unit 2 amh test

Ben Franklin/Franco-American Treaties

(help from abroad) After 3nd cc declared independence, it sent benjamin franklin on a mission to paris France had been secretly aiding the americans in the war against their long time enemies (brits) but franklin pushed for an open alliance On feb 6th 1778 france and the us signed a treaty of alliance In menat $ troops and a navy for the americans and britians had to now defend itself from france in europe A year layer spain joined the war as france's ally followed by the netherland in 1780s Generous trading terms Recognize american independence France agreed to fight britians till they surrender France won't take land In April 1782, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay had begun informal peace negotiations in Paris. Officials from Great Britain and the United States finalized the treaty in 1783, signing the Treaty of Paris (

George Washington

Ask doe these for the army of those things raising the number of slashes, cash on cash bonus for three year enlistment and then the land voucher land voucher.

Cowpens/Guilford Courthouse

Corwallis is forced into a march Ng outnumbered him with 44000 men British took over battlefield Cornwalis fled American forces under General Daniel Morgan decisively beat the British at the Battle of Cowpens in South Carolina. General Cornwallis now abandoned his strategy of defeating the backcountry rebels in South Carolina. Determined to destroy Greene's army, he gave chase as Greene strategically retreated north into North Carolina. At the Battle of Guilford Courthouse in March 1781, the British prevailed on the battlefield but suffered extensive losses, an outcome that paralleled the Battle of Bunker Hill nearly six years earlier in June 1775.

James Madison

Father of constitution Secretary of state 36 Virginia plan Took notes of the convention Strong influence on writing the constitution and a great speaker James Madison put forward a proposition known as the Virginia Plan

Samuel Adams/John Hancock

Founders of the Sons of Liberty Throughout late 1774 and into 1775, tensions in New England continued to mount. General Gage knew that a powder magazine was stored in Concord, Massachusetts, and on April 19, 1775, he ordered troops to seize these munitions. Instructions from London called for the arrest of rebel leaders Samuel Adams and John Hancock. Hoping for secrecy, his troops left Boston under cover of darkness, but riders from Boston let the militias know of the British plans.

Precursor to the American Revolution

In April 1775 British soldiers, called lobsterbacks because of their red coats, and minutemen—the colonists' militia—exchanged gunfire at Lexington and Concord in Massachusetts. Described as "the shot heard round the world," it signaled the start of the American Revolution and led to the creation of a new nation.

New Jersey Plan

Introduced by william patersons Called for division of the governance into three branches Unicameral legislature - each state of one vote Legislature appoint judges for life Wanted powers to tax, regulate commerce, and name the national government supreme to state gov The plan would appeal to smaller states as they would be guaranteed equal power in the national government proposing that all states have equal votes in a unicameral national legislature. He also addressed the economic problems of the day by calling for the Congress to have the power to regulate commerce, to raise revenue though taxes on imports and through postage, and to enforce Congressional requisitions from the states.

French Intervention

The American victory at the Battle of Saratoga was the major turning point in the war. This victory convinced the French to recognize American independence and form a military alliance with the new nation, which changed the course of the war by opening the door to badly needed military support from France. Still smarting from their defeat by Britain in the Seven Years' War, the French supplied the United States with gunpowder and money, as well as soldiers and naval forces that proved decisive in the defeat of Great Britain. The French also contributed military leaders, including the Marquis de Lafayette, who arrived in America in 1777 as a volunteer and served as Washington's aide-de-camp. The war quickly became more difficult for the British, who had to fight the rebels in North America as well as the French in the Caribbean. Following France's lead, Spain joined the war against Great Britain in 1779, though it did not recognize American independence until 1783. The Dutch Republic also began to support the American revolutionaries and signed a treaty of commerce with the United States in 1782.

Currency Act

The colonies suffered a constant shortage of currency with which to conduct trade There were no gold or silver mines and currency could only be obtained through trade as regulated by great britain The currency act of 1764 prohibited all american colonies from issuing paper currency thereby creating server monetary problems 1764 1764, prohibiting the colonies from printing additional paper money and requiring colonists to pay British merchants in gold and silver instead of the colonial paper money already in circulation. The Currency Act aimed to standardize the currency used in Atlantic trade, a logical reform designed to help stabilize the Empire's economy. This rule brought American economic activity under greater British control. Colonists relied on their own paper currency to conduct trade and, with gold and silver in short supply, they found their finances tight.

West Point

The key American fort on the Hudson River that General Benedict Arnold attempted to hand over to the British Not working out for british so the put in henry clinton His idea was to go to the southern theater Finally, I was in the battles at Cambridge, White Plains, Monmouth, Princeton, Newark, Frog's Point, Horseneck where I had a ball pass through my knapsack. All which battels [sic] the reader can obtain a more perfect account of in history, than I can give. At last we returned to West Point and were discharged [1783], as the war was over. Thus was I, a slave for five years fighting for liberty. After we were disbanded,

Fort Ticonderoga-Benedict Arnold

Wanted for treason Trader Bankrolled his own army Won all battles Meets up with ethan allen and the green mountain boys to fight at fort ticonderoga May 10th In May 1775, Ethan Allen and Colonel Benedict Arnold led a group of rebels against Fort Ticonderoga in New York. They succeeded in capturing the fort, and cannons from Ticonderoga were brought to Massachusetts and used to bolster the Siege of Boston.

Articles of Confederation

Us needed a functioning government Modeled after colonial government States would retain sovereignty, independent nations, had more control than national cgov Founders were fearful of concentrated power due to british kings Set up by john dickinson Framework: One chamber legislature, one vote per state, one vote per state, 2/3rds majority for legislation, unanimous vote for amendments Strengths: make war and peace, sign treaties of alliance, dealt with native issues, settle disputes between the states,Establish the postal service, Appointed military officers Power to coin money, issue paper money, and borrow $ from other countries, establish amounts each state should provide for national purpose also weakness Weakness: no power to tax, no power to raise troops, no standards regulation of commerce, state could cin money and make alliances with other countries, states could declare war, no federal executive (not true, well reveal our first presidents that came before george washington) powerless Problems: loyalist debt, spanish in florida (they didnt have slaves so they would go there to be free), british not leaving us ports, Fiances-debt from the american revolution couldnt be paid, no taxes no money also loss of british markets created a "league of friendship" between the states. Congress readied the Articlesin 1777 but did not officially approve them until 1781. The delay of four years illustrates the difficulty of getting the thirteen states to agree on a plan of national government. Citizens viewed their respective states as sovereign republics and guarded their prerogatives against other states. the first national constitution. In June 1776, the Continental Congress prepared to announce independence and began to think about the creation of a new government to replace royal authority. Reaching agreement on the Articles of Confederation proved difficult as members of the Continental Congress argued over western land claims. Connecticut, for example, used its colonial charter to assert its claim to western lands in Pennsylvania and the Ohio Territory

Connecticut Plan/Great Compromise

bicameral legislature House of reps by population, lower house Revenue spending through the house Upper house, equal rep, one state 2 votes elected by state legislature 435 house of reps 4yr terms selected by electoral college Roger Sherman from Connecticut offered a compromise to break the deadlock over the thorny question of representation. His Connecticut Compromise, also known as the Great Compromise, outlined a different bicameral legislature in which the upper house, the Senate, would have equal representation for all states; each state would be represented by two senators chosen by the state legislatures. Only the lower house, the House of Representatives, would have proportional representation

Federalists v. Anti-Federalists

eralists v. Anti-Federalists Supporters of the 1787 Constitution, known as Federalists, made the case that a centralized republic provided the best solution for the future. as Anti-Federalists, argued that the Constitution would consolidate all power in a national government, robbing the states of the power to make their own decisions To them, the Constitution appeared to mimic the old corrupt and centralized British regime, under which a far-off government made the laws. Anti-Federalists argued that wealthy aristocrats would run the new national government, and that the elite would not represent ordinary citizens; the rich would monopolize power and use the new government to formulate policies that benefited their class—a development that would also undermine local state elites. They also argued that the Constitution did not contain a bill of rights.

Roger Sherman

from Connecticut offered a compromise to break the deadlock over the thorny question of representation. His Connecticut Compromise, also known as the Great Compromise, outlined a different bicameral legislature in which the upper house, the Senate, would have equal representation for all states; each state would be represented by two senators chosen by the state legislatures. Only the lower house, the House of Representatives, would have proportional representation.

