Unit 2 AP Terms

Paxton Boys

"Paxton Boys" came from the town of Paxton in Pennsylvania, which was greatly affected during the Pequot War. In December of 1763, about 57 drunken Pennsylvanians murdered 20 innocent and defenseless Conestoga Indians. Although it was against the law to murder, no prosecutions were made. This was because the residents were sympathetic to the Paxton Boys. The Paxton Boys are significant because their actions against the Indians led to more massacres in the future and marches against the government. In 1764, the Paxton Boys would march on Philadelphia protesting Quaker tolerance of the Indians. It also proved how loyal people were to the people within their "state."

Proprietary Colonies

A colony in which one or two Individuals, usually landowners, remaining subject to their parent state's sanctions, retained rights that are today regarded as the privilege of the state, and in all cases eventually became so.

Fort Ticonderoga

A pitched battle in which American revolutionary troops captured Fort Ticonderoga from the British in 1775. Ticonderoga. American Revolution, American Revolutionary War, American War of Independence, War of American Independence - the revolution of the American Colonies against Great Britain; 1775-1783.

Admiralty Courts

Admiralty Courts were courts that denied the use of a jury. They also used the saying "guilty unless you could be proven innocent." This upset all the colonies. The right to a jury and "innocent until proven guilty" were two very important privileges that the colonists held dearly. The courts were significant because they caused conflict between the government and the colonists. They felt as though their basic rights were being revoked and did not approve of this.

Count de Rochambeau

Count de Rochambeau was a French general that traveled with Washington to the Battle of Yorktown in 1781. He was significant because he helped corner Cornwallis which led to the British defeat, and the end of the war.

Baron von Stueben

Baron von Steuben, also known as Friedrich Wilhelm, was born in Magdeburg, a city in Germany, in 1730. In 1777 volunteered to train the Continental Army. He transformed the undisciplined army into a great fighting force. He is significant because without his training and leadership it is very likely the American troops would have lost the Revolution.

Poor Richards Almanac

Benjamin Franklin, "Poor Richard's", wrote Poor Richard's Almanac in 1732. The book was filled with proverbs about industry and prudence.

Common Sense

Common Sense was a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine in 1776. It stated two important points: 1.) independence from Britain and 2.) the creation of a democratic republic. He used the Bible in his works, even though he didn't believe in it and tried to connect with the colonists. His pamphlet questioned and challenged the authority of the British. This is significant because it inspired the thirteen colonies to rebel even more against the British and fight for their independence.

Crispus Attucks

Crispus Attucks was the first to die in the Boston Massacre. He had been one of the leaders of the mob. He was born in 1723 in Massachusetts. He was an African American and was officially the first death of the Revolution. He was significant because he showed true patriotism that would spread into the whole Revolution. He died for something he believed in as and showed the colonists it was worth it.

Edward Braddock

Edward Braddock was born in 1655 in Scotland. He was an unsuccessful British commander in North America during the early French and Indian Wars. He and his troops attempted to attack the French held Fort Duquesne. After cutting their own path through the Allegheny Mountains and crossing the Monongahela River, they were ambushed by French and Indian forces. A major reason they were so unsuccessful was because their attacks and resources were far too spread out. However, they did have one success- they got the French out of Louisiana. The significance of Edward Braddock was after he was in control, George Washington stepped in. Without Washington, we most likely wouldn't have won the Revolution and wouldn't have won our independence either. Braddock also set a good example for how to organize your army and make do with little supplies, which is something the Americans would need to their long tedious fights to come.

George Greenville

George Grenville was the first Prime Minister. He ordered the British navy to start strictly enforcing the Navigation Laws- for example the Sugar Acts, Quartering Acts, and the Stamp Acts. He was significant to American history because he enforced many of the Acts that fueled the fire for rebellion and Revolution. The program he created was the first official program to raise money for financial strain in the country that did not impact trading.

George III

George III, born in 1738 in Britain, came into power in 1760. In 1770, he started attempting to assert the power of the British monarchy into the colonies. He was significant because he caused rebellion within the colonies which led to the idea of the American Revolution.

George Whitefield

George Whitefield was born on December 16, 1714 in England. He was an Anglican that helped spread the ideas of the Great Awakening in the British North American colonies. He was significant because he was one of the most effective evangelists of this time. As he grew older he spoke to larger crowds and therefore spread the new ideas of religion throughout the colonies.

