UNIT 2 BIOLOGY
How many net ATPs ?
1 ATP
Work is one of three specific things
1) Chemical work 2) transport work 3) mechanical work
Glycolysis
10 - step reaction // Reactions 1 - 5 // Glucose is phosphorylated and cleaved to yield 2 molecules of triose glyceraldehyde - 3 - phosphate. This process uses 2 ATPs // Reactions 6 - 10 // the molecules of glyceraldehyde 3 - phosphate are converted to pyruvate, with concomitant generation of four ATPs and two NADH per glucose
C) Types of Chemical Reactions
1: Combustion: In which a compound or element burns oxygen 2: Synthesis: Occurs when two or ore chemical elements or compounds unite to form a more complex product 3: Decomposition: Occurs when a compound is broken down into smaller compounds or elements 4: Substitution: Occurs when one element replaces another element in a compound
A) Thermodynamics
1: First law of thermodynamics: States that energy can be changed from one form to another, butit cannot be created or destroyed 2: Second law of Thermodynamics: States that the energy available after a chemical reaction is always less than that beginning of a reaction 3: Entropy: Can be described as the degree of disorder in a system. That is,as energy is transferred from one form to another some of the energy is lost as heat, and the amount of available energy decreases 4: Enthalpy: is a measure of the total energy of a thermodynamic system.
a) Chemical reaction
1: Reactant: The substances that form as a result of a chemical reaction 2: Product: The substances that form as a result of a chemical reaction.
How many carbons does pyruvate have
2
Glycolysis
2 ATP, 2 NADH
Intermediate reaction
2NADH
What is the equation for photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O + Light chloroplasts,chlorophyll, enzymes —
Examples of potential energy
A molecule positioned on the high- concentration side of a concentration gradient stores potential energy. Because it has the potential energy to move down the gradient In chemical bonds, potential energy is stored in the position of the electrons that form the bond
Chemosynthesis
A much smaller group of autotrophs Mostly bacteria, in dark or low --- oxygen environments --- produce food using chemical energy stored in INORGANIC MOLECULES such as hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, or methane CHEMOSYNTHESIS is an alternate method of making food which transfers chemical energy from inorganic to organic molecules Some of the most recently discovered chemosynthetic bacteria inhabit deep ocean hot water vent or "black smokers" There, they use the energy in gases from the Earth's interior to produce food for a variety of unique heterotrophs: giant tube worms, blind shrimp, giant white crabs, and armored snails Some scientists think that chemosynthesis may support life below the surface of Mars, Jupiter's Moon Europa, and other planets as well Ecosystems based on chemosynthesis may seem rare and exotic, but they too illustrate the absolute dependence of heterotrophs on autotrophs for food.
A) Catalyst
A substance that increases at the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change. In organisms, catalysts are called enzymes
What is a thylakoid?