Henry Clinton's strategy

get a couple of British officers to recruit loyalists and just completely crush South Carolina Get north carolina and virginia Doesn't care abt georgia because penal colony

American Board of Customs Commissioners

greater powers to counteract smuggling. It granted "writs of assistance"—basically, search warrants—to customs commissioners who suspected the presence of contraband goods, which also opened the door to a new level of bribery and trickery on the waterfronts of colonial America. Furthermore, to ensure compliance, Townshend introduced the Commissioners of Customs Act of 1767, which created an American Board of Customs to enforce trade laws. Customs enforcement had been based in Great Britain, but rules were difficult to implement at such a distance, and smuggling was rampant. The new customs board was based in Boston and would severely curtail smuggling in this large colonial seaport.

internal v. external taxes

internal taxes: taxed property and goods of the colonists external taxes: taxed only goods imported into the colonies An external tax is a duty laid on commodities imported; that duty is added to the first cost, and other charges on the commodity, and when it is offered to sale, makes a part of the price. ... But an internal tax is forced from the people without their consent, if not laid by their own representatives.

Paul Revere

made photo propaganda piece Famous because he got caught midnight rider Said british were coming , a silversmith and member of the Sons of Liberty, circulated an engraving that showed a line of grim redcoats firing ruthlessly into a crowd of unarmed, fleeing civilians created "The bloody massacre perpetrated in King Street Boston on March 5th 1770 by a party of the 29th Regt." (Figure 5.11), based on an image by engraver Henry Pelham. The picture—which represents only the protesters' point of view—shows the ruthlessness of the British soldiers and the helplessness of the crowd of civilians. uses to help convince the viewer of the civilians' innocence and the soldiers' cruelty. plans. (Paul Revere was one of these riders, but the British captured him and he never finished his ride. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow memorialized Revere in his 1860 poem, "Paul Revere's Ride," incorrectly implying that he made it all the way to Concord.) Minutemen

Boston Tea Party

protest against increased tea prices in which colonists dumped british tea into boston harbor 242 chest thrown overboard Intended to incite parliament Sons of liberty dressed as indians 1773 Committee of correspondence rallied against british force, adams People cheered as the tea went into the harbor Liberty and independence or death and pursuit

Robert Livingston

the American envoy to France, to secure access to New Orleans, sending James Monroe to France to add additional pressure. The timing proved advantageous. Because enslaved Black people in the French colony of Haiti had successfully overthrown the brutal plantation regime, Napoleon could no longer hope to restore the empire lost with France's defeat in the French and Indian War (1754-1763). His vision of Louisiana and the Mississippi Valley as the source for food for Haiti, the most profitable sugar island in the world, had failed. The emperor therefore agreed to the sale in early 1803.

Philadelphia

the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia, Virginia's Committee of Safety ensured that all merchants signed the non-importation agreements that the Congress had proposed. In the summer of 1776, the Continental Congress met in Philadelphia and agreed to sever ties with Great Britain. In August 1777, General Howe brought fifteen thousand British troops to Chesapeake Bay as part of his plan to take Philadelphia, where the Continental Congress met. That fall, the British defeated Washington's soldiers in the Battle of Brandywine Creek and took control of Philadelphia, forcing the Continental Congress to flee. During the winter of 1777-1778, the British occupied the city, and Washington's army camped at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania.

Declaration of Independence

Committee of five to draft declaration 90 communities sued for independence before King had not protected colonist, king waged war on his own people, king hired foreigners to kill them (haitians) Franklin, adams, jefferson (primary author), livingston, sherman Broke with england on july 4th Franklin Adams proofreaders Signing began on the 4th Attacked slavery Middle colonies was unsure about it John handcock signed the biggest in the middle American patriots for way against war were loyalist exemplifies the spirit of that common cause. Representatives asserted: "That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States; that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, . . . And for the support of this Declaration, . . . we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes and our sacred Honor." The Declaration, written primarily by Jefferson, included a long list of grievances against King George III and laid out the foundation ofAmerican government as a republic in which the consent of the governed would be of paramount importance. a global impact, serving as the basis for many subsequent movements to gain independence from other colonial powers. It is part of America's civil religion, and thousands of people each year make pilgrimages to see the original document in Washington, DC. reveals a fundamental contradiction of the American Revolution: the conflict between the existence of slavery and the idea that "all men are created equal." One-fifth of the population in 1776 was enslaved, and at the time he drafted the Declaration, Jefferson himself owned more than one hundred enslaved individuals. Further, the Declaration framed equality as existing only among White men; women and non-White people were entirely left out of a document that referred to Native peoples as "merciless Indian savages" who indiscriminately killed men, women, and children. Nonetheless, the promise of equality for all planted the seeds for future struggles waged by enslaved individuals, women, and many others to bring about its full realization. Much of American history is the story of the slow realization of the promise of equality expressed in the Declaration of Independence.

Ethan Allen/The "Green Mountain" Boys

"In the name of the Great Jehovah and the Continental Congress Meet up with benedict arnold against fort t A militia leader and mend sneaked into the british fort on lake champlain and took over the fort The cannons they captured would help the patriots win other battles 1775, Ethan Allen and Colonel Benedict Arnold led a group of rebels against Fort Ticonderoga in New York. They succeeded in capturing the fort, and cannons from Ticonderoga were brought to Massachusetts and used to bolster the Siege of Boston.

Samuel Prescott and William Dawes

-people who helped warn that the british were coming Medical doctor Midnight rider Continues when revere gets caught They run into minute men Said british are coming 1775 sends british troops 700 to concord because of ammunition there Colonist knew they had to stop them from getting this Supposed to arrest john hancock and sam adams stop ammunition Samuel Prescott, a Concord resident who had been visiting a girlfriend. Revere, riding in front, ran into a British roadblock. Dawes and Prescott were captured before they could be warned. As the British tried to lead them into a meadow, Prescott signaled that they should make their escape, and all three rode off.

1st Continental Congress

12 colonies not represented, not georgia Agreed to support massachusetts and boycott british goods Encourage each colony to train militia 56 delegates Galloway called for a grand council Agree to let british regulate commerce Colonist ban together to fight british Northern states Figure out a compromise with england Galloway plan had trade w england but they said no trade because no importation Said to get militias just incase Peyton randolph was president Boycott british goods Urged colonist to not pay taxes Did not call for independence Laying steps leading to independent Tells king if there are no results they will get together again Train more miltas Loyal to the king Blows must decide decide whether they are to be subject to the country or independent - king george iii Disaffection—the loss of affection toward the home government—had reached new levels by 1774. Many colonists viewed the Intolerable Acts as a turning point; they now felt they had to take action. The result was the First Continental Congress, a direct challenge to Lord North and British authority in the colonies. Still, The First Continental Congress was made up of elected representatives of twelve of the thirteen American colonies. In the end, Paul Revere rode from Massachusetts to Philadelphia with the Suffolk Resolves, which became the basis of the Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress.

Lexington/Concord-John Pitcairn

Arrive at lexington facing 70 minutemen Tells them to leave then a shot is fired Then marched to concord Orders a full retreat because they couldn't believe the colonist trying to kill them 2 month seized The British tried to disarm the insurgents in Massachusetts by confiscating their weapons and ammunition and arresting the leaders of the patriotic movement. However, this effort faltered on April 19, when Massachusetts militias and British troops fired on each other as British troops marched to Lexington and Concord,

Federalist Papers

Anonymously wrote james madison, alexander hamilton, john jay Shortest and oldest Establishes fundamental laws of the us Created term president Divides authority through checks and balances Ensures basic freedoms The Federalists, particularly John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison, put their case to the public in a famous series of essays known as The Federalist Papers. These were first published in New York and subsequently republished elsewhere in the United States.

Committee of Five

Chosen to create a document that gave reasons for separation from England (Declaration of Independence); Ben Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Roger Sherman, Robert Livingston

Camden/King's Mountain

Almost crushes americans 1780 faces cornwallis Americans have food poisoning Militias take of continentals fight well but can do much Cornwallis wins Revenge of charltons quarter of wax house Battle of Camden, South Carolina, in August 1780, Cornwallis forced General Gates to retreat into North Carolina. Camden was one of the worst disasters suffered by American armies during the entire Revolutionary War. Congress again changed military leadership, this time by placing General Nathanael Greene in command in December 1780.

