Unit 2: Urinary System & Homeostasis

How many urethra?

1

How many ureters?

2 (one attached to each kidney)(veins)

Ureter

2: long pipe like that connect to bladder

Example of filtration

A fish tank filter removes excessive food floating trash and removing the fish waste from water

Kidney Structure

A kidney has two distinct regions:

The hypothalamus

**monitors the temperature of the skin and the temperature of organs. If core body temperature drops, the hypothalamus: • causes blood vessels in the skin to constrict reducing heat loss from skin. • causes the skeletal muscles to contract involuntarily—to "shiver." This causes the body temperature to increase.

Blood enters the nephrons though

---arteriole, impurities are filtered out and emptied into the collecting duct. ---The purified blood exits the nephron through the venule. ---The mechanism of blood purification involves two distinct processes: filtration and reabsorption.

Functions of the Excretory System

--Every cell produces metabolic wastes. --The process by which these wastes are eliminated is called excretion. --The skin excretes excess water and salts in the form of sweat. --The lungs excrete carbon dioxide. --The kidneys also play a major role in excretion.

Urethra

1: the duct by which urine is conveyed out of the body from the bladder, and which in male vertebrates also conveys semen.

How many kidneys we have?

2

An arteriole is called

A small branch of an artery leading to the capillaries

The ureter is

A tube, that leaves each kidney, carrying urine to the urinary bladder.

Hyponatremia

The condition that happens when the level of sodium in the blood is too low and has a result dehydration confusion insufficient urine production and seizures may result

Example of Negative feedback

The control of blood sugar (glucose) by insulin, When blood sugar rises, receptors in the body sense a change so the control center (pancreas) secretes insulin into the blood effectively lowering blood sugar levels. Once blood sugar levels reach homeostasis, the pancreas stops releasing insulin.

Function of the venule

The purified blood exits the nephron through the venule: small blood vessel in the microcirculation that allows deoxygenated blood to return from the capillary beds to the larger blood vessels called veins

As an amounts of water in the blood decreases

The rate of water absorption increases

How often does someone need dialysis if they have kidney failure

Three times a week for a couple of hours

Urea

Toxic compounds produce when amino acids are used as energy

Most of the material removed from the blood at the bowmans capsule is excreted

True

Some waste products are so toxic they can cause death if not eliminated

True

Feedback inhibition

is the process in which a stimulus produces a response that opposes the original stimulus.

What can be learned from urinalysis

kidney failure, diabetes,high blood pressure (hypertension), urinary tract infection, glucose level, electrolytes, blood pH, white blood cells

Why are kidney stones painful

kidney stones can block ureter

Dehydration and the urinary system.

kidneys reabsorb as much water as possible back into blood to produce highly concentrated urine full of excreted ions and wastes. changes in excretion of water are controlled by antidiuretic hormone (ADH) ADH is produced in the hypothalamus + released by the posterior pituitary gland to help the body retain water.

Urinary System

kidneys, urinary bladder, urethra,

The _____ is a section of the nephron tubule in which water is conserved and the volume of urine minimized.

loop of Henle

What happens in the collecting duct

majority of water and nutrients are reinserted

Hypothalamus

monitors the temperature of the skin and the temperature of organs. -a region of the forebrain below the thalamus that coordinates both the nervous system + the activity of the pituitary, controlling body temperature, thirst, hunger, and other homeostatic systems, sleep and emotional activity.

Type 2 Diabetes

most common form + results when the body does not produce sufficient amounts of insulin or when cells become insulin resistant

Feedback inhibition is also known as

negative feedback

The functional units of and make up the kidney are called

nephrons.

Which two body systems have a strong component of maintaining homeostasis through communication?

nervous and circulatory system

The kidneys are located

on either side of the spinal column near the lower back.