A thylakoid is a round flat pillow shaped thing where chlorophylls and other pigments start their process
ATP
ATP molecules store smaller quantities of energy, but each releases just the right amount to actually do work within a cell For example, muscle cell proteins pull each other with the energy released when bonds in ATP break open The process of photosynthesis also makes and uses ATP for energy to build glucose ATP is the USEABLE FORM OF ENERGY for your cells ATP carries less energy than glucose, and it's structure is more complex "A" in ATP refers to the majority of the molecule — adenosine — a combination of a nitrogenous base and a five — carbon sugar "T" and "P" indicate the three phosphates, linked by bonds which hold the energy actually used by cells. Usually, only the outermost bond breaks the release or spend energy for cellular work An ATP molecule is like a rechargeable battery: it's energy can be used by the cell when it breaks apart into ADP // adenosine diphosphate // and phosphate, and then the "worn-out battery" ADP can be recharged using new energy to attach a new phosphate and rebuild ATP The materials are recyclable but recall that energy is not! ADP can be further reduced to AMP // adenosine monophosphate and phosphate releasing additional energy As with ADT "recharge" to ATP, AMP can be recharged to ADP A single cell uses about 10 million ATP molecules per second and recycled all of its ATP molecules about every 20 - 30 seconds // diagram in notebook //
Autotrophs vs Heterotrophs
AUTOTROPHS store chemical energy in CARBOHYDRATE FOOD MOLECULES they produce themselves FOOD is chemical energy stored in organic molecules and produces BOTH the energy to do work and the carbon to build the organic structures from cells to organisms Most autotrophs transform sunlight to make or synthesize food through PHOTOSYNTHESIS. The food produced via this process is GLUCOSE Only three groups or organisms --- plants; ALAGE, and so,e BACTERIA --- are capable of this life-giving energy transformation Autotrophs make food for their own use, but they make enough to support other life as well PRODUCERS, as autotrophs are also know , begin food chains which feed all life. HETEROTROPHS cannot make their own food, so they must eat or absorb it. Heterotrophs are also known as consumers Consumers include all ANIMALS and FUNGI and many PROTISTS and BACTERIA. The consume either autotrophs or heterotrophs Heterotrophs are limited by their dependence on autotrophs If plants, algae, and autotrophic bacteria vanished from Earth, animals, fungi, and other heterotrophs would soon disappear as well All life requires a constant input of energy
What does ATP stand for?
Adenosine Triphosphate
alcholic fermentation
Alcoholic fermentation is a biochemical process in which sugars such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose are converted into small amounts of ATP, producing ethanol and carbon dioxide during the process Biofuels Portland was the first city to require that all gasoline sold within the city limits contain at least 10% ethanol By mid—2006, nearly 6 million "flex-fuel" vehicles — which can use gasoline blends up to 85% ethanol we're traveling US roads This "new" industry employs an "old" crew of YEAST and bacteria to make by an even older biochemical pathway — ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION Alcoholic fermentation— also called ETHANOL FERMENTATION Processes pyruvate ONE STEP FURTHER in order to regenerate NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue to make ATL, even in low oxygen environments In this form of anaerobic respiration, pyruvate is broken down into ethyl alcohol (C2H6O) and carbon dioxide C3H3O3 (pyruvate) + NADH —> C2H5OH (ethyl alcohol) + CO2 + NAD+
Energy and living organisms
All living things require an ongoing source of energy to do the work of life Energy works constantly ro maintain life on a very small scale as well Inside each cell of every organism, energy assembles chains of information and constructs cellular architecture It moves tiny charged particles and giant protein molecules Energy builds and powers cell systems for awareness, response, and reproduction All life's work requires energy Energy cannot be recycled The story of life is a story of energy flow -- its capture, transformation, use for work, and loss as heat
D) Endothermic Organisms:
An endothermic animal isam organism that produces heat through internal means; a process known as endothermy
