unit 3-4 whap
Lateen Sail
triangular sail that made it possible to sail against the wind; used in the Indian Ocean trade (European technological developments influenced by cross-cultural interactions with the Classical, Islamic, and Asian worlds)
Places where peasant and artisan labor increased (which is a continuity):
- Western Europe - wool and linen - India - cotton - China - silk
Domesticated animals from Columbian Exchange:
- Horses - Pigs - Cattle
Asian states that adapted isolationist or restrictive policies:
- Ming China - Tokugawa Japan
Foods brought by African enslaved people:
- Okra - Rice
Examples of demographic changes due to the African slave trade:
- Polygyny became common in Africa because people brought to Americas were mostly men - overall population decline, but also increase from the more nutritional (?) foods brought from the Americas to Africa like yams
Expulsion of Jews from Spain
1492. Isabella and Ferdinand required Jews to leave or convert w/in 6 months. Created Spanish Inquisition- and to prove sincerity of conversions to Christianity, they had to expel other religions. (example of differential treatment of groups in society, politics, and the economy)
Indentured Servitude
A contractual system in which someone sells his or her body (services) for a specified period of time (usually 7 years) in an arrangement very close to slavery, except that it is voluntary entered into. It was used at the beginning of American colonization before chattel slavery was the main form of labor because there were simply not enough people willing to go into indentured servitude.
Ottoman timars
A land grant from the sultan that acted as compensation for military service. between 1300-1500 (example of existing elites)
Protestant Reformation
A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches. Some effects included: - more religious freedom in Europe - Puritans went to Americas (Quakers)
Fronde
A series of violent uprisings during the early reign of Louis XIV triggered by growing royal control and increased taxation. (example of local resistance)
caravel
A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic. Allowed for colonization of the Americas. (ex of innovation in ship designs during 1450-1750)
Chattel slavery
A system of bondage in which a slave has the legal status of property and so can be bought and sold like property. This is different from slavery before the 1500s and was mainly used in the Americas by the Europeans.
carrack
A three or four masted sailing ship developed in the 15th century Genoese for use in commerce. Used in Portugal for ocean travel. (ex of innovation in ship designs during 1450-1750)
Pueblo Revolts (1680)
An effective revolt in Pueblos Indians in New Mexico, under the leadership of Pope, against the Spanish in 1680. (example of local resistance)
Astronomical Charts
Astronomical map, any cartographic representation of the stars, galaxies, or surfaces of the planets and the Moon. During this time Europeans got this technology from Islamic world and used it to navigate better. (European technological developments influenced by cross-cultural interactions with the Classical, Islamic, and Asian worlds)
Mexica (Aztec) tribute lists
Aztecs ordered its tribute states to send back items to Tenochitilan like stones, food, animal products etc. This was done so Tenochtitlan could assert its power over the states. (rulers using tribute collection to forward state power/expansion)
Muslim-European rivalry in the Indian Ocean
Caused Europeans to search for another route to India, and led to their state-sponsored expeditions that got them to "discover" the Americas.
Songhai promotion of Islam
Claimed Islam as the official religion and the law was based off of it. (gov legitimizing through religion)
Explain the continuities and changes in economic systems and labor systems from 1450 to 1750. (4.4)
Despite some disruption and restructuring due to the arrival of Portuguese, Spanish, and Dutch merchants, existing trade networks in the Indian Ocean continued to flourish. Newly developed colonial economies in the Americas largely depended on agriculture, utilized existing labor systems.
flyut
Dutch innovation that allowed for trade within Asia to be cheaper. *During 16th and 17th centuries Dutch contributed to half of European trade WITH ASIA. (ex of innovation in ship designs during 1450-1750)
Explain changes and continuities in systems of slavery in the period from 1450 to 1750. (4.4)
Enslavement in Africa continued in its traditional forms, including incorporation of enslaved persons into households and the export of enslaved persons to the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean regions. The growth of the plantation economy increased the demand for enslaved labor in the Americas, leading to significant demographic, social, and cultural changes.