Negative Feedback

process that happens when your systems need to slow down or completely stop a process that is happening -inhibit stimulus

The process in which liquid is taken back into a vessel is ___________

reabsorption

The Kidneys:

remove waste products from the blood. • maintain blood pH. • regulate the water content of the blood and, therefore, blood volume

Organs responsible for excretion

skin, lungs, kidneys, liver

Glucose

small molecule that results from digestion of carbos + required for cellular respiration within cells

When the filtrate drains in the collecting ducts, most water and nutrients have been reabsorbed into the ______

the blood.

Positive feedback

the enhancement or amplification of an effect by its own influence on the process that gives rise to it. - the output enhances the original stimulus.

Maintaining Homeostasis

the process by which organisms keep internal conditions relatively constant despite changes in external environments.

Homeostasis

the tendency toward a relatively stable equilibrium between interdependent elements, especially as maintained by physiological processes.

You can function with one kidney

true

Materials found in normal urine

urea, uric acid, and creatinine. Other components of urine include sodium chloride (common salt),

How do you know if you are well-hydrated?

urine is clear or a little yellow

Function of Glomerulus

waste products are filtered from the blood

The materials filtered from the blood and are collectively are

water urea glucose Salts amino acid some vitamins

How does Kidney dialysis works

• Blood is removed by a tube and pumped through special tubing that acts like nephrons. • Tiny pores in the tubing allow salts and small molecules to pass through. • Wastes diffuse out of the blood into the fluid-filled chamber, allowing purified blood to be returned to the body.

The 2 distinct regions of a kidney

• The inner part is called the renal medulla. • The outer part is called the renal cortex.

If core body temperature drops, the hypothalamus:

• causes blood vessels in the skin to dilate so heat can escape from the skin. • the body produces sweat, which cools the body by evaporation. This causes the body temperature to decrease.

Urinary Bladder

As the kidney works, purified blood is returned to circulation while urine is collected in the urinary bladder.

15% - 25% dehydration

is fatal

The filtration of blood mainly takes place in the_____

glomerulus.

Passing a liquid or gas through a filter to remove wastes is called_____

filtration.

Almost ___% of the water that enters Bowman's capsule is reabsorbed into the blood.

Almost 99%

Function of Reabsorption

Almost 99% of the water that enters Bowman's capsule is reabsorbed into the blood. When the filtrate drains in the collecting ducts, most water and nutrients have been reabsorbed into the blood. Remaining material, called urine, is emptied into a collecting duct.

Function of the arteriole

As blood enters a nephron through the arteriole, impurities are filtered out and emptied into the collecting duct.

Kidney Function

Blood enters the kidney through the renal artery. The kidney removes urea, excess water, and other waste products and passes them to the ureter. The clean, filtered blood leaves the kidney through the renal vein and returns to circulation.

Maple syrup urine disease

Body is unable to process certain amino acids properly this is an inherited disorder meaning there's 2 copies of genes which each cell has mutations

Fluid from the blood flows into the ____ The materials filtered from the blood include _______

Bowman's capsule. water, urea, glucose, salts, amino acids, some vitamins.

How is homeostasis maintained

Homeostasis in the body is maintained by ***feedback inhibition

Kidney Disorders

Humans have 2 kidneys, but can survive with only 1. If both kidneys are damaged by disease or injury, there are 2 options: • a kidney transplant • kidney dialysis

What items are not filtered out of the blood

Plasma proteins cells and platelets

Nephrons

Each nephron has its own blood supply: • an arteriole • a venule • a network of capillaries connecting them

Function of nephrons

Each nephron releases fluids to a collecting duct, which leads to the ureter:egulate the concentration of water and soluble substances like sodium salts by filtering the blood, reabsorbing what is needed and excreting the rest as urine.

Function of Bowman's capsule

Fluid from the blood flows into here. filtered from the blood include water, urea, glucose, salts, amino acids, and some vitamins. Plasma proteins, cells, and platelets remain in the blood because they are too large to pass through the capillary walls. a cup-like sac at the beginning of the tubular component of a nephron in the mammalian kidney that performs the first step in the filtration of blood to form urine.

Filtration of blood takes place mainly in the

Glomerulus

What does insulin do?