Aerobic vs. Anaerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration has persisted far longer on this planet, through major changes in atmosphere and life, so there must be value in this alternative way of making ATP A major argument in favor of aerobic over anaerobic respiration is overall energy production Without oxygen, organisms can only break a 6- carbon glucose into two 3- carbon pyruvate molecules Glycolysis releases only enough energy to produce TWO // net // ATPs per molecule of glucose In anaerobic respiration, ATP production stops at glycolysis, and a final total of only TWO ATPs produced per molecule of glucose Anaerobic respiration occurs very quickly Aerobic respiration produces ATP more slowly It does break glucose all the way down to CO2, producing up to 38 ATPs Membrane transport // active transport // cost can slightly reduce this theoretical yield, but aerobic respiration consistently produced at least 15 times as much ATP as anaerobic respiration This vast increase in energy production probably explains why aerobic organisms have come to dominate life on earth It may also explain how organisms were able to increase in size, adding multicellularity and great diversity Aerobic- Oxygen needed, complete glucose breakdown, the end products are carbon dioxide and water, and the energy released is in a relatively large amount Anaerobic- Oxygen not needed, incomplete glucose breakdown, the end products are animal cells: lactic acid. Plant cells and yeast: carbon dioxide and ethanol, and the energy released is in a relatively small amount Aerobic respiration releases 19 times more energy than anaerobic respiration from the same amount of glucose
Liquids
Atoms or molecules are constantly in contact but have enough energy to keep changing positions relative to one another Forces between atoms or molecules are strong enough to keep the molecules together but NOT strong enough to prevent them from moving The particles of a liquid have enough energy to allow them to slide past one another but NOT enough energy to allow them to ,ove freely
Solids
Atoms or molecules do NOT have enough energy to move They are constantly in contact and in FIXED POSITIONS relative to one another Forces between atoms or molecules are strong enough to keep the molecules together and prevent them from moving The particles of a solid only have enough energy to vibrate in place
Gases
Atoms or molecules have enough energy to move freely Molecules come into contact with one another on,y when they randomly collide Forces between atoms or molecules are NOT strong enough to hold them together - allowing the molecules to move independently of one another
B) Enzymes
Biological catalysts that speed up biochemical reactions 1: How do Enzymes work? Enzymes work by lowering the activation energy of chemical reactions 2: Pepsin: The main digestive enzyme in the stomach 3: Trypsin: Another enzyme in the digestive system which break protein chains in the food into smaller parts 4: How do physiological temperatures affect biochemical reactions? Biochemical reactions are optimal at physiological temperatures. For example, most biochemical reactions work best at the normal body temperatures of 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit // 37 degrees Celsius //. Many enzymes lose function at lower and higher temperatures; an enzymes shape deteriorates; and only when the temperature comes back to normal does the enzyme regain its shape and normal activity. 5: Why are enzymes important? Enzymes are involved in mist of the chemical reactions that take place in organisms. An important function of enzymes is help digest foods.
B) chemical equations
CH4 + 2O2 --> CO2 + 2H2O What does the arrow mean? The arrow im a chemical equation separates the reactants from the products and shows the direction in which the reaction occurs.
What does that mean? (Question above)
Carbon dioxide + water + light energy + chloroplasts, chlorophyll, enzymes —
B) Endothermic Reactions:
Chemical reactions that consume energy
C) Exothermic Reactions:
Chemical reactions that release energy
Fermentation by yeast
Domesticated yeast carry out this type of anaerobic respiration for many commercial purposes Some years, such as the baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevidiae, actually prefer fermentation over aerobic respiration These yeasts will produce ethanol even under aerobic conditions When you make bread, you employ the yeast to make the bread "rise" by producing bubbles of carbon dioxide gas Ethanol is also produced Bread is not intoxicating because the bread fermentation process takes a short amount of time, only allowing for a small amount of alcohol to be produced, most of which will evaporate during the baking process Study by the American Chemical society collected samples from bakery overs found that the alcohol content varied from 0.04% to 1.9% The alcohol content of bread varies with the kind of yeast used, the time it sets, and the temperature of baking Brewers of beer and wine use yeast to add alcohol to beverages Traditional varieties of yeast not only make but also limit the quantity of alcohol in these beverages, because above 18% by volume, alcohol become toxic to the yeast itself Wine is produced by fermentation of the natural sugars present in grapes and other kinds of fruit Beer, whiskey, and vodka are produced by fermentation of grain starches that have been converted to sugar by the enzyme amylase, and run is produced by fed of sugarcane In each of these fermentation's, sugars are converted into small amounts of ATP, using and regenerating NAD+ in the process, and producing ethanol and carbon dioxide Scientists have recently developed new strains of yeast which can tolerate up to 25% alcohol by volume — used primarily in the production of ethanol fuel All types of anaerobic respiration yield only 2 ATP per glucose
How does the Earth get all of its energy
Earth gets all of its energy from light energy, the sun.