John Adams

America's first Vice-President and second President. Sponsor of the American Revolution in Massachusetts, and wrote the Massachusetts guarantee that freedom of press "ought not to be restrained." Defended redcoats and got them all acquitted except for two but they had minal punishment

"Declaration of the Cause and Necessity of Taking up Arms"(1775)

Day after the sent petition the sent this Selects george washington Authorizes a continental army of 20k Asking why you are killing us a Resolution adopted by the Second Continental Congress on July 6, 1775, which explains why the Thirteen Colonies had taken up arms in what had become the American Revolutionary War.

Boston Massacre

17 y o was hit and that's what started violence On that night, a crowd of Bostonians from many walks of life started throwing snowballs, rocks, and sticks at the British soldiers guarding the customs house. In the resulting scuffle, some soldiers, goaded by the mob who hectored the soldiers as "lobster backs" (the reference to lobster equated the soldiers with bottom feeders, i.e., aquatic animals that feed on the lowest organisms in the food chain), fired into the crowd, killing five people. Crispus Attucks, the first man killed—and, though no one could have known it then, the first official casualty in the war for independence—was of Wampanoag and African descent. The bloodshed illustrated the level of hostility that had developed as a result of Boston's occupation by British troops, the competition for scarce jobs between Bostonians and the British soldiers stationed in the city, and the larger question of Parliament's efforts to tax the colonies. occurred after Parliament had partially repealed the Townshend Acts.

Southern Theatre

Clinton plans this Invade south carolina and take charleston Americans fighting americans Loyalist vs homegrown militias

The War in the North

Canadians who were former American Loyalists who fled north after the Revolutionary War, remained loyal to the British Empire, while the Americans and a few French Canadians and Irish Canadians sought to push Britain out and annex Canada/ the North (1776-1777) That changed in late 1776 and early 1777, when Washington broke with conventional eighteenth-century military tactics that called for fighting in the summer months only. Intent on raising revolutionary morale after the British captured New York City, he launched surprise strikes against British forces in their winter quarters.

Waxhaws-"Tarleton's Quarter"

Order to take wax house 149 troops 350 continentals and slaughtered them Ment to bring terror to any ones mind in the south Called carltons corner Cornwalis left in charge "Tarleton's quarter" thereafter meant refusing to take prisoners. In subsequent battles in the Carolinas, neither side took significant prisoners. This Battle of Waxhaws became the subject of an intensive propaganda campaign by the Continental Army to bolster recruitment and incite resentment against the British.

Tea Act

1773 Parliament passed a law that gave the british east india company control over the american tea trade Only tea brought into the colonies on british east india ships would be sold by approved merchants and it would have a tax on it Colonist were used to buying smuggled tea from holland and not paying taxes on it push ed colonist to think of independence Cut price of tea british tea cheaper than smuggled tea Primary purpose was to bail out the east india company 3% tax on tea Tea could only be sold by colonial merchants that were loyal Gift for everyone but colonist were not Indians throw tea overboard The Tea Act of 1773 triggered a reaction with far more significant consequences than either the 1765 Stamp Act or the 1767 Townshend Acts. Colonists who had joined in protest against those earlier acts renewed their efforts in 1773. They understood that Parliament had again asserted its right to impose taxes without representation, and they feared the TeaAct was designed to seduce them into conceding this important principle by lowering the price of tea to the point that colonists might abandon their scruples. They also deeply resented the East India Company's monopoly on the sale of tea in the American colonies; this resentment sprang from the knowledge that some members of Parliament had invested heavily in the company.

Marquis de Lafayette

19 y/o wonderboy French The French also contributed military leaders, including the Marquis de Lafayette, who arrived in America in 1777 as a volunteer and served as Washington's aide-de-camp. The American victory at the Battle of Saratoga was the major turning point in the war. This victory convinced the French to recognize American independence and form a military alliance with the new nation, which changed the course of the war by opening the door to badly needed military support from France. Still smarting from their defeat by Britain in the Seven Years' War, the French supplied the United States with gunpowder and money, as well as soldiers and naval forces that proved decisive in the defeat of Great Britain. The French also contributed military leaders, including the Marquis de Lafayette, who arrived in America in 1777 as a volunteer and served as Washington's aide-de-camp.

Common Sense-Thomas Paine

January 1776 published common sense Came out in philly Attacked strongest bonding tying america to britain the king He pointed out the advantaged of freedom from british rule and commercial resticitoms The book divided american into either patriots or loyalist Attacks kind, sais island should not rule because their mom 30000 copies sold 14 mill profits The groundswell of support for their cause of independence in 1776 also owed much to the appearance of an anonymous pamphlet, first published in January 1776, entitled Common Sense. Thomas Paine, who had emigrated from England to Philadelphia in 1774, was the author. Arguably the most radical pamphlet of the revolutionary era, Common Sense made a powerful argument for independence. Paine's pamphlet rejected the monarchy, calling King George III a "royal brute" and questioning the right of an island (England) to rule over America. In this way, Paine helped to channel colonial discontent toward the king himself and not, as had been the case, toward the British Parliament—a bold move that signaled the desire to create a new political order disavowing monarchy entirely. He argued for the creation of an American republic, a state without a king, and extolled the blessings of republicanism, a political philosophy that held that elected representatives, not a hereditary monarch, should govern states. The vision of an American republic put forward by Paine included the idea of popular sovereignty: citizens in the republic would determine who would represent them, and decide other issues, on the basis of majority rule. simple, direct language aimed at ordinary people, not just the learned elite. The pamphlet proved immensely popular and was soon available in all thirteen colonies, where it helped convince many to reject monarchy and the British Empire in favor of independence and a republican form of government.

Crispus Attucks

1723-1770 First person to die in american revolution Free black man living in boston during the time of the massacre Possible decendant of wampanoag indian and african american slave Reference in mlk's speech Died instantly from a bullet in boston massacre First casualty in bm , the first man killed—and, though no one could have known it then, the first official casualty in the war for independence—was of Wampanoag and African descent. The bloodshed illustrated the level of hostility that had developed as a result of Boston's occupation by British troops, the competition for scarce jobs between Bostonians and the British soldiers stationed in the city, and the larger question of Parliament's efforts to tax the colonies.

Gen. William Howe/Lord Richard Howe

2 generals of british army Mover army to nyc Similar to vietnam war Pro-american Didn't want war Sent the unaccepted letter to george washington They couldn't recognize him as a general Say they want to ends hostilities Gw rejects the letter Fight gw at the battle of long island They almost surround gw but he slips away at brooklyn heights Howe brothers don't know what to do so the play fox and hounds hoping gw will surrender They didn't cut of american retreat Meet 9/11/1776 but they wont recognise the continental congress They drive gw out long island Gw Flee to new jersey to get away They didn't crush gw bc they didnt have longevity of an army, to capture whole army it would be embarrassing, treason trials, hate from colonist They rounded up in new jersey Charles lees, 2nd incommand in continental congress, richard stockton signed doi Ask england for 20000 and they say no General William Howe commander in chief of the British forces in America, amassed thirty-two thousand troops on Staten Island in June and July 1776. His brother, Admiral Richard Howe, controlled New York Harbor. Command of New York City and the Hudson River was their goal. In August 1776, General Howe landed his forces on Long Island and easily routed the American Continental Army there in the Battle of Long Island (August 27). The Americans were outnumbered and lacked both military experience and discipline. Sensing victory, General and Admiral Howe arranged a peace conference in September 1776, where Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and South Carolinian John Rutledge represented the Continental Congress. Despite the Howes' hopes, however, the Americans demanded recognition of their independence, which the Howes were not authorized to grant, and the conference disbanded

Continental Army/Provincials

230000 enlisted people They all don't have intention of fighting When the Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia in May 1775, members approved the creation of a professional Continental Army with Washington as commander in chief (Figure 6.10). Although sixteen thousand volunteers enlisted, it took several years for the Continental Army to become a truly professional force. In 1775 and 1776, militias still composed the bulk of the Patriots' armed forces, and these soldiers returned home after the summer fighting season, drastically reducing the army's strength.

