Unit 2
The normal immune system ignores surface antigens on self RBCs, which are also called
agglutinogens
Agglutinins
are antibodies that will attack surface antigens on RBCs of a different blood type.
What is the most abundant type of WBC in a normal blood sample?
neutrophil
Which plasma components are used for ATP production, growth, and cellular maintenance?
organic nutrients
Regarding paternity tests, a man with type AB blood cannot be the father of an infant with which blood type?
type o
Calcium ions and ________ have an effect on nearly every aspect of the clotting process.
vitamin K
Red blood cells result from the divisions of cells called
hemocytoblast
A white blood cell count of 3000 per microliter would indicate what condition?
leukopenia
Which disease is characterized by defective hemoglobin that results from a mutation affecting the amino acid sequence of one pair of the globular proteins of the hemoglobin molecule resulting in stiff, markedly curved red blood cells?
sickle cell anemia
The pH of blood is
slightly alkaline
What is the primary function of white blood cells?
to help defend the body against pathogens.
Individuals with which blood type were once called "universal recipients" because they lack anti-A or anti-B antibodies?
type AB
A single hemoglobin molecule can carry up to ________ molecule(s) of oxygen gas (O2).
4
What is the average life span of a red blood cell?
4 months
Which cell population of WBCs migrate to sites of injury and cross the capillary wall to accumulate within damaged tissues, where they discharge their granules into the interstitial fluids?
Basophils
________ directly stimulates red blood cell production.
EPo
________ are the most abundant cell population of the formed elements of blood.
Erythrocytes
The extrinsic and intrinsic pathways join at the common pathway through the activation of which clotting substance produced by the liver?
Factor X
As blood flows through peripheral tissues, what occurs regarding the hemoglobin molecules of RBCs?
Hemoglobin binds carbon dioxide and releases its bound oxygen.
What is a benefit of a vascular spasm at the onset of hemostasis?
a reduction in blood loss
What plasma proteins are important in maintaining the osmotic pressure of plasma?
albumins
Platelets
are a major component of the vascular clotting system.
What is the function of hemoglobin?
bind and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
________ is the characteristic of WBCs that allow them to enter surrounding tissue by squeezing between adjacent epithelial cells in the capillary wall.
diapedesis
A drifting blood clot, air bubble, or fat globule is called
embolus
The percentage of whole blood volume occupied by formed elements is called
hematocrit
Plasma cells of the lymphoid system produce
immunoglobulins
hypoxia
lack of oxygen
More than 90 percent of plasma proteins are made in which organ?
liver
Which leukocytes are involved in the body's specific defenses?
lymphocytes
Which white blood cells are important in leaving the blood vessels and phagocytizing large materials, releasing chemicals that draw fibroblasts to the injured areas?
monocytes
Which of the following leukocytes are granulocytes?
neutrophils
During fibrinolysis, which enzyme begins digesting the fibrin strands, breaking down the clot?
plasmin
As repairs proceed, a blood clot gradually dissolves in a process that begins with the activation of
plasminogen
In adults, the stem cells responsible for the production of red and white blood cells originate primarily in the
red bone marrow.
Erythropoiesis occurs in myeloid tissue, which is found in all the following bones except the
skull and clavicle
The common pathway of coagulation ends with
the activation of a clotting factor that converts fibrinogen to fibrin.
The plasma of which blood type contains anti-A antibodies? (select all that apply)
type B and O
The term ________ refers to the combination of plasma and the formed elements together.
whole blood
________ is a condition in which the oxygen-carrying capacity of RBCs is reduced.
anemia
Which leukocytes have granules that contain heparin and histamine?
basophils
Dehydration would
cause an increase in the hematocrit
The formation of red blood cells is called
erythropoiesis
thrombocytopenia
low platelet count
When foreign cells invade the body, one would most likely expect to see increased numbers of
lymphocytes
The correct sequence of stages in RBC maturation is
myeloid stem cell, proerythroblast, erythroblast, reticulocyte, RBC
Reticulocytes complete their maturation and become indistinguishable from other mature RBCs about ________ after entering the circulation.
24 hours
A microliter of whole blood contains about how many red blood cells?
5 million
Emil wants to determine his blood type, so he takes a few drops of blood from a puncture wound in his finger and mixes it with various antisera. His blood cells agglutinate when mixed with the anti-A serum and anti-Rh serum, but not with the anti-B serum. This means
Bill's plasma contains anti-B antibodies.
Without mitochondria, RBCs are relatively inefficient in terms of energy production. However, there is an advantage to RBC function. What is this advantage?
It ensures that any oxygen the RBCs absorb will be delivered to peripheral tissues
Which of the following sequences correctly states the relative number of each leukocyte type, from highest to lowest, in normal blood?
Neutrophils-Lymphocytes-Monocytes-Eosinophils-Basophils
diapedesis
WBC migration
leukocytosis
abundant white blood cells
________ are substances, often proteins, that can trigger an immune response.
antigens
hemopoiesis
blood cell formation
What process makes it easier for fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, and endothelial cells to make necessary repairs in damaged vessels?
clot retraction
Leukopenia
few WBC count
Plasma proteins known as clotting factors are converted to active enzymes from which of the following?
inactive proenzymes
A person's blood type is determined by the
presence or absence of specific antigens on the plasma membrane
The fluid left after the clotting proteins are removed is known as
serum