electron transport system
Electron transport chains are redox Reactions that transfer electrons from an electron donor to an electron acceptor The transfer of electrons is coupled to the translocation of protons across a membrane, producing a proton gradient. The proton gradient is used to produce useful work NADH = 3 ATP FADH2 = 2 ATD
Law of Conservation of Energy
Energy cannot be created or destroyed Energy can only be transformed Energy is always conserved
flow of energy
Energy for most of living organisms initially originates from the sun It is absorbed by producers, usually photosynthetic organisms // plants // Plants convert this energy into chemical energy, in the form of carbohydrates, such as glucose. Energy can be stored in this state, or converted into a usable form of energy, Adenosine triphosphate // ATP // Energy conversion occurs in the producer, primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers - trophic levels
Organisms and Energy
Energy is NEEDED for GROWTH and DEVELOPMENT of a biological cell or an organelle within that cell Energy is also NEEDED for ALL BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS within that cell Energy is STORED within cells IN the CHEMICAL BONDS of BIOMOLECULES: carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins Energy is RELEASED during AEROBIC RESPIRATION
Organisms and Energy transformation
Energy is always changing from one firm to another Plants obtain light energy from sunlight and change it to chemicals energy in food molecules, such as glucose Chemical energy is energy stored in bond between atine within food molecules Organisms eat and digest the food, breaking the chemical bonds and release the chemical energy Organisms DO NOT USE ENERGY VERY EFFICIENTLY 90% of the energy obtained from food is converted to heat energy that is given off to the environment
kinetic energy
Energy of movement Random motion of molecules is due to kinetic energy It is the driving force behind diffusion Example - molecules moving across biological membranes
Respiratory Pathways
FACULTATIVE ANAEROBES use ancient pathways when O2 is limited A few bacteria remain as OBLIGATE ANAEROBES— they die in the presence of O2 and depend on only the first // anaerobic/: stage of cellular respiration Aerobic and anaerobic pathways diverge after glycolysis splits glucose into two molecules of pyruvate: C6H12O6 + 2NAD+ + 2Pi + 2ADP —> 2NADH + 2ATP Two pyruvate molecules contain most of the chemical energy from the original glucose molecule O2 is present — pyruvate enters the mitochondria for complete breakdown by the Krebs Cycle and electron transport chain O2 is NOT PRESENT, cells must transform pyruvate to regenerate NAD+ in order to continue making ATP Keep in mind that glycolysis produces a net total of 2 ATP
Respiratory Pathways
FACULTATIVE ANAEROBES use ancient pathways when O2!8: limited A few bacteria remain as OBLIGATE ANAEROBES — they die in the presence of O2 and depend on only the first // anaerobic // stage of cellular respiration Aerobic and anaerobic pathways diverge after glycolysis splits glucose into two molecules of pyruvate: C6H12O6 + 2NAD + 2Pi + 2ADP —> 2NADH + 2ATP ( diagram in notebook)
What is FAD
Flavin adenine dinucleotide
Food and other energy containing molecules
Food consists of organic // carbon containing // molecules which store energy in the chemical bonds between their atoms Organisms use the atoms of food molecules to build larger organic molecules including proteins, DNA, and fats, and use the energy in food to power life processes. By breaking the bonds in food molecules, cells release energy to build new compounds Some energy dissipates as heat at each transfer, much of ir is stored un the newly made molecules. Chemical bonds in organic molecules are a reservoir of the energy used to make them Fueled by energy from food molecules, cells can combine and recombine the elements of life to form thousands of different molecules Both the energy // despite some loss // and the materials // despite being reorganized // pass from producer to consumer
Overall reaction for glycolysis
Glucose + 2NAD + 2ADP + 2Pi —
Total energy production after ETC
Glycolysis: 2 ATP ; 2NADH = 6ATP Intermediate step: 2NADH = 6 ATP Krebs: 2ATP; 6NADH = 18 ATP; 2FADH = 4 ATP 34 ATP from ETC 2 ATP from Glycolysis 2 ATP from Kreb's directly Total ATP production = 38 ATP
Where are the granny and thylakoids found?
Grandmas and thylakoids can be found inside the chloroplasts
What is a granum?
Granny is a stack of thylakoids
What is a producer?