Virginia Plan

3 branches Bicameral determined by the population size of the states people would elect members to the lower houses, lower house would elect upper house Executive branch selected by national legislature Judges for life Larder states liked, more power in national government which called for a strong national government that could overturn state laws . The plan featured a bicameral or two-house legislature, with an upper and a lower house. The people of the states would elect the members of the lower house, whose numbers would be determined by the population of the state. State legislatures would send delegates to the upper house. The number of representatives in the upper chamber would also be based on the state's population. This proportional representation gave the more populous states, like Virginia, more political power. The Virginia Plan also called for an executive branch and a judicial branch, both of which were absent under the Articles of Confederation. The lower and upper house together were to appoint members to the executive and judicial branches. Under this plan, Virginia, the most populous state, would dominate national political power and ensure its interests, including slavery, would be safe. James madison

Constitutional Convention

A meeting in Philadelphia in 1787 that produced a new constitution The stated purpose of the Philadelphia Convention in 1787 was to amend the Articles of Confederation. Very quickly, however, the attendees decided to create a new framework for a national government. That framework became the United States Constitution, and the Philadelphia convention became known as the Constitutional Convention of 1787. Fifty-five men met in Philadelphia in secret; historians know of the proceedings only because James Madison kept careful notes of what transpired. The delegates knew that what they were doing would be controversial; Rhode Island refused to send delegates, and New Hampshire's delegates arrived late. Two delegates from New York, Robert Yates and John Lansing, left the convention when it became clear that the Articles were being put aside and a new plan of national government was being drafted. They did not believe the delegates had the authority to create a strong national government.

Suffolk Resolves

A product of the first continental congress they emerged on sept 17 1774 They were drafted by joseph warren and adopted by a convention in suffolk county, massachusetts On the 9 sept they were rushed to philadelphia by paul revere The resolutions were presented by the radical delegates and endorsed by the first continental; congress They; declared the intolerable acts as unconstitutional Urged massachusetts to form a gov and withhold taxes from the crown until the Acts were repealed Advised the people to arm and recommended economic sanctions against british Colonies owed no obedience to any of the coercive acts No importations! In the end, Paul Revere rode from Massachusetts to Philadelphia with the Suffolk Resolves, which became the basis of the Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress. In the Declaration and Resolves, adopted on October 14, the colonists demanded the repeal of all repressive acts passed since 1773 and agreed to a non-importation, non-exportation, and non-consumption pact against all British goods until the acts were repealed. In the "Petition of Congress to the King" on October 24, the delegates adopted a further recommendation of the SuffolkResolves and proposed that the colonies raise and regulate their own militias.

2 nd Continental Congress

Agree to form a continental army Appoints george washington as commandeering general Authorizes the printing of paper money to pay troops Meet in may 10th 1775 in philly Returning members: john and samuel adams, patrick henry, george washington. Richard henry lee Newcomers: ben franklin, john hancock , thomas jefferson Voted not to split from britain Henry rebel rouser Create international committee of commerce Attack canada Appoint official sto handle natives Authorized a navy and built ships Urge local militias to fight british When the Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia in May 1775, members approved the creation of a professional Continental Army with Washington as commander in chief (Figure 6.10). Although sixteen thousand volunteers enlisted, it took several years for the Continental Army to become a truly professional force. In 1775 and 1776, militias still composed the bulk of the Patriots' armed forces, and these soldiers returned home after the summer fighting season, drastically reducing the army's strength.

Daniel Morgan

American general of Virginia who also helped turn tides against British, Won important victory at South Carolina. Did the dividing into 2 lines (front and back)-used clever tactics Charlton is attacking Militias is out front to fire two rounds while british march up Then would hide behind continentals since they don't have bayonets British rush forward then retreat then they put a lethal round into the british American force outfought british with same amount of troops Turning point American forces under General Daniel Morgan decisively beat the British at the Battle of Cowpens in South Carolina. General Cornwallis now abandoned his strategy of defeating the backcountry rebels in South Carolina. Determined to destroy Greene's army, he gave chase as Greene strategically retreated north into North Carolina.

Loyalists/"Tories"

Americans who were against having war Were tarred and feathered ⅓ against ⅓ for ⅓ didn't care (was forced to chose) March 17th of 1776, the British evacuated Boston as their headquarters and moved to nyc because more loyalist hal brothers take over for british Long island Loyalists (or Tories) joining the British forces against the Patriots (or revolutionaries). Both sides included a broad cross-section of the population.

Virginia Campaign

Arnold was sent with1600 men up the james river Captured richamn and destroyed it Thomasma jefferson wa govern Cornwallais takes over Cahrlton chases thomas jefferson and scatters virginia legislature George washington sends lafeetes to contain cornwallis Start off good for the british George washington sails to chesapeake to cut of british series of military maneuvers and battles during the American Revolutionary War that culminated in the decisive siege of Yorktown in October 1781. The result of the campaign was the surrender of the British Army force of General Charles Earl Cornwallis, an event that led directly to the beginning of serious peace negotiations and the eventual end of the war. The campaign was marked by disagreements, indecision, and miscommunication on the part of British leaders, and by a remarkable set of cooperative decisions, at times in violation of orders, by the French and Americans.

Benjamin Lincoln/Banastre Tarleton

Gets trapped Surrenders 5000 troops Largest number of pow Rounded up in charleston triumphed. General Benjamin Lincoln, who led the effort for the revolutionaries, had to surrender his entire force, the largest American loss during the entire war. Many of the defeated Americans were placed in jails or in British prison ships anchored in Charleston Harbor. The British established a military government in Charleston under the command of General Sir Henry Clinton. From this base, Clinton ordered General Charles Cornwallis to subdue the rest of South Carolina.

Philadelphia Convention

Beginning on May 25, 1787, the convention recommended by the Annapolis Convention was held in Philadelphia. All of the states except Rhode Island sent delegates, and George Washington served as president of the convention. The convention lasted 16 weeks, and on September 17, 1787, produced the present Constitution of the United States, which was drafted largely by James Madison. Smelt a rat attesting to the monarchy- patrick henry Famous painting Be franklin comes up with the great compromise These delegates did, however, agree to a plan put forward by Alexander Hamilton for a second convention to meet in May 1787 in Philadelphia. Shays' Rebellion gave greater urgency to the planned convention. In February 1787, in the wake of the uprising in western Massachusetts, the Confederation Congress authorized the Philadelphia convention. This time, all the states except Rhode Island sent delegates to Philadelphia to confront the problems of the day.

Patrick Henry

Give me liberty or give me death Gave 7 resolution Made virginia look radical Virginians are not bound to yield obedience to any law designed to impose taxation upon them. Hated constitution convention Burgesses, firebrand and slaveholder Patrick Henry introduced the Virginia Stamp Act Resolutions, which denounced the Stamp Act and the British crown in language so strong that some conservative Virginians accused him of treason . Henry replied that Virginians were subject only to taxes that they themselves—or their representatives—imposed. In short, there could be no taxation without representation.

John Andre

British major involved in the plan to take over West Point with Benedict Arnold; He was caught and hung. Middleman between benedict arnold and clinton British soldiers Gets hung major in the British Army and head of its Secret Service in America during the American Revolutionary War. He was hanged as a spy by the Continental Army for assisting Benedict Arnold's attempted surrender of the fort at West Point, New York, to the British

George Grenville

British minister who raised a storm of protest by passing the Stamp Act George the 3rd appointed him Madness of King George (1788 rein) He took on 250 million debt, due to many wars He believes the colonist are there for hs uses succeeded Bute as prime minister in 1763. Grenville determined to curtail government spending and make sure that, as subjects of the British Empire, the American colonists did their part to pay down the massive debt. Grenville introduced the Currency Act of 1764, prohibiting the colonies from printing additional paper money and requiring colonists to pay British merchants in gold and silver instead of the colonial paper money already in circulation. also pushed Parliament to pass the Sugar Act of 1764, which actually lowered duties on British molasses by half, from six pence per gallon to three. Grenville designed this measure to address the problem of rampant colonial smuggling with the French sugar islands in the West Indies. situation. Grenville's imperial reforms had brought about increased domestic taxes and his unpopularity led to his dismissal by King George III

Treaty of Paris (1783)