Explain the process of state building and expansion among various empires and states in the period from 1450 to 1750. (4.4)
Europeans established new trading posts in Africa and Asia, which proved profitable for the rulers and merchants involved. Some Asian states limited thisadopting restrictive or isolationist trade policies. European states established new maritime empires, including the Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, French, and British. The expansion of maritime trading networks fostered the growth of states in Africa, including the Asante and the Kingdom of the Kongo, which led to an increase in their influence.
Safavid-Mughal conflict
Example of state rivalry. - land disputes over Kandahar (in Afghanistan) - Safavid captured it and Mughals lost important trade city
Ottoman devshirme
Government took Christian boys from their homes and enrolled them in academies or the military. To stay in the devshirme system, the boys had to convert to Islam. The most prominent group was the Janissaires. (example of bureaucratic elites + gov maintaining order)
Explain how and why various land-based empires developed and expanded from 1450 to 1750 (3.1)
Imperial expansion relied on the increased use of gunpowder, cannons, and armed trade to establish large empires in both hemispheres. Political and religious disputes led to rivalries and conflict between states.
Explain the similarities and differences in how various belief systems affected societies from 1450 to 1750. (4.5)
In some cases, the increase and intensification of interactions between newly connected hemispheres expanded the reach and furthered development of existing religions, and contributed to religious conflicts and the development of synthetic belief systems and practices.
Acceptance of Jews in the Ottoman Empire
Jews had their own communities within the Ottoman Empire, and though they had to pay the jizya tax, they were mostly free to practice Judaism. (example of differential treatment of groups in society, politics, and the economy)
Explain how cross-cultural interactions resulted in the diffusion of technology and facilitated changes in patterns of trade and travel from 1450 to 1750. (4.1)
Knowledge, scientific learning, and technology from the Classical, Islamic, and Asian worlds spread, facilitating European technological developments and innovation. The developments included the production of new tools, innovations in ship designs, and an improved understanding of regional wind and currents patterns—all of which made transoceanic travel and trade possible.
Land Empires/ Gunpowder Empires during 3.1
Land empires included - the Manchu in Central and East Asia (Qing Dynasty); - the Mughal in South and Central Asia; - the Ottoman in Southern Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa; - and the Safavids in the Middle East
Explain how social categories, roles, and practices have been maintained or have changed over time.
Many states, such as the Mughal and Ottoman empires, adopted practices to accommodate the ethnic and religious diversity or utilise it (Janissaries) In other cases, states suppressed diversity/limited certain groups' roles in society/politics/economy. Imperial conquests and widening global economic opportunities helped form new dynasties including in China with the transition to the Qing Dynasty and in the Americas with the rise of the Casta system. The power of existing political and economic elites fluctuated as nobles challenged increasingly powerful monarchs and leaders.
Maratha conflict with Mughals
Marathas fought Mughals because they wanted the Hindu majority to rule (example of local resistance)
establishment of maroon societies in the Caribbean and Brazil
Maroons are enslaved people that escaped slavery. (example of resistance from enslaved people)
Explain how rulers employed economic strategies to consolidate and maintain power throughout the period from 1450 to 1750. (4.5)
Mercantilist policies and practices were used by European rulers to expand and control their economies and claim overseas territories. Joint-stock companies, influenced by these mercantilist principles, were used by rulers and merchants to finance exploration and for competition. Economic disputes led to rivalries and conflict between states.
Songhai Empire's conflict with Morocco
Morocco invaded Songhai for their gold and won because they possessed gunpowder weapons while Songhai did not. Led to the end of Songhai Empire. (ex of competition over trade routes)
Mughal mausolea and mosques
Most noteworthy of the mausolea is the Taj Mahal built by Shah Jahan. Shows the Islamic architectural influences the Mughal Empire incorporated into India, most notably the domes used in it. (gov legitimizing through architecture)
Hacienda system
Natives worked on "haciendas" (land grants) and the owners of these profited off them similar to serfs and vassals.