Green plants are producers
Energy, the ability to do work can take many forms
Heat (energy) Nuclear (energy) Electrical (energy) Magnetic (energy) Light (energy) Chemical (energy) Life runs on chemical energy --- the energy stored in covalent bonds between atoms in a molecule Remember, most energy is lost to the environment as heat
lactic acid fermentation
Humans are OBLIGATE AEROBES, our muscle cells have not given up in ancient pathways which allow the to keep producing ATP quickly when oxygen runs low Yogurt is made from the lactic acid fermentation of bacteria (Lactibacillus and others) Muscle color reflects its specialization for aerobic or anaerobic metabolism. Example: chicken, white vs. dark meat Red muscles are "specialized—for—endurance" "Sprinting" depends on anaerobic respiration in the white cells of muscle, allowing rapid production of ATP in low oxygen situations Muscle cells are specialized for different types of activity and show differences in structure as well as chemistry The "endurance muscle" are the red muscle fibers Red muscle fibers are "dark" because they have a rich blood supply for a steady supply of oxygen, and a protein, myoglobin, which holds extra oxygen They also contain more mitochondria, the organelle in which the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain conclude aerobic respiration White muscle cells are "Light" because they lack the rich blood supply, have fewer mitochondria, and store the carbohydrate glycogen rather than oxygen This is muscle built for sprinting Lactic acid fermentation converts the 3-Carbon pyruvate to the 3-Carbon lactic acid (C3H6O3) and regenerates NAD+ in the process, allowing glycolysis to continue to make ATP in low-oxygen conditions There is a limited supply of NAD+ available in any given cell, this electron acceptor must be regenerated to allow ATP production to continue To achieve this, NADH donates its extra electrons to the pyruvate molecules, regenerating NAD+ Lactic acid is formed by the reduction of pyruvate
What is energy? Where does your energy come from? Can energy be recycled?
Imagine a tea, of ants breaking down a dead tree. A classic example of teamwork. All that work takes energy. In fact, EACH CHEMICAL REACTION- the chemical reactions that allow the cells im those ants to do the WORK- needs energy to get started. This ENERGY come from the food the ants eat. Whatever eats the ants gets their energy from the ants. All living organisms need energy to survive. ENERGY PASSES THROUGH AN ECOSYSTEM IN ONE DIRECTION ONLY.
Energy: The difference between Plants and Animals
In terms of energy, it all starts with sunlight Plants absorb the energy from the sun and turn it into food You can sit in the sun for hours and hours. You will feel warm, but you're not going to absorb any energy You have to eat to obtain your energy. Other animals can also eat, but a plant cannot
D) Redox Reactions // most important in Biology //
Include all chemical reactants in which atoms have their oxidation state changed
What does this day about their ability to carry of photosynthesis
It shows that their ability to carry out photosynthesis depends I️ the conditions of the weather
Why do leaves change color
Leaves change color because the length of the daylight and temperature decrease causing the leaves to stop their food making process. This breaks down chlorophyll.
Types of energy
Light Chemical Mechanical Thermal kinetic Potential
matter
Makes up all living things Consists of chemical substances Molecules, compounds, organelles, cells, and eventually tissues, organs, and organisms are formed from Carbons, hydrogens, oxygens, and other elements -- all matter
Changing states
Matter constantly goes through cycles that involve changing states Water and all the elements important t to organisms, including carbon and nitrogen, are constantly recycled on Earth Example - the water cycle - water repeatedly changes from a gas to a liquid or solid and back to a gas again
Matter and Biological systems
Matter is continuously changing states Photosynthesis= carbon in the form of the gas Carbon dioxide // CO2 // is changed into glucose Cellular Respiration= Carbons from the glucose molecule are changed back into the carbon dioxide gas.