British recognized the united states as an independent nation The us extended from the atlantic ocean to the mississippi river The northern border of the united states stopped at the great lakes The southern border stopped at florida which was returned to spain John adams, ben franklin and john jay went to work out the terms of the treaty Britain promised to withdraw all troops from america Britain gave america the right to fish in waters off canada, nova scotia, cod fish Officially ended the revolutionary way Americans agreed british merchants could collect debts owed form americans and loyalist would be given back their property most did not receive this We signed it separate than france Takes 2 yrs bc we were sus of france Kind of recognized american independence The British defeat at Yorktown made the outcome of the war all but certain. In light of the American victory, the Parliament of Great Britain voted to end further military operations against the rebels and to begin peace negotiations. Support for the war effort had come to an end, and British military forces began to evacuate the former American colonies in 1782. When hostilities had ended, Washington resigned as commander in chief and returned to his Virginia home. In April 1782, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay had begun informal peace negotiations in Paris. Officials from Great Britain and the United States finalized the treaty in 1783, signing the Treaty of Paris in September of that year. The treaty recognized the independence of the United States; placed the western, eastern, northern, and southern boundaries of the nation at the Mississippi River, the Atlantic Ocean, Canada, and Florida, respectively; and gave New Englanders fishing rights in the waters off Newfoundland. Under the terms of the treaty, individual states were encouraged to refrain from persecuting Loyalists and to return their confiscated property.

Gaspee Affair

British warship "gaspee" ran aground near providence while pursuing smugglers Ship was notorious for extorting smaller vessels Sons of liberty members dressed as indians, took crew off the ship and set it on fire guilty parties never found would have been sent to england for trial Made british mad, they sent people to figure out what happened no one would taske Created permanent committees of correspondence by colonial legislature Start intercolonial relationships Convinced britts it's pointless to procure individuals so they tried to punish whole communities but after the Gaspée Affair, the British government convened a Royal Commission of Inquiry. This Commission had the authority to remove the colonists, who were charged with treason, to Great Britain for trial. Some colonial protestors saw this new ability as another example of the overreach of British power.

Stamp Act Congress

Brought together 27 from 9 colonies Intercolonial assembly attempt Statement of rights and grievances, parliament no authority to levy taxes outside GB, deny any person jury trial Demanded to end stamp act 2765 Set precedent for future resistance to British rule Non importation of english goods, boycott of english goods Stamp masters were tarred and feathered First thing they do is claim allegiance to the king Act, the Massachusetts Assembly sent letters to the other colonies, asking them to attend a meeting, or congress, to discuss how to respond to the act. Many American colonists from very different colonies found common cause in their opposition to the Stamp Act. Representatives from nine colonial legislatures met in New York in the fall of 1765 to reach a consensus. Could Parliament impose taxation without representation? The members of this first congress, known as the Stamp Act Congress, said no. These nine representatives had a vested interest in repealing the tax. Not only did it weaken their businesses and the colonial economy, but it also threatened their liberty under the British Constitution. They drafted a rebuttal to the Stamp Act, making clear that they desired only to protect their liberty as loyal subjects of the Crown. The document, called the Declaration of Rights and Grievances, outlined the unconstitutionality of taxation without representation and trials without juries. Meanwhile, popular protest was also gaining force. Sons of Liberty demolished the building for stamps and the Lieutenant's Mansion on August 26 of 1765.

Charles Townshend/Townshend Acts

Champagne charlie Main drunk Treasurer, in charge of tax policies Acts: taxes on glass, lead, lead, paint and tea Colonist smuggle goods, boycott british goods, and fight with british troops All numerated articles under navigation acts Had to be paid in gold or silver Paid partial salaries of colonial officials Acts, a tax on consumer goods in British North America, colonists believed their liberty as loyal British subjects had come under assault for a second time. Created american board of custom commissioners to make sure no smuggling in boston Would create 60,000 dollars, only got 20,000 Repealed in march 1770 except tax of tea Townshend Revenue Act of 1767 placed duties on various consumer items like paper, paint, lead, tea, and glass. These British goods had to be imported, since the colonies did not have the manufacturing base to produce them. Townshend hoped the new duties would not anger the colonists because they were external taxes, not internal ones like the Stamp Act. these officials no longer relied on colonial leadership for payment. This change gave them a measure of independence from the assemblies, so they could implement parliamentary acts without fear that their pay would be withheld in retaliation. The Revenue Act thus appeared to sever the relationship between governors and assemblies, drawing royal officials closer to the British government and further away from the colonial legislatures. gave the customs board greater powers to counteract smuggling second time, many colonists resented what they perceived as an effort to tax them without representation and thus to deprive them of their liberty. The fact that the revenue the Townshend Acts raised would pay royal governors only made the situation worse, because it took control away from colonial legislatures that otherwise had the power to set and withhold a royal governor's salary

Cornwallis/Yorktown

Cornwallis: British General who surrendered at Yorktown. Yorktown: 1781; last battle of the revolution; Benedict Arnold, Cornwallis and Washington; colonists won because British were surrounded and they surrender Gw slipped away to surround them secretly Cornwallis feld to here Seized Runs a month and half Cornwallis surrenders but he doesn't want to , said he was sick which is why he didn't go to the formal surrender 8000 men surrender Surrenders to the french then finally to george washington Austrillas helped americans The patriot movie Last land battle of the revolution American army band played yankee doodle, to ridicule dress of american troops, they played to celebrate their win, the macaroni was either a tie or a person in britain In the summer of 1781, Cornwallis moved his army to Yorktown, Virginia. He expected the Royal Navy to transport his army to New York, where he thought he would join General Sir Henry Clinton. Yorktown was a tobacco port on a peninsula, and Cornwallis believed the British navy would be able to keep the coast clear of rebel ships. Sensing an opportunity, a combined French and American force of sixteen thousand men swarmed the peninsula in September 1781. Washington raced south with his forces, now a disciplined army, as did the Marquis de Lafayette and the Comte de Rochambeau with their French troops. The French Admiral de Grasse sailed his naval force into Chesapeake Bay, preventing Lord Cornwallis from taking a seaward escape route. In October 1781, the American forces began the battle for Yorktown, and after a siege that lasted eight days, Lord Cornwallis capitulated on October 19 . Tradition says that during the surrender of his troops, the British band played "The World Turned Upside Down," a song that befitted the Empire's unexpected reversal of fortune.

Sugar Act

Created by grenville Tax placed on sugar and molasses because colonist are british subjects coffee , wine, cloth, indigo Colonist protest and smuggle sugar and molasses Raise 200,00 pounds a year Make colonist pay for generals stays Started smuggling from the french Really about the manufacture of rum. Molasses is a key ingredient in rum Molasses act or navigation act was never enforced due to britain's policy of salutary neglect Sudden increase in enforcement caused significant economic and constitutional; issues for the colonies. Colonies did not like this ^ Indirect tax lowered duties on British molasses by half, from six pence per gallon to three. Grenville designed this measure to address the problem of rampant colonial smuggling with the French sugar islands in the West Indies. The act attempted to make it easier for colonial traders, especially New England mariners who routinely engaged in illegal trade, to comply with the imperial law. required violators to be tried in vice-admiralty courts suggested that some in Parliament labored to deprive them of what made them uniquely British.

"Declaration of Rights and Grievances"

Declared that british colonist being taxed without their formal consent was unconstitutional for whatever that was worth Oh, to the crown, the same allegiance owed by subjects born within the realm. colonies owe to parliament all due subordination, trying to say their subordinate to the parliament amorality, of course, was abusive. They had no voting rights, so they weren't represented, no taxation without representation. colonial assemblies had a right to tax the colonies, Stamp acts was imposing on their rights of englishmen Colonist said they are englishmen even though they are colonist and the king and parliament say no your not you subservient so they will tax them whenever outlined the unconstitutionality of taxation without representation and trials without juries. Meanwhile, popular protest was also gaining force.