It causes the cells in the liver, muscle, and fat tissue to take up glucose from blood and convert it to glycogen that can be stored in the liver and muscles. Insulin also prevents the utilization of fat as an energy source.

Homeostasis In the Body

Maintenance of homeostasis requires the integration of all organ systems at all times. One example is the maintenance of a stable body temperature.

Reabsorption

Most of the material removed from the blood at Bowman's capsule makes its way back into the blood. The process in which liquid is taken back into a vessel is

Kidney Continue

Nephrons are located in the renal cortex, except for their loops of Henle, which descend into the renal medulla.

____, ______, and _____ remain in the blood because they are too large to pass through the capillary walls.

Plasma proteins, cells, platelets

Example of Positive feedback

Once a vessel is damaged, platelets start to cling to the injured site and release chemicals that attract more platelets. The platelets continue to pile up and release chemicals until a clot is formed.

Filtration

Passing a liquid or gas through a filter to remove wastes is called filtration. The filtration of blood mainly takes place in the glomerulus.

Control of Kidney Function

The activity of the kidneys is mostly controlled by the composition of the blood. In addition, regulatory hormones are released in response to the composition of blood.

In a kidney the outer part is called

Renal cortex

In a kidney the inner part is called

Reno medulla

How is urine formed?

Urine is formed in the kidneys through a filtration of blood. The urine is then passed through the ureters to the bladder, where it is stored. During urination, the urine is passed from the bladder through the urethra to the outside of the body.

Urethra

Urine is stored here until it is released from the body through a tube called the urethra.

2% dehydration

When thirsty

Kidney Function

When you drink a liquid, it is absorbed into the blood through the digestive system. As result, the concentration of water in the blood increases. As the amount of water in the blood increases, the rate of water reabsorption in the kidneys decreases. Less water is returned to the blood, + excess water is sent to the urinary bladder to be excreted as urine -When the kidneys detect an increase in salt, they respond by returning less salt to the blood by reabsorption.- The excess salt the kidneys retain is excreted in urine, thus maintaining the composition of the blood

When you drink a liquid, it is absorbed into the blood through the digestive system. As a result, the concentration of water in the blood ______ As the amount of water in the blood _____ the rate of water reabsorption in the kidneys ________ Less water is returned to the blood, and excess water is sent to the urinary bladder to be excreted as urine.

increases. increases, decreases.

Blood Purification

involves two distinct processes: filtration and reabsorption.

Loop of Henle

is a section of the nephron tubule in which water is conserved and the volume of urine minimized:be the recovery of water and sodium chloride from the urine.

Bowman's capsule

a capsule-shaped membranous structure surrounding the glomerulus of each nephron in the kidneys of mammals that *****extracts wastes, excess salts, and water from the blood.

Type 1 Diabetes

a genetic disease that is normally diagnosed early in life + body doesn't produced insulin

What does glucagon do?

a hormone formed in the pancreas that promotes the breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver.

The urinary bladder is

a saclike organ where urine is stored before being excreted.

Glomerulus

a small network of capillaries encased in the top of the nephron by a hollow, cup-shaped structure called Bowman's capsule: a cluster of capillaries around the end of a kidney tubule, where waste products are filtered from the blood.

A venule is

a vein that collects blood from the capillaries

Kidney stones

are form because substances like calcium magnesium or uric acid salts are in the urine crystallize

Pancreas

behind stomach produces insulin + glucagon that regulates the amount of sugar, or glucose, in the blood

If the core body temperature increases, the hypothalamus

causes blood vessels in the skin to dilate so heat can escape from the skin. • the body produces sweat, which cools the body by evaporation. This causes the body temperature to decrease.

What are ways you can lose water?

exercising

Systems controlled by feedback inhibition are

fully automated and very stable.

The ______ is a small network of capillaries encased in the top of the nephron by a hollow, cup-shaped structure called ________

glomerulus Bowman's capsule.

What are some other ways you could increase fluid intake other than drinking water?

improve diet, not eating food

Nephron is located

in the renal cortex, except for their loops of Henle, which descend into the renal medulla.