Organisms and Chemical Energy
Most organisms get their energy from the food they make, eat, or absorb Plants make their own "food" through the process of PHOTOSYNTHESIS When we eat a plant, such as lettuce or a tomato we acquire energy in the form of GLUCOSE, a simple sugar The energy from a plant may be in the form of a STARCH, which we eat and then our body breaks down into glucose. Glucose then must be converted into usable chemical energy Chemical energy in our cell is ATP Glucose is converted into ATP during CELLULAR RESPIRATION // look at diagram in notebook //
Anaerobic Respiration Overview
Most organisms use O2 in aerobic respiration to produce ATP Almost all ANIMALS, most FUNGI, and some BACTERIA are OBLIGATE AEROBES — they require oxygen Some plants and FUNGI and many BACTERIA retain the ability to make ATP without oxygen Recall that O2 is the final electron acceptor at the end of the electron transport chain during aerobic respiration O2 is required for oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP ATP be made in the absence of O2 is anaerobic respiration
Overview
Most organisms use O2 in aerobic respiration to produce ATP Almost all ANIMALS, most FUNGI, and some BACTERIA are obligate aerobes — they require Oxygen Some plants and FUNGI and many BACTERIA retain the ability to make ATP without oxygen Recall that O2 is the final electron acceptor at the end of the electron transport chain during aerobic respiration O2 is required for oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP ATO be made in the absence of O2 is anaerobic respiration
NADPH
NADPH -- another short -- term energy carrier important to photosynthesis, holds chemical energy a bit longer but soon that energy is used to help build sugar NADPH - is the reduced for, of NADPH+, Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate NADPH+ accepts an electron at the end of the light reaction transport chain of photosynthesis Two related short term energy carriers, NADH // nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide // and FADH2 // flavin adenine dinucelotide // are used during CELLULAR RESPIRATION
What does NAD stand for?
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Law of conservation of Energy and Organisms
Organisms CANNOT DESTROY or use up the energy they obtain They CAN only CHANGE it from one form to another Organisms USE their energy for METABOLISM or RELEASE it to the environment as HEAT
chemical reactions
Our cells are just thousands of chemicals --- made of elements like carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur --- in just the right combinations. These chemicals combine through chemical reactions.
Phototrophs and Chemotrophs
PHOTOTROPHS are organisms that capture light energy and convert it to chemical energy inside their cell Most phototrophs are the autotrophs that preform photosynthesis which are also known as photo-autotrophs These organisms have the ABILITY TO FIX CARBON from carbon dioxide into organic compounds such as glucose CHEMOTROPHS are UNABLE TO FIX CARBON to for, their own organic compounds // see diagram in notebook //
Where in a plant does photosynthesis happen
Photosynthesis happens inside of the leaves
What is the definition of photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the conversion of carbon dioxide and water into a sugar called glucose using sunlight energy. Oxygen is produced as a waste product
What does photosynthesis produce
Photosynthesis produces glucose and waste oxygen
What does photosynthesis require?
Photosynthesis requires carbon dioxide, water, light energy, and chlorophyll
Why are plants called producers?
Plants are called producers because they do not depend on animals to survive and because they can carry out photosynthesis // make their own food //
What do plants do with extra glucose
Plants convert the extra glucose into Startch
How does the plant get the necessary reactants // molecules // to make sugar
Plants get the necessary molecules from the air // carbon dioxide molecules //, water from their environment // water molecules /:, and light from the sun
Energy
Property of matter that is defined as the ability to do work All living organisms need energy to grow and reproduce Biological systems and work
Where do the pyruvate go next ?
Pyruvate (3 - Carbon) —> Acetyl (2 - Carbon ) - CoA 2 Pyruvate + 2 CoA + 2NAD+ —> 2 Acetyl-CoA + 2CO2+ 2NADH // diagram in notebook //
Kreb's Cycle
Roles of the Krebs cycle Generate energy by oxidizing acetyl—CoA to Carbon dioxide and water Supply biochemical intermediates for other pathways Entry point of various degradative pathways for energy generation
Chlorophyll
Some carriers must hold energy briefly, quickly shifting it like a hot potato to other molecules This strategy allows ENERGY to be RELEASED in SMALL, CONTROLLED AMOUNTS CHLOROPHYLL: The green pigment present in most plants which absorb solar energy and helps convert that energy into chemical energy. When a chlorophyll molecule absorbs light energy, light energy electrons are excited and "jump" to a higher level. The excited electrons then bounce to a series of carrier molecules, losing a small amount kf energy at each step Most of the "lost" energy powers some small cellular task, such as moving ions across a membrane or building up another molecule.