Intolerable/Coercive Acts

Designed to bring colonist to knees but made them stronger unite for independence The port of boston was closed until the colonist paid for the destroyed tea The royal gov could ban town meetings British colonial officials accused of crimes would stand trial in britain instead of in massachusetts A new quartering act was passed allowing british troops to be quartered in unoccupied colonial buildings and homes Colonist called them intolerable acts Mas gov was suspend and new gov was appointed by the king Guilty til proven innocent King does quebec act and gives them land that spread catholicism made colonist mad bc they are protesant June 14th 1774 is when the colonist found out about as this acts In early 1774, leaders in Parliament responded with a set of four measures designed to punish Massachusetts, commonly known at the Coercive Acts. The Boston Port Act shut down Boston Harbor until the East India Company was repaid. The Massachusetts Government Act placed the colonial government under the direct control of crown officials and made traditional town meetings subject to the governor's approval. The Administration of Justice Act allowed the royal governor to unilaterally move any trial of a crown officer out of Massachusetts, a change designed to prevent hostile Massachusetts juries from deciding these cases. This act was especially infuriating to John Adams and others who emphasized the time-honored rule of law. They saw this part of the Coercive Acts as striking at the heart of fair and equitable justice. Finally, American Patriots renamed the Coercive and Quebec measures the Intolerable Acts. Some in London also thought the acts went too far; see the cartoon "The Able Doctor, or America Swallowing the Bitter Draught" for one British view of what Parliament was doing to the colonies.

Stamp Act

Direct, internal tax Collected in the colonies On the colonist You has to go buy a stamp on posters, registered docs, letters, dice, playing cards 1765 Almost all printed materials First direct tax If you did not pay for the stamp you could be sent to jail Repealed before ever came into play In 1765, the British Parliament moved beyond the efforts during the previous two years to better regulate westward expansion and trade by putting in place the Stamp Act. a direct tax on the colonists, the Stamp Act imposed an internal tax on almost every type of printed paper colonists used, including newspapers, legal documents, and playing cards. While the architects of the Stamp Act saw the measure as a way to defray the costs of the British Empire, it nonetheless gave rise to the first major colonial protest against British imperial control as expressed in the famous slogan "no taxation without representation." The Stamp Act reinforced the sense among some colonists that Parliament was not treating them as equals of their peers across the Atlantic. anyone who used or purchased anything printed on paper had to buy a revenue stamp The Parliament understood the Stamp Act and the Quartering Act as an assertion of their power to control colonial policy.

John Dickinson

Drafted a declaration of colonial rights and grievances, and also wrote the series of "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania" in 1767 to protest the Townshend Acts. Although an outspoken critic of British policies towards the colonies, Dickinson opposed the Revolution, and, as a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1776, refused to sign the Declaration of Independence. "Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer" by John Dickinson. In this influential pamphlet, which circulated widely in the colonies, Dickinson conceded that the Empire could regulate trade but argued that Parliament could not impose either internal taxes, like stamps, on goods or external taxes, like customs duties, on imports.

Nathanael Greene/Francis Marion

Gw chose him to lead the southern theater Francis marion sidekick, native, knew how to get around Devise a plan to split up their men to conquer british Turning point of southern theater kalpens Outnumbered Met in south carolina General Greene realized that to defeat Cornwallis, he did not have to win a single battle. So long as he remained in the field, he could continue to destroy isolated British forces. Greene therefore made a strategic decision to divide his own troops to wage war—and the strategy worked. American forces under General Daniel Morgan decisively beat the British at the Battle of Cowpens in South Carolina. General Cornwallis now abandoned his strategy of defeating the backcountry rebels in South Carolina. Determined to destroy Greene's army, he gave chase as Greene strategically retreated north into North Carolina. At the Battle of Guilford Courthouse in March 1781, the British prevailed on the battlefield but suffered extensive losses, an outcome that paralleled the Battle of Bunker Hill nearly six years earlier in June 1775.

Marquis de Lafayette

French soldier who joined General Washington's staff and became a general in the Continental Army. 3000 troops Meets up with george wash They cut off all retreat routes French in the summer of 1781, Cornwallis moved his army to Yorktown, Virginia. He expected the Royal Navy to transport his army to New York, where he thought he would join General Sir Henry Clinton. Yorktown was a tobacco port on a peninsula, and Cornwallis believed the British navy would be able to keep the coast clear of rebel ships. Sensing an opportunity, a combined French and American force of sixteen thousand men swarmed the peninsula in September 1781. Washington raced south with his forces, now a disciplined army, as did the Marquis de Lafayette and the Comte de Rochambeau with their French troops. The French Admiral de Grasse sailed his naval force into Chesapeake Bay, preventing Lord Cornwallis from taking a seaward escape route.

"Fox and the Hounds"

General Washington and British General Charles Cornwallis were engaged in a constant battle to outmaneuver each other, and Cornwallis seemed always one step behind Washington and his intelligence departments. As the war progressed, the Americans and British slowly learned one another's tactics, leading to the hunt between the American fox (Washington) and the British hound (Cornwallis). There could only be one winner.

Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben

Kept american morale from giving up Still us his marching orders Prussian Assistance came to Washington and his soldiers in February 1778 in the form of the Prussian soldier FriedrichWilhelm von Steuben Baron von Steuben was an experienced military man, and he implemented a thorough training course for Washington's ragtag troops. By drilling a small corps of soldiers and then having them train others, he finally transformed the Continental Army into a force capable of standing up to the professional British and Hessian soldiers. His drill manual—Regulations for the Order and Discipline of the Troops of the United States—informed military practices in the United States for the next several decades.

Trenton/Princeton

Major attack by gw Won Biggest attacks 22 slaughtered Hacisans they were fighting lost americans hearts and minds In Trenton, New Jersey, he led his soldiers across the Delaware River and surprised an encampment of Hessians, German mercenaries hired by Great Britain to put down the American rebellion. Beginning the night of December 25, 1776, and continuing into the early hours of December 26, Washington moved on Trenton where the Hessians were encamped. Maintaining the element of surprise by attacking at Christmastime, he defeated them, taking over nine hundred captive. On January 3, 1777, Washington achieved another much-needed victory at the Battle of Princeton. He again broke with eighteenth-century military protocol by attacking unexpectedly after the fighting season had ended.

Annapolis Convention

No stander interstate trade Osters Agreed to meet at mount verner at gws place Said they need for structure and commerce 1786 Hamilton organizes interstate meeting at washington's 5 states send delegates to annapolis convention to discuss interstate trade Outcome called for a larger meeting the following year philly to revise the articles James madison- father of the constitution and hamilton - new us under the constitution Congress asked states to appoint delegates to philadelphia Need for stronger federal government was apparent Shays rebellion There had been earlier efforts to address the Confederation's perilous state. In early 1786, Virginia's James Madison advocated a meeting of states to address the widespread economic problems that plagued the new nation. Heeding Madison's call, the legislature in Virginia invited all thirteen states to meet in Annapolis, Maryland, to work on solutions to the issue of commerce between the states. Eight states responded to the invitation. But the resulting 1786 Annapolis Convention failed to provide any solutions because only five states sent delegates.

Olive Branch Petition

On July 8, 1775, the colonies made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances (repealed the Coercive Acts, ended the taxation without representation policies). It was rejected by Parliament, which in December 1775 passed the American Prohibitory Act forbidding all further trade with the colonies. July 1775 the continental congress adopted Professed loyalty to the crown and begged the King to prevent further hostilities King slammed door on reconciliation due to the victory at bunker hill August 1775 king george III formally claimed the colonies to be in rebellion Slammed parliament but honored king King rejected petition and hired 17000 mercenaries are fight colonist with redcoats Delegates from each colony decide that their main goal was peace Declared their loyalty to king and britain Asked the king to repeal or take back the intolerable acts Not all delegates agreed

Bunker (Breed's) Hill

On June 17th of 1775, 6500 colonists fortified First battle of revolution 2400 british troops 20% william hall launches 3 frontal assaults First 2 were repelled by colonist American general said wait till you see white in eyes then fire Little gunpowder for 3rd attack then british overran them Redcoats won 2000 colonial troops british abt 3000 19 officers killed, more than any other battle ⅙ of the entire war bc ran out of ammo from 3rd attack 1054 colonist In June, General Gage resolved to take Breed's Hill and Bunker Hill, the high ground across the Charles River from Boston, a strategic site that gave the rebel militias an advantage since they could train their cannons on the British. In the Battle of Bunker Hill on June 17, the British launched three assaults on the hills, gaining control only after the rebels ran out of ammunition. British losses were very high—over two hundred were killed and eight hundred wounded—and, despite his victory, General Gage was unable to break the colonial forces' siege of the city. In August, King George III declared the colonies to be in a state of rebellion. Parliament and many in Great Britain agreed with their king. Meanwhile, the British forces in Boston found themselves in a terrible predicament, isolated in the city and with no control over the countryside.