Describe the role of states in the expansion of maritime exploration from 1450 to 1750. (4.2)
New state-supported transoceanic maritime exploration occurred in this period.
European nobility
Nobles appointed by the king (example of existing elites)
Mit'a system
Originally an Incan system where everyone had to work on public projects a few days a year. However the Spanish used this to force native Incans to work in their silver mines.
Mughal zamindar tax collection
People to act as tax officers, who would collect taxes for imperial courts and for military purposes. (rulers using innovative tax collection systems to forward state power/expansion)
Metacom's War (King Philip's War)
Period of bloody conflict between Wampanoag Indians and Puritan settlers in New England (1675-1676); an example of Indian resistance to English expansion in North America. (example of local resistance)
Qing imperial portraits
Portraits of Qing emperors used to legitimize their rule. Many of the times it exemplified Confucian ideologies in the portraits. (gov legitimizing through art)
Explain the economic causes and effects of maritime exploration by the various European states. (4.2)
Portuguese development of maritime technology and navigational skills led to increased travel to and trade with Africa and Asia and resulted in the construction of a global trading-post empire. Spanish sponsorship of the voyages of Columbus and more voyages across the Atlantic and Pacific increased European interest in transoceanic travel and trade. Northern Atlantic crossings were undertaken under English, French, and Dutch sponsorship, often with the goal of finding a Northwest Passage.
Ana Nzinga's resistance
Queen Ana Nzinga fought against the European slave trade in the 17th century. She resisted Portuguese invasion and slave raids for 30 years. (example of local resistance)
Incan sun temple of Cuzco
Religious temple built that showed the architectural accomplishments of the Inca. (gov legitimizing through architecture)
Russian Boyars
Russian nobles, a privileged class of wealthy landowners. (example of existing elites)
Restrictive policies against Han Chinese in Qing China
Since the Manchurians (who established the Qing Dynasty) were not Han Chinese, they discriminated against them. Han men were required to cut their hair in Mongolian fashion or they would be executed. This created discontent and eventually led to the downfall of the Qing. (example of differential treatment of groups in society, politics, and the economy)
Explain how political, economic, and cultural factors affected society from 1450 to 1750. (4.5)
Some notable gender and family restructuring occurred, including demographic changes in Africa that resulted from the slave trade. The Atlantic trading system involved the movement of labor—including enslaved persons and the mixing of African, American, and European cultures and peoples.
Explain the effects of the development of state power from 1450 to 1750. (4.6)
State expansion and centralization led to resistance from an array of social, political, and economic groups on a local level. Enslaved persons challenged existing authorities in the Americas through organized resistance.
Ottoman tax farming
Tax farming system where the person collecting the taxes kept a part of the tax for his own use. Began during Mehmed II 's reign. (rulers using tax farming to forward state power/expansion)
Explain the continuities and changes in networks of exchange from 1450 to 1750. (4.5)
The Atlantic trading system involved the movement of goods, wealth, and labor, including enslaved persons. The new global circulation of goods was facilitated by chartered European monopoly companies and the global flow of silver, especially from Spanish colonies in the Americas. It was also used to satisfy Chinese demand for silver. Peasant and artisan labor continued and intensified in many regions as the demand for food and consumer goods increased.
Cossack Revolt
The Cossacks called for the, "true tsar" who would restore their freedom of movement, reduce their heavy taxes, and lighten the yoke imposed by landlords. (example of local resistance)
Ming practice of collecting taxes in hard currency
The Ming required taxes to be paid in silver due to a hyperinflation of paper currency. Silver could also be used abroad. (rulers using innovative tax collection systems to forward state power/expansion)
Explain continuity and change within the various belief systems from 1450 to 1750. (3.3)
The Protestant Reformation marked a break with existing Christian traditions and both the Protestant and Catholic reformations contributed to the growth of Christianity. Political rivalries between the Ottoman and Safavid empires intensified the split within Islam between Sunni and Shi'a. Sikhism developed in South Asia in a context of interactions between Hinduism and Islam.
