptoms

itchy skin, rash or hives, nausea/upset stomach

Brand name

name may or may not be related to chemical or generic terminology, assigned by pharmaceutical company, proprietary, may be 1, 2, or many brand names for the same generic drug

Pathology

Investigates the essential nature of disease, especially changes in body tissues and organs that cause or are caused by disease

The generic brand is

`as safe and effective as original brand-name product

musculoskeletal pain patterns

aching, sore, heavy, deep, cramping, dull, hurting

ADR

adverse drug reactions/negative side effects

pathology found/ruled out with this test

alcoholism and withdrawl, fetal alcohol syndrome, seizure, delirium and dementia, analgesic nephropathy (kidneys stop working due to pain meds), sexual assault

Pathology found in a lumbar puncture

cancers of brain and spinal cord, inflammatory conditions of nervous system, guillain-barre, multiple sclerosis, subarachnoid hemorrhage, bacterial/viral/fungal infections, meningitis, encephalitis, syphilis

AZATHIOPRINE

chronic immunosuppression (black box warning) needs extra precaution on spreading disease

dL

deciliter 0.1 L

Urinalysis

diagnostic tool for health assessment for individuals with urinary symptoms

serious heart/lung side effects

difficulty breathing

serious allergic reaction symptoms

difficulty breathing, mental status changes, loss of consciousness, coma, death

PT should be able to

educate on side effects, ID potential side effects vs disease symptoms, assist pt determining how/when to monitor/address/seek medical attention, adjust PT intervention as necessary

constitutional symptoms

fever, diaphoresis, sweats (day or night), nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, pallor, dizziness/syncope, fatigue, unexplained weight loss

medications that are chemically and functionally similar share

generic names and common ending/suffix

Pathology found from arthocentesis

gout, arthritis, synovial infection

common heart/lung side effects

hypotension

frequency and severity of side effects

important to note when considering potential impact to PT and patient safety

Common lab values show

kidney function, endocrine function, muscular disorders, liver function, lipid panel, CV specific tests

refrence ranges vary based on

lab tested, timing, person attributes (age, gender, race), trends, cluster findings

levodopa

larodopa

pathology causing fluid accumulation in abdomen

liver cirrhosis, infection, kidney disease, heart disease, tumor, pancreatic disease

phenobarbital

luminal/escabarb

lumbar puncture

measures the CSF for analysis, inject foreign substance (dye/meds), measure the pressure of CSF

What to look for after paracentesis

monitor vitals, look for pallor, cyanosis, or dizziness

Ibuprofen examples

motrin, midol, advil

a generic medication

must be bioequivalent of the brand name but patients may react differently to the generic product

Common GI tract side effects

nausea or upset stomach

one mL

one cc

critical values

outside the range to degree of a possible health risk, collaborate, monitor

Red flags

past medical history, risk factors, clincial presentations, pain/symptom pattern, associated signs and symptoms

arthrocentesis considerations

avoid strenuous use of joint for 48-72 hours, keep pressure dressing in place and apply ice, monitor for signs of infection (pain, fever, swelling)

1L =

1000 mL = 0.001m³ = .000001 m

serious GI side effects

GI bleeding/coffee ground emesis

military physical therapist can

prescribe medications on a limited basis

The practice of physical therapy does not include

prescribing drugs, ordering labs/images, dispense a med, tell a patient to take or not take drugs

common skin side effects

rash

implications to PT/PTshould be able to

recognize common drug classes by pre/suffix, recognize drugs as generic or name brand, explain rationale why a generic drug may be prescribed, know when to refer back to physician

disease is characterized by at least two of the following

recognized eitiologic agent, identifiable group of signs and symptoms, consistent anatomic alterations

Paracentesis

removes fluid in the abdominal cavity

Thoracentesis

removes xs fluid in the space between lungs and chest wall

Lumbar puncture considerations

risk for spinal headache, watch for report of numbness or tingling in lower extremities, drainage of blood or CSF at puncture site, may be on bedrest

Why are urinalysis used

screen for UTI, kidney pathologies, liver pathologies, diabetes, pregnancy, urologic cancer screen, drug testing

neurogenic pain patterns

sharp, crushing, pinching, burning, hot, itchy, stinging, shooting, gnawing

Generic name

shorter, derived from the chemical name, non-proprietary, typically cheaper than name brand, might have common prefix/suffix for drug class

drug refrence sources

should note frequency of side effect occurance and severity

Physical therapist can

store medication, interpret lab values, use/dispense meds as appropriate for PT and under a physician care, educate

cluster findings

symptoms, lab values, vital signs