Declaration of Rights

Parliament had no right to tax the colonies since the colonies were not represented on parliament Called for boycotts of all british goods, taxed or not, until the taxes and intolerable acts were repealed King george III ignored the declaration Constitution. They drafted a rebuttal to the Stamp Act, making clear that they desired only to protect their liberty as loyal subjects of the Crown. The document, called the Declaration of Rights and Grievances, outlined the unconstitutionality of taxation without representation and trials without juries. Meanwhile, popular protest was also gaining force.

Virtual Representation/James Otis

Parliament said colonist were represented Parliament represented all of its british subjects Colonist felt this was robbery by taking their money without giving them a voice in their own taxation laws Colonial views distinguished between legislation and taxation Legislation, external taxes, the right of parliament regarding the empire, e.g. customs duties Taxation, "internal taxes", exclusive right of local representational gov Many believed british taxation was robbery, attacking the sacred rights of property British held that the colonies were represented; that even those who we did not vote had their needs attended James Otis, a lawyer and defender of British liberty, became the leading voice for the idea that "Taxation without representation is tyranny." Parliament was in charge of taxation, and although it was a representative body, the colonies did not have "actual" (or direct) representation in it. Parliamentary members who supported the Stamp Act argued that the colonists had virtual representation, because the architects of the British Empire knew best how to maximize returns from its possessions overseas.

John Hancock/ Liberty

President of first continental congress, has money of solomon, financier of the early party of the american revolution Puts stamp of what is the usa Lots of money liberty= his sloop, riot broke out when his ship was seized due to illegal wine They waited till they put new goods on the boat and then they seized it which was the cause of the riot, chased them into the boston harbor 3000 redcoats come to make sure colonist were doing what they were supposed to invasion on the colonists' freedom and the ability to trade as they wished and all that. The Boston merchants drafted a non importation agreement on March 1st at seventeen sixty eight. Said the non importation in nyc and philly accepted, nyc said yes philly was unsure Jan 1st 1769 put in place 3 soldiers go into johns wharf and they get work to clean a bathroom and they beat him Then 10 came then 40 was one of Boston's most successful merchants and prominent citizens. While he maintained too high a profile to work actively with the Sons of Liberty, he was known to support their aims, if not their means of achieving them. He was also one of the many prominent merchants who had made their fortunes by smuggling, which was rampant in the colonial seaports. In 1768, customs officials seized the Liberty, one of his ships, and violence erupted. Led by the Sons of Liberty, Bostonians rioted against customs officials, attacking the customs house and chasing out the officers, who ran to safety at Castle William, a British fort on a Boston harbor island. British soldiers crushed the riots, but over the next few years, clashes between British officials and Bostonians became common.

Thomas Jefferson

Red head articulated the justification for liberty in the Declaration of Independence . The Declaration, written primarily by Jefferson, included a long list of grievances against King George III and laid out the foundation of American government as a republic in which the consent of the governed would be of paramount importance.

Quartering Act

Required colonist to provide food and shelter to british soldiers Had to provide them with salt, blankets House them when they are on march 1765 addressed the problem of housing British soldiers stationed in the American colonies. It required that they be provided with barracks or places to stay in public houses, and that if extra housing were necessary, then troops could be stationed in barns and other uninhabited private buildings. In addition, the costs of the troops' food and lodging fell to the colonists. Widespread evasion and disregard for the law occurred in almost all the colonies, but the issue was especially contentious in New York, the headquarters of British forces. When fifteen hundred troops arrived in New York in 1766, the New York Assembly refused to follow the Quartering Act.

Weaknesses/Shay's Rebellion

Results of growing debts, high taxes and angry farmers in massachusetts John hancock sends gov to put down rebellion They blamed aristocrats in the east Shay leads them again the enclosures Thomas j refused to be alarmed about the rebellion, said a rebellion is good 30 rebels were wounded 4000 people signed confessions and got amnesty 18 men were convict John bly and charles rose were hung Losing land and but in prison Were owed pension since most fought revolution The effects: states feared revolts from their own citizens, the need for a stronger national government, national gov need, tax reform, central gov has to be more powerful Shay's rebellion exposed the weaknesses of the articles of confederation by exposing that the government, Congress, could not form a military or draft because the federal government did not have money due to the fact that they did not have the ability to enforce taxes upon the citizens. The Ordinance of 1787 officially turned the land into an incorporated territory called the Northwest Territory and prohibited slavery north of the Ohio River The map of the 1787 Northwest Territory shows how the public domain was to be divided by the national government for sale. Townships of thirty-six square miles were to be surveyed.

U.S. Constitution

Rhode island was the last to ratify the constitution 39/55 in the 2nd continental congress Executive and legative experience 1788 it was ratified Many Americans opposed the 1787 Constitution because it seemed a dangerous concentration of centralized power that threatened the rights and liberties of ordinary U.S. citizens. These opponents, known collectively as Anti-Federalists, did not constitute a political party, but they united in demanding protection for individual rights, and several states made the passing of a bill of rights a condition of their acceptance of the Constitution. Rhode Island and North Carolina rejected the Constitution because it did not already have this specific bill of rights.

Sons of Liberty/Samuel Adams

Rise from stamp act Riots Starts in nyc Underground media Sam; opposed british taxation, helped form the sons of liberty, boston lager Wanted a revolution 1765 led the popular resistance to the Stamp Act. Both groups considered themselves British patriots defending their liberty, just as their forebears had done in the time of James II. Before the act had even gone into effect, the Sons of Liberty began protesting. On August 14, they took aim at Andrew Oliver, who had been named the Massachusetts Distributor of Stamps. After hanging Oliver in effigy—that is, using a crudely made figure as a representation of Oliver—the unruly crowd stoned and ransacked his house, finally beheading the effigy and burning the remains. Such a brutal response shocked the royal governmental officials, who hid until the violence had spent itself. Andrew Oliver resigned the next day. By that time, the mob had moved on to the home of Lieutenant Governor Thomas Hutchinson who, because of his support of Parliament's actions, was considered an enemy of English liberty. The Sons of Liberty barricaded Hutchinson in his home and demanded that he renounce the Stamp Act; he refused, and the protesters looted and burned his house. Furthermore, the Sons (also called "True Sons" or "True-born Sons" to make clear their commitment to liberty and distinguish them from the likes of Hutchinson) continued to lead violent protests with the goal of securing the resignation of all appointed stamp collectors

Journal of the Times

Sam Adams creates this journal that is used as propaganda to rile up the colonists against the British. Colonist made Talked about the habits of the redcoats and all, and the stories repeated Depicted redcoats as lawless Endangering virtue of women, disrupting church services Published in nyc Spreads, and military coercion works and redcoats withdraw

Circular letter

Samuel Adams wrote a letter that became known as the Massachusetts Circular. Sent by the Massachusetts House of Representatives to the other colonial legislatures, the letter laid out the unconstitutionality of taxation without representation and encouraged the other colonies to again protest the taxes by boycotting British goods. consent." Note that even in this letter of protest, the humble and submissive tone shows the Massachusetts Assembly's continued deference to parliamentary authority. initial response to the Massachusetts Circular was lukewarm at best. However, back in Great Britain, the secretary of state for the colonies—Lord Hillsborough—demanded that Massachusetts retract the letter, promising that any colonial assemblies that endorsed it would be dissolved. This threat had the effect of pushing the other colonies to Massachusetts's side. Even the city of Philadelphia, which had originally opposed the Circular, came around

East India Company

Saved from bankruptcy allowed to sell surplus tea directly to colonist by fashion colonial merchants along the way The Indemnity Act of 1767 exempted tea produced by the British East India Company from taxation when it was imported into Great Britain. East India Company, that was on the verge of bankruptcy. In the colonies, tea was the one remaining consumer good subject to the hated Townshend duties. Protest leaders and their followers still avoided British tea, drinking smuggled Dutch tea as a sign of patriotism. The Tea Act of 1773 gave the British East India Company the ability to export its tea directly to the colonies without paying import or export duties and without using middlemen in either Great Britain or the colonies. Even with the Townshend tax, the act would allow the East India Company to sell its tea at lower prices than the smuggled Dutch tea, thus undercutting the smuggling trade. This act was unwelcome to those in British North America who had grown displeased with the pattern of imperial measures. By granting a monopoly to the East India Company, the act not only cut out colonial merchants who would otherwise sell the tea themselves; it also reduced their profits from smuggled foreign tea.