Zenger Trial

In 1733, John Peter Zenger was accused of libel, or information that opposed the government. When he went to trial, Alexander Hamilton represented him and court and stated "It is not the cause of one poor printer, but the cause of liberty,"- meaning that it wasn't Zenger's fault, but the restricted governments. After winning the case, a form of Freedom of the Press evolved. Zenger's Trial was significant to history because it led to the establishment of the first amendment with our basic rights like Freedom of Press.

Olive Branch Petition

In June of 1775 the Continental Congress adopted the Olive Branch Petition. This Petition professed the American's loyalty to the crown and begged the king to prevent further hostilities. King George III declared the colonies were in rebellion and would be hung for treason. This was significant because it showed the colonists there was no going back to Britain, they were on their own now and if they did go back, they would be hung for treason. This could have possibly led the colonists to fight harder, knowing that their life was on line even more than before.

Bunker Hill

In June of 1775 the colonists seized Bunker Hill. In response the British launched a bloody frontal attack, starting with three thousand men. The Americans, placed on the hill were able to defend themselves with the small amount of gunpowder they obtained. Eventually, their supply ran out and they were forced to retreat. Bunker Hill was significant because it showed the Americans and everyone else that they were able to defend themselves and fight back even when their resources were running out. It also led to the weakening of the British army.

James Wolfe

James Wolfe was the man William Pitt elected officer for the Battle of Quebec. He was thirty two at that time and had been an officer since the age of fourteen. He payed close attention to detail and since unprepared troops to Quebec. While the French did surrender, both leaders fell fatally during the battle. He was significant because his contribution to the French and Indian War led to the expulsion of France from the Americas.

John Hancock

John Hancock was born in 1737 in Massachusetts. He owned a successful shipping business, improving his wealth greatly. Many people accused him of financial mismanagement. Along with this he worked along side Samuel Adams in the Sons of Liberty against Britain and was the first person to sign the Declaration of Independence. Later he would become the governor of Massachusetts.

King William's War (War of the League of Augsburg)

King William's War began in 1689 and ended in 1697. It was fought between Great Britain {all of Europe} (William III) and France (Louis XIV). Louis XIV was gaining too much power in Great Britain's opinion, so the countries of G.B. came together and planned to take down Louis XIV. Both sides obtained Indians allies, which helped them in their fighting strategies. A major new fighting style was guerrilla warfare. This war was significant because it led to the improvement of warfare tactics which would help the armies in their future endeavors.

Loyalists

Loyalists were the colonists who were loyal to the king during the Revolutionary War. They fought against the rebel colonists, or Patriots. They were also known as Tories.

Marquis de Lafayette

Marquis de Lafayette was born in 1757 in France. He fled with troops to the Americas during the American Revolution. He was an intellectual leader that helped gain supplies for the colonies. His first major combat was in 1777, during the Battle at Brandywine where he was shot in the leg while trying to organize a retreat. Lafayette was significant because without his support and leadership it is likely the Americans would have lost the Revolution and wouldn't have gained our independence.

Mercantilism

Mercantilism is the idea that wealth was power and that a country's economic wealth (and hence its military and political power) could be measured by by the amount of gold or silver in its treasury. This means the country would have to export more than they import. Their main goal was to get the most gold and silver in their treasuries as possible. Also, Spain was the richest country at this this time, so the colonies were also focused on supporting Spain's economy. Mercantilism was significant because it led the colonies to want to expand their trade to other countries, rather than just England. This is led to further conflict with the British and planted a seed for the Revolution.

Michel-Guillame Jean de Crevecoeur

Michel-Guillame Jean de Crevecoeur was born on January 31, 1735, in France. He traveled to New York in 1755 as a mapmaker and as an officer, then later became a farmer. He also served as a French consul for many years. He was significant to American History because while he lived in the Americas, he wrote about life as farmer in the colonial times. He documented many of the experiences the colonists underwent and now makes this time easier for us to understand and relate to.

Boston Massacre

The Boston Massacre occurred on March 5, 1770. In the past two years, Britain had been sending in soldiers to regulate trade and banish smuggling. Many of these soldiers were drunks and the colonists despised them. Thus led to conflict. That night, a crowd of 60 townspeople began taunting and throwing snowballs at 10 redcoats. The troops open fired on the colonists and killed or wounded eleven citizens. This is significant because it showed how the British thought of the colonies. It showed to them they were disposable. They didn't care if they were murdered in the masses, as ling as they received their products, they were fine.