Explain how economic developments from 1450 to 1750 affected social structures over time.
The interconnection of the Eastern and Western Hemispheres, made possible by transoceanic voyaging, transformed trade and had a significant social impact on the world. Although the world's productive systems continued to be heavily centered on agriculture, there were changes to the systems of agriculture. - The demand for labor intensified as a result of the growing global demand for raw materials and finished products. - Traditional peasant agriculture increased/changed, plantations expanded, so the Atlantic slave trade increased. Empires achieved increased scope and influence around the world, shaping and being shaped by the diverse populations they incorporated.
Compare the methods by which various empires increased their influence from 1450 to 1750.
The interconnection of the Eastern and Western hemispheres made possible by transoceanic voyaging had a significant economic and social impact. - In some cases it changed religious practices
European notions of divine right
The king was believed to be chosen by God to be in that position. This legitimized power because if the people disobeyed the king, it was seen as questioning God's decision. (gov legitimizing through religion)
Explain the causes of the Columbian Exchange and its effects on the Eastern and Western Hemispheres. (4.3)
The new connections between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres resulted in the exchange of new plants, animals, and diseases, known as the Columbian Exchange. European colonization of the Americas led to the unintentional transfer of disease vectors, including smallpox, measles, and malaria. Some of these diseases substantially reduced the indigenous populations. American foods became staple crops in various parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Cash crops were grown primarily on plantations with coerced labor and were exported mostly to Europe and the Middle East. Afro-Eurasian fruit trees, grains, sugar, and domesticated animals were brought by Europeans to the Americas, while other foods were brought by African enslaved persons. Populations in Afro-Eurasia benefited nutritionally from the increased diversity of American food crops.
Mexica (Aztec) practice of human sacrifices
The rulers used sacrifice as an effective means of political terror and it expanded around this time. It was based on the belief that human sacrifice nourished the gods and that it was a tribute to them. (gov legitimizing through religion)
Ottoman-Safavid Conflict
This political and religious conflict ended a period of almost constant fighting between the two empires. The war ended in a stalemate, as neither army was able to successfully press into the other's territory. It occurred because Ottomans were Sunni Muslim and Safavid were Shi'a Muslim. They put embargos on each other as well.
Explain how rulers used a variety of methods to legitimize and consolidate their power in land-based empires from 1450-1750. (3.2)
Use of bureaucratic elites and military professionals, became more common as rulers centralized control Rulers continued to use religious ideas, art, and monumental architecture to legitimize their rule. Rulers used tribute collection, tax farming, and innovative tax collection systems to generate revenue as well.
Salaried samurai
When the Shogun came into power, he took away the military power away from the Samurais and turned into salaried samurais, which meant that he began paying them to protect the land instead of them controlling their own fiefs and having their own income that way. (ex of bureaucratic elites/military professionals + gov maintaining order)
compass
an instrument containing a magnetized pointer that shows the direction of magnetic north and bearings from it. (European technological developments influenced by cross-cultural interactions with the Classical, Islamic, and Asian worlds)
European palaces such as Versailles
built to show the power the king possessed. When people saw these palaces they would believe their leader is a great and powerful person since they ordered the building of such large palaces. (gov legitimizing through architecture).
Sikhism
created by interaction of Hinduism and Islam. Didn't like worship of idols and caste system in Hinduism. EX) wear turbans and forbid hair-cutting Akbar attempted to make Sikhism grow more so less religious conflict would occur between Hindus and Muslims in the Mughal Empire. It was only semi-successful, since conflict still occurs but there is still a Sikh minority today.
Varying status of different classes of women within the Ottoman Empire.
i have no idea where this is in the textbook but maybe it's because of religion?????? help (example of differential treatment of groups in society, politics, and the economy)
resistance of enslaved persons in north america
idk much details on this, just remember its (example of resistance from enslaved people)
Encomienda system
system in Spanish America that gave settlers the right to tax local Indians or to demand their labor in exchange for protecting them and teaching them "Christian" skills.