Factors that determines a substance's state
Temperature Air pressure Example = at the air pressure found at sea level , water exists at a liquid temperatures between 0 degrees Celsius and 100 degrees Celsius, water exists as a solid // ice // Different substances have a different range of temperatures at which they exist in each state Example : Oxygen is gas above 183 degrees Celsius, but iron is a gas only above 2861 degrees Celsius
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
The PRODUCTS of photosynthesis are the REACTANTS of cellular respiration, the two CAN occur simultaneously in the plant cell The light reactions of photosynthesis obviously occur during daylight hours The light -- independent reactions of photosynthesis, and the reactions of cellular respiration can occur whenever reactants are available Photosynthesis provides over 99% of the energy supply for life on Earth // see diagram in notebook //
Staes of matter in Biological Systems
The amount of energy in molecules of matter determines STATE OF MATTER Matter can exist in one of several different states: a gas, liquid, or solid state Each state of matter has different properties Gases must have the MOST energy Solids have the LEAST energy
Where does the Carbon for photosynthesis come from
The carbon for photosynthesis comes from carbon dioxide
What is the difference between an autotroph and a heterotrophs
The difference between an autotroph and a heterotroph is that autotrophs are plants and heterotrophs are omnivores. So this means that autotrophs make their own food and heterotrophs depend on autotrophs and animals get their food
potential energy
The energy stored in an object due to it's position in the gravitational field. Describes "unused" energy that has the ability to accomplish work but isn't currently
A) Activation Energy:
The energy that must be overcome in order for a chemical reaction to overcome in order for a chemical reaction to occur, or the minimum energy required to start a chemical reaction
law of conservation of mass
The mass // or matter // of an isolated system will remain constant over time Mass of matter cannot be created or destroyed; although it may be rearranged and changed into different types of substances Matter is continuously recycled, resulting in the so called "circle of life" Carbon and other elements of organisms are recycled to be used by other living organisms This law also states that in a chemical reaction, or a BIOCHEMICAL REACTION, as mass cannot be created or destroyed, the mass of the reactants must equal the mass of the products The atoms in the starting materials MUST be equivalent to the atoms in the ending materials.
Specifically in which organelle does photosynthesis happen
The organelle in which photosynthesis happens is the chloroplasts
B) Rates of Reactions
The rates at which chemical reactions take place in organisms. 1: Factors that reactions depend on: A/ concentration of reactants, B/ Temperature at which the reactions occur
Why are those two things important to photosynthesis
These two things are so important because we breathe oxygen in, and with carbohydrates they give us the energy we need through food
Fermentation
Two different pathways accomplish the regeneration of NAD+ with rather famous products: Lactic acid (C3H6O3) Ethyl alcohol (C2H6O) FERMENTATION— making ATP in the absence of oxygen by glycolysis alone The two pathways are called LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION and ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION Some organisms, such as yeast and bacteria, have "stuck with" the anaerobic tradition Fermentation makes bread, yogurt, beer, wine, and new biofuels Some of your BODY'S CELLS are FACULTATIVE ANAEROBES, retaining one of these ancient pathways for short—term, EMERGENCY USE.
Glucose and ATP
Two most important energy carrying molecules are GLUCOSE and ATP // ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPAHTE // These are nearly universal fuel throughout the living world and both are also key players in photosynthesis A molecule of GLUCOSE, which has the CHEMICAL FORMULA C6H12O6, carries a packet of chemical energy just the right size for transport and uptake by cells In your body, glucose is the "DELIVERABLE" FORM OF ENERGY, carried in your blood through capillaries to each of your roughly 100 trillion cells Glucose is also the carbohydrate produced by photosynthesis, and as such is the near-universal food for life
What are the two very important things that we get out of photosynthesis
Two very important things that we get out of photosynthesis are oxygen and carbohydrates