Boston Tea Party

On December 16, 1773 around a 100 colonists from Boston boarded docked ships dressed as Indians. They smashed open 342 chests of tea and dumped their contents into the Atlantic Ocean. They did this because the American colonists felt the British were trying to trick them with the cheap costing tea into paying their taxes. They dressed as Indians to avoid detection by the officials. The Boston Tea Party was significant because, again, it caused rebellion which would influence the American Revolution. Also, it united people of all classes and showed the anger the colonists had about the taxation.

Battle of Trenton

On December 26th, 1776, George Washington surprised and captured a thousand Hessians in Trenton. This was the first victory in the Revolution for the Americans and helped boost the morale.

Patrick Henry

Patrick Henry was born in 1736 in Virginia. He played a large role in the unification of the United States. As a delegate of the Continental Congress in 1774 he stated, "The distinctions between Virginians, Pennsylvanians, New Yorkers and New Englanders, are no more. I am not a Virginian, but an American." He is also well known for his speech, "A City Upon A Hill." He is significant because he helped unify the delegates, who then used their power to unify the colonies. Without the unification of the colonies there is no way we would have won the Revolution.

Phillis Wheatley

Phillis Wheatley was born in 1753 in northwestern Africa. She was brought to the Massachusetts Bay Colony on a slave ship in 1761, and was purchased by John Wheatley. The Wheatleys educated Phillis and she soon started writing poetry. This is significant because at this time it was very rare for women to obtain an education, let alone an enslaved women. This shows that some enslaved people's lives had become slightly better and that maybe slavery was taking a turn in the right direction. By receiving this education, this could lead her to bigger and better opportunities in the future if she ever got the chance.

Queen Anne's War (War of Spanish Succession)

Queen Anne's War was fought between 1702- 1713. During the war, Great Britain, the Netherlands, and several German states fought against France and Spain. It was started because Great Britain did not want the French and Spanish to make land claims after Charles II had died. Also, Louis XIV was about to pass away, so he wanted his grandson to become next in line, so he manipulated the system to do so. As expected, this angered many people. This war consisted mainly of the French privateering in the Atlantic and the French and Native Americans on the frontier between the English and the French. One of the most famous raids was on Deerfield in Massachusetts. Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire had tried to conquer Port Royal, but were incapable. Later they tried to conquer Quebec, and again were unable to. The war was ended by the Treaty of Utrecht. This war was significant because it transferred land from the French into North American possession and united France and Spain under one monarchy. Three conditions that were to be agreed on at the end of the war were: 1) France has to recognize Iroquois as English citizens; 2) Great Britain gets Caribbean islands from France; and 3) Great Britain gets Nova Scotia (control Acadians).

Republicanism

Republicanism is defined as a society in which all citizens willingly subordinated their private selfish interests to the common good. It was formed in the mid-eighteenth century. It was against the idea of hierarchical and authoritarian institutions. It is significant because it enforced the idea of democracy through the colonies and caused even more conflict between the colonies and Britain due to the growing differences between them.

*Royal Colonies

Royal colonies were ruled or administered by officials responsible to and appointed by the reigning sovereign of great Britain. The Royal Colonies at the beginning of the Revolutionary War were, New Hampshire, New York, New Jersey, Virginia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Georgia. These royal colonies were significant because

Samuel Adams

Samuel Adams, born in 1722 in Boston Massachusetts. He helped organize a resistance against the Stamp Act and helped organize the Boston Tea Party. He also help found America's first Committee of Correspondence which played a vital role in the communication and coordination of the Revolutionary War.

Franco-American Alliance

The 1778 alliance between The Kingdom of France and the United States during the American Revolutionary War. Formalized in the 1778 Treaty of Alliance, it was a military pact in which the French provided many supplies for the Americans.

Battle of Long Island

The Battle of Long Island took place in 1776. They were fighting over the control of New York. It was fought between the British under General Howe and the Colonists under Washington. Sorely outnumbered and surrounded, the 9,500 troops that survived escaped under cover of night across the East River to Manhattan. This is significant because it was the first battle fought after the signing of the Declaration of Independence. Since the colonists had to retreat twice, that meant they had less power against the British who were extra upset since their area of income and trade partners just broke away from them.

Battle of Quebec

The Battle of Quebec took place on September 13, 1759. It was fought between the British under General James Wolfe and the French under Louis-Joseph de Montcalm. The British had climbed over the walls of Quebec to defeat the French and further expel them from the Americas. The Battle of Quebec was significant because it allowed the British to gain Quebec as their own colony and mixed the cultures even more.