Ben Franklin

Sensing victory, General and Admiral Howe arranged a peace conference in September 1776, where Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and South Carolinian John Rutledge represented the Continental Congress. Despite the Howes' hopes, however, the Americans demanded recognition of their independence, which the Howes were not authorized to grant, and the conference disbanded. In April 1782, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay had begun informal peace negotiations in Paris. Officials from Great Britain and the United States finalized the treaty in 1783, signing the Treaty of Paris

Strengths/Land Ordinances of 1784 & 1785

Set up territory to statehood nw ordinance 1784: considered a territory as one unit, laid groundwork for statehood of territory, new states get all of the same rights of the other states 1785; rectangular survey, broke up ohio inollis wisconsin michigan and minnesota, 36 miles of township, start out by trying to sell them by boxes, poor people are the only ones that wanted it so the broke the parts into halves, then to quarters, half mile sections quarter quarter So 40 acres became a traditional size of farms The Ordinance of 1784, written by Thomas Jefferson and the first of what were later called the Northwest Ordinances, directed that new states would be formed from a huge area of land below the Great Lakes, and these new states would have equal standing with the original states. The Ordinance of 1785 called for the division of this land into rectangular plots in order to prepare for the government sale of land. Surveyors would divide the land into townships of six square miles, and the townships would be subdivided into thirty-six plots of 640 acres each, which could be further subdivided. The price of an acre of land was set at a minimum of one dollar, and the land was to be sold at public auction under the direction of the Confederation.

Valley Forge

Site of continental army's winter camp 1777-1778 Of 10000 soldiers more than 2000 die of cold and hunger ¼ Suffer without food ,clothing or rum Many deserted left w out permission Army didn't stop training Washington's winter at Valley Forge was a low point for the American forces. A lack of supplies weakened the men, and disease took a heavy toll. Amid the cold, hunger, and sickness, soldiers deserted in droves. On February 16, Washington wrote to George Clinton, governor of New York: "For some days past, there has been little less than a famine in camp. A part of the army has been a week without any kind of flesh & the rest three or four days. Naked and starving as they are, we cannot enough admire the incomparable patience and fidelity of the soldiery, that they have not been ere [before] this excited by their sufferings to a general mutiny and dispersion." Of eleven thousand soldiers encamped at Valley Forge, twenty-five hundred died of starvation, malnutrition, and disease. As Washington feared, nearly one hundred soldiers deserted every week. (Desertions continued, and by 1780, Washington was executing recaptured deserters every Saturday.) The low morale extended all the way to Congress, where some wanted to replace Washington with a more seasoned leader.

Three-fifths Compromise

Slavery issues Southren staes wanted slaves included the popluation figures used to determines representatives Northern states which had few slaves, disagreed Compromised was to count each slave as 3/5ths of a person Without this compromise there would be not compromise Constitution, three out of every five enslaved people would be counted when determining a state's population. Article 1, Section 2 stipulated that "Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several states . . . according to their respective Number, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free Persons, including those bound for service for a Term of Years [White servants], and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other persons." Since representation in the House of Representatives was based on the population of a state, the three-fifths compromise gave extra political power to slave states, although not as much as if the total population, both free and enslaved, had been used. Significantly, no direct federal income tax was immediately imposed. (The Sixteenth Amendment, ratified in 1913, put in place a federal income tax.) Northerners agreed to the three-fifths compromise because the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, passed by the Confederation Congress, banned slavery in the future states of the northwest. Northern delegates felt this ban balanced political power between states with enslaved people and those without. The three-fifths compromise gave an advantage to slaveholders; they added three-fifths of their human property to their state's population, allowing them to send representatives based in part on the number of people they enslaved.

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Slavery was forbidden in lands north of the Ohio river, Bais of arguments of pro and anti slavers Illinois and indiana First of start of ban of slavery The Ordinance of 1787 officially turned the land into an incorporated territory called the Northwest Territory and prohibited slavery north of the Ohio River . The map of the 1787 Northwest Territory shows how the public domain was to be divided by the national government for sale. Townships of thirty-six square miles were to be surveyed.

Declaratory Act

Stamp act was repealed and sugar act was lessened at the same time in march 18th 1766 Asserted parliament's rights to govern over colonies Had rights to declare laws on colonies anytime Colonist felt they were getting their way at some point Rockingham also proposed the Declaratory Act. This stated in no uncertain terms that Parliament's power was supreme and that any laws the colonies may have passed to govern and tax themselves were null and void if they ran counter to parliamentary law. The Declaratory Act of 1766 had articulated Great Britain's supreme authority over the colonies, and Parliament soon began exercising that authority.

Saratoga-Horatio Gates

The American victory at the Battle of Saratoga was the major turning point in the war. This victory convinced the French to recognize American independence and form a military alliance with the new nation, which changed the course of the war by opening the door to badly needed military support from France. The British plan to isolate New England ended in disaster. St. Leger's efforts to bring his force of British regulars, Loyalist fighters, and Iroquois allies east to link up with General Burgoyne failed, and he retreated to Quebec. Burgoyne's forces encountered ever-stiffer resistance as he made his way south from Montreal, down Lake Champlain and the upper Hudson River corridor. Although they did capture Fort Ticonderoga when American forces retreated, Burgoyne's army found themselves surrounded by a sea of colonial militias in Saratoga, New York. In the meantime, the small British force under Clinton that left New York City to aid Burgoyne advanced slowly up the Hudson River, failing to provide the much-needed support for the troops at Saratoga. On October 17, 1777, Burgoyne surrendered his five thousand soldiers to the Continental Army

Bill of Rights

This enabled the constitution to be ratified 1st amendment freedom of speech freedom of religion freedom of assembly 2nd right to bear arms, florida is gun capital, concealed weapons 3rd quartering act 4th illegal search and seizure Ensures basic freedoms 5th not to incriminate yourself 6th is right to impartial jury 7th s the right to a jury trial to federal civil cases 8th cruel unusual punishment 9th The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. 10th amendment ensures states rights They also argued that the Constitution did not contain a bill of rights.

THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION

This political revolution began with the Declaration of Independence in 1776 where American colonists sought to balance the power between government and the people and protect the rights of citizens in a democracy. Great Britain pursued a policy of law and order when dealing with the crises in the colonies in the late 1760s and 1770s. Relations between the British and many American Patriots worsened over the decade, culminating in an unruly mob destroying a fortune in tea by dumping it into Boston Harbor in December 1773 as a protest against British tax laws. The harsh British response to this act in 1774, which included sending British troops to Boston and closing Boston Harbor, caused tensions and resentments to escalate further. The British tried to disarm the insurgents in Massachusetts by confiscating their weapons and ammunition and arresting theleaders of the patriotic movement. However, this effort faltered on April 19, when Massachusetts militias and British troops fired on each other as British troops marched to Lexington and Concord, an event immortalized by poet Ralph Waldo Emerson as the "shot heard round the world." The American Revolution had begun.

Benedict Arnold-West Point

Was going to turn over west point to the british Losing money on war Not getting any credit Would open up hudson river to albany nyc Cuts of new england Clinton could destroy french and americans British close charleston river Arnold had agreed to surrender West Point to the British in exchange for 20,000 pounds. Upon hearing of André's arrest, Arnold fled to the Vulture, a British warship on the Hudson River.

Pincer Movement

a military strategy in which two forces attack the sides of an enemy formation Like 4 point offensives Coming from nsew To trap gw from all sides we're going from the North Saint leader from the West and the Howe brothers from the south. Benedict stops lots of people like burgoyne Battle of saratoga turning point in the northern theater Turning point of war hudson river British have Orders to take philly howes dont know abt it Howes did there part but west and north failed a military attack by two coordinated forces that close in on an enemy position from different directions