Battle of Saratoga

The Battle of Saratoga took place in 1777 and was a two part battle. On September 19th, British General John Burgoyne defeated the American forces led by Horatio Gates and Benedict Arnold. Then on October 7th Burgoyne again attacked the Americans at Bemis Heights, though this time he was defeated and forced to retreat. This is significant because it led to the French support for the colonists which led to the winning of the war and more resources for the war effort.

Battle of Yorktown

The Battle of Yorktown took place on October 19th, 1781. It was the last major battle fought in the Revolutionary War. With the help of the French, Washington and Rochambeau were able to corner and trap the British troops under Cornwallis in Chesapeake Bay. This was significant because even though this was the end of the fighting, it was not the end of the war.

Daughters of Liberty

The Daughters of Liberty were a secret group of colonists formed initially to protest the Stamp Act. This is significant because it shows how the anger and movement was spreading to all members and parts of society. This is huge that women actually have their own organized protest group.

Declaration of Independence

The Declaration of Independence was signed and written on July 4th, 1776. It included the Preamble, the Bill of Rights, and is then divided into seven parts. Thomas Jefferson had been put in charge of writing the document.

Declaratory Act

The Declaratory Act was enacted in 1766, once the Stamp Act was repealed. This Act was passed by Parliament. It was passed to define the constitutional principle it would not yield: absolute and unqualified sovereignty over its North American colonies. This was significant because it led to conflicts with the colonies and Britain. The colonists wanted their sovereignty and would do anything to keep it. These problems led to the American Revolution.

Edict of Nantes

The Edict of Nantes was passed in 1598 and by Henry IV of France. It granted a large measure of religious liberty to the Huguenots. This is significant because it ceased religious wars and sent France into a stage of blossoming of the mightiest and most feared nation of the European continent.

First Continental Congress

The First Continental Congress was formed in 1774 after the Intolerable Acts were enacted. It meet in Philadelphia with representatives from twelve of the thirteen colonies. Samuel Adams, John Adams, George Washington, and Patrick Henry wee among those. All the representative united together to form a consultative body. They discussed for seven weeks-September 5th to October 26th. They wrote many papers to appear to the Americans and he British. Among these was the Declaration of Rights.

French and Indian War (7 Years War)

The French and Indian War, also known as the Seven Years War, was fought between Britain and France in the years 1756 and 1763. It started in North America (biggest difference of the four wars) over territorial conflicts of the Ohio River Valley. Virginia wanted to expand and the first place of attack started with Fort Necessity. This was the fourth intercolonial war in the French and Indian Wars. It was concluded with the Treaty of Paris which was signed in 1763. The treaty ended the war and forced France to give up all of its mainland North America. This is significant because it ended all military threat in the Americas.

Great Awakening

The Great Awakening was the religious revival in the colonies between the 1730's and 1740's. In the 1730's, Jonathan Edwards became concerned the New Englanders were becoming too concerned with worldly matters. Others were beginning to think predestination was wrong and good works could save a soul. Edwards spoke against these notions, and thus started the Great Awakening. The Great Awakening was significant because it led to the questioning of religions which led to rebellions and the questioning of government and authority. This is because in many colonies the center of life was the church, so now that people were questioning that, they started to question other things about the colony as well.

Intolerable Acts

The Intolerable Acts were the Boston Port Act, the Massachusetts Government Act, the Administration of Justice Act, and the Quebec Act. The Boston Port Act closed the port where all the tea was dumped until the damages had been completely paid for. This slowed trade and then hurt the economy. The Quebec Act gave the land in Canada, which was highly wanted by the British colonists, to the French. They were guaranteed their Catholic religion and any other traditions and customs they pleases, which did not include a representative assembly or trial by jury in civil court. In the colonies, having a representative system and the "innocent until proven guilty," mantra were held very dearly.To add, the colonies left England because of the religion so to have Britain allow them their Catholicism was fairly disrespectful to them. This further led to the American Revolution. Along with these acts, many felt their colonial rights were being swept away.

Molasses Act

The Molasses Act was a British law that imposed taxes on molasses, sugar and rum imported from non-British colonies into the North American colonies. It was created in 1733 and was later amended to the Sugar Act in 1764. It was significant to history because it raised smuggling and would be the stepping stone for later Acts to come, which would cause the American Revolution.

Pontiac's Uprising

The Pontiac's Rebellion occurred in 1763. It began because the Indians were angered by the defeat of their French allies in the French and Indian War. With the loss of the French, their land was going to be used as new construction sites for the colonies and their expansion. As a result, a variety of Indian tribes formed under one leader, Pontiac from Ottawa, and attacked the British at Detroit. As time went, the tribes split and attacked more areas by themselves. After the loss of loyalties between the tribes, they signed a treaty with the British in 1766. This is significant because Pontiac's Rebellion led to the British Proclamation of 1763. This means expansion was slowed and the Indians were able to show their strength to the colonists. One strategy the British used to weaken the Indians was giving them "gifts" of blankets severely infected with smallpox. They were able to weaken some of the Indians using this strategy.

Proclamation of 1763

The Proclamation of 1763 was written to end and bring peace to the Pontiac's Rebellion. It declared the colonists could not settle west of the Appalachian Mountains. This was their way of trying to stop the expansion efforts momentarily. This is significant because it slowed westward expansion for the colonists and caused even more rebellion in the colonies- leading to the American Revolution. It caused so much rebellion because many Americans had already purchased lands in that area but weren't allowed to settle them.

Quartering Act

The Quartering Act was passed in 1765 and was passed by Parliament, in particular George Grenville. This act forced colonists to house and food for the British army. Parliament enforced many of the acts because Seven Years' War left Britain in debt. It was significant because it led to rebellion against the Parliament and fueled the fire for Revolution.

Quebec Act

The Quebec Act gave the land in Canada, which was highly wanted by the British colonists, to the French. They were guaranteed their Catholic religion and any other traditions and customs they pleases, which did not include a representative assembly or trial by jury in civil court. In the colonies, having a representative system and the "innocent until proven guilty," mantra were held very dearly. To add, the colonies left England because of the religion, so for Britain to allow them their Catholicism was fairly disrespectful to them. This further led to the American Revolution.

2nd Continental Congress

The Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia in May of 1775. At this time, all thirteen colonies were represented. They still were not fighting for freedoms, but for the redress of grievances. They planned on measures to raise money and to create an army and navy.

*Sons of Liberty

The Sons of Liberty were a secret group of colonists formed initially to protest the Stamp Act. Samuel Adams was the founder of the organization. This leads into the formation of the Stamp Act Congress.

Stamp Act Congress

The Stamp Act Congress was assembled in 1765. It brought together 27 delegates from nine colonies. They discussed their rights and the grievances in the colonies and sent them into Parliament. Parliament ignored their requests, and while they had little impact at the time they showed unification between the colonies for a common cause.

Stamp Tax

The Stamp Act was passed in 1765, and its purpose was to raise revenue for the new military support. It mandated the use of stamped paper or the affixing of stamps, certifying payment of tax. Stamps were required on bills of sale for about fifty trade items as well as on certain types of commercial and legal documents, such as playing cards, pamphlets, newspapers, diplomas, bill of ladings and marriage licenses. These taxes were put in place as a way for the colonies to pay for their protection. The Stamp Act was significant because it it led to rebellion against the Parliament and fueled the fire for Revolution.

Sugar Act

The Sugar Act was passed in 1764 by Parliament, in particular George Grenville. This act raised tax revenue and the tax on imported sugar from the West Indies. After many protests the the duties were lowered. This is significant because it led to rebellion against the Parliament and fueled the fire for Revolution.

Townshend Acts

The Townshend Acts were passed in 1767 by Parliament, who was under the influence of Charles I, a drunken ruler. This Act imposed a slight tax on glass, white lead, paper, paint, and tea. Many colonists were outraged by the tax on tea since most of them enjoyed the drink daily. The taxes from this Act also went to pay the salaries of the judges and and royal governors in the Americas, the people who were taxing them. The Townshend Acts were significant because they led to rebellion of the colonists. For example the Boston Tea Party occurred because many people were displeased with the tax on tea. Many people also boycotted as a result of the taxes, which hurt England's economy.

Treaty of Paris

The Treaty of Paris was signed in 1783 and was the official end to the war. John Adams and Benjamin Franklin spent two years negotiating all the details and finally came to the following agreement: 1. Britain would recognize the United States' independence 2. U.S. territory would extend to the Mississippi River 3. Canada would remain with Britain 4. the U.S. Continental Congress had to try and retrieve the Loyalists land and give it back to them 5. U.S. could still fish in Canadian waters and GB and America shared access to the Mississippi River 6. Florida was given to Spain 7. France got many small islands in the West Indies and obtained some trading posts.

Voyageurs

The Voyageurs were people who engaged in the transporting of furs by canoe during the fur trade era. This usually involved the French Canadians and were a part of a licensed, organized effort. They trade their furs with the Indians and settlers for things such as money or food. They were significant because they spread trade within the colonies and helped boost the economies as well.

Radical Whigs

The Whigs were a political group that feared the threat to liberty from the power of the monarch and his elected officials in Parliament. They warned citizens to be on high alert for corruption and the loss of their own liberties. They are significant because they influenced the political thought of the times and made many of the colonists hesitant in trusting wholeheartedly in the British government and ruling system.

Lexington and Concord

The battle at Lexington and Concord took place in 1775, under the order of British commanders. The troops were to seize gunpowder from the colony and capture Samuel Adams and John Hancock. The minutemen from Lexington were unprepared and this resulted in the loss of eight Americans and the injury of many more. At Concord, they were more prepared. This being said, the colonists were able to attack and kill seventy British soldiers and hurt three hundred others.

Committees of Correspondence

The first Committee of correspondence was founded by Samuel Adams in 1772 in Boston Massachusetts. The committee's main function was to spread the spirit of resistance by exchanging letters and thus keeping alive the opposition to British policy. Many people didn't agree with the committee and said they were a foul form of sedition. The first intercolonial committee of correspondence was the House of Burgesses which was formed in Virginia in 1773. The committee of correspondence was significant because it led people to question Britain's authority which influenced the American Revolution.

Hessians

The hessians were hired soldiers. In September of 1775, King George III hired German soldiers to help rid him of the rebellious colonists. Since they were paid soldiers, many of them didn't fulfill all of their duties and eventually deserted to become citizens with the promise of new lands and prosperity. Many colonists were shocked the king hired the Hessians; they felt the war was a 'family affair' so why bring in outside forces? The Hessians were significant because the Hessians boosted Britain's fighting force by an exuberant amount and also increased the population in the colonies. This is important because this meant more people were against the colonists which made defending themselves even more difficult than before.

Regulator Movement

The regulator movement was a movement in North Carolina that was an insurrection against eastern domination of colonies.

War of Jenkin's Ear

This war was fought between 1739 and 1743. It was a land argument between Britain and Spain over Georgia and trading rights. The battles took place in the Caribbean and on the Florida/Georgia border. This war was significant because it greatly affected the outcome of the colony of Georgia. Their land was worn from battle and the economy and trading business was also probably greatly hurting.

King George's War

This was was the third conflict in the French and Indian Wars between the years of 1744 and 1748. It was the American extension of the War of the Austrian Succession in Europe. This war involved disputes over the boundaries of the Nova Scotia and the borders of northern New England and control of the Ohio Valley. It ended with the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748. This treaty restored conquered territory but failed to to resolve colonial issues that had arisen during the French and Indian Wars. This war was significant because the continuing conflict laid some of the foundation for the American Revolution.

Triangular Trade

Triangular trade was the trading of things between New England, Africa and the West Indies. New Englanders would manufacture and ship rum to the west coast of Africa for slaves. The slaves were then taken on the Middle Passage to the West Indies were they were sold for molasses and money. Then finally the molasses would be sent to New England to make rum, which started the process all over again. The triangular trade route became prominent in the 17th-18th centuries. It was significant because it raised the economy with the production of rum and molasses. It also raised the use of slaves which would stay and affect our culture until very recently.

Valley Forge

Valley Forge is a city in Pennsylvania. It was the turning point in the American Revolution. The American soldiers spent six months camped here and life at that time was very difficult. There was a shortage in food and clothes and other essentials. During the American's third month at Valley Forge, France joined the Revolution in favor of the American colonists. This brought greatly needed supplies which led to the American victory of the Revolution and the gaining of our independence.

William Pitt

William Pitt, the "Great Commoner", was born on May 28, 1759 in England. He became a foremost leader in the British government. He didn't focus his attacks on the French Western Indies like the previous people had been; he decided to focus in on Canada, Montreal and Quebec especially. He also hired young and energetic leaders. His first attack was against Louisbourg, which ended up being the British's very first significant win of the war. Also, he offered a compromise- if there was colonial loyalty ad military cooperation then Britains would reimburse assemblies for the costs and Lord Loudon would be removed. He was significant because he organized the American army and taught them how to fight correctly. This would be useful during the Revolutionary War and in future time. His leadership led the armies to